铜陵地区2005年度细菌耐药性监测与分析

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法2005年112月铜陵地区临床分离菌株用Kirby Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果1363株细菌中革兰阳性菌470株占34．5％，革兰阴性菌893株占65．5％。耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的18．3％和84．3％。MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲嗯唑、克林霉素及红霉素等均高度耐药；对磷霉素、利福平、氯霉素和呋喃妥因等耐药率较低；未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、高浓度的庆大霉素、磷霉素、氯霉素和环丙沙星等耐药率较低；屎肠球菌对四环素、磷霉素和氯霉素等耐药率较低；未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌。肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林高度耐药；大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占41．3％和36．5％，产ESBLs株对19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高，对亚胺培南均无耐药。非发酵菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦和头孢他啶等耐药率较低。结论未发现糖肽类耐药的革兰阳性球菌；革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林三唑巴坦等耐药率低。加强细菌耐药性监测，对合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要临床指导价值。     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

目的了解安徽省铜陵市临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法2007年1～12月铜陵市临床分离菌株用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果1375株细菌中,革兰阳性菌399株,占29．0％;革兰阴性菌976株,占71．0％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）的18．4％和70．0％;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素和红霉素等均高度耐药,对利福平、氯霉素和呋喃妥因的耐药率均较低,未见耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,发现2株耐万古霉素屎肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）株分别占49．3％和35．9％,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感外,对其他20种抗生素的耐药率均较不产ESBLs株高。非发酵菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、环丙沙星等耐药率较低。结论革兰阳性菌对糖肽类抗生素耐药率低;革兰阴性菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦等耐药率低。加强细菌耐药性监测对合理使用抗生素、减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要临床指导价值。     

安徽省铜陵地区2011年细菌耐药性监测分析

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株分布及耐药情况。方法 2011年1～12月铜陵地区临床分离细菌2026株,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验,采用CLSI2010年版标准判断结果。结果革兰阳性菌株占31.1%(628/2026);革兰阴性菌占68.9%(1398/2026);耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)分别占金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)的44.1%和63.9%;MRSA和MRCNS对青霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素和红霉素等均高度耐药,对利福平和氯霉素的耐药率均较低,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁的葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低,屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产ESBLs株分别占50.6%和37.4%,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美洛培南均无耐药外,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高;不发酵糖革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较往年上升。结论细菌耐药性仍然呈增长趋势,对临床构成严重威胁,临床应合理使用抗生素,积极采取有效防控措施。     

铜陵地区2007年细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况.方法 2007年1-12月铜陵地区临床分离菌株用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验.结果 1 375株细菌中革兰阳性菌399株,占29.0%;革兰阴性菌976株,占71.0%;MRSA和MRCNS分别占金葡菌和CNS的18.4%和70.0%;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素和红霉素等均高度耐药,对利福平和氯霉素的耐药率均较低;未见耐万古霉素葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素和耐替考拉宁粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,发现2株万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌.大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占49.3%和35.9%,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南均无耐药外,对其他19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高;不发酵糖菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦等耐药率较低.结论 革兰阳性菌对糖肽类抗生素耐药率低;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星等耐药率低.     

安徽省铜陵地区2008年细菌耐药性监测

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法2008年1—12月铜陵地区临床分离菌株用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果1 476株细菌中革兰阳性菌408株占27.6%;革兰阴性菌1 068株占72.4%;MRSA和MRCNS分别占金葡菌和CNS的24.1%和62.9%;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素和红霉素等均高度耐药,对利福平和氯霉素的耐药率均较低;未见耐万古霉素葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,发现1株万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占49.3%和30.9%,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南均无耐药外,对其他19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高;不发酵糖菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦等耐药率较低。结论革兰阳性菌对糖肽类抗菌药物耐药率低;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星等耐药率低。     

安徽省铜陵地区2010年细菌耐药性监测

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区2010年临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法 2010年1—12月铜陵地区临床分离菌株用纸片法(Kirby-Bauer)作药敏试验。结果此期获得的2 217株细菌中革兰阳性菌498株,占22.5%;革兰阴性菌1 719株,占77.5%;MRSA和MRCNS分别占金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的34.8%和75.1%;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素和红霉素等均高度耐药,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低;屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占53.2%和39.9%,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南均无耐药株外,对其他19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高;不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较往年上升。结论未发现对糖肽类抗生素耐药的葡萄球菌属菌株;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星耐药率低;不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较往年上升,应加强抗菌药物的合理使用和医院感染控制。     

上海地区细菌耐药性监测

目的：了解上海地区临床分离菌的耐药情况。方法：2000年4月至2001年3月上海11家医院临床分离菌用Kirbybauer法进行药敏试验。结果：18533株细菌中革兰阳性菌占34％，革兰阴性菌占66％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的63％与77％，无万古霉素耐药株。粪肠球菌耐万古霉素株6．9％，屎肠球菌中为3．3％。肺炎球菌儿童分离株中耐青霉素株占30．9％，其中3株高耐株。青霉素中度敏感株（PISP）与耐青霉素株（PRSP）对万古霉素和碳青霉烯类均高度敏感。肠杆菌属、枸橼酸杆菌属，克雷伯菌属和普鲁威登菌属对头孢噻肟，头孢曲松和头孢他啶的耐药率分别达34％－47％，34％－56％和21％－41％。各医院分离的大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs)株占15.5%-21.3%，克雷伯菌属中24．3％－54．9％。产ESBLs菌株对19种抗菌药和5种酶抑制剂复方的耐药率（除碳青霉烯类外）均显高于不产ESBLs株。结论：细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题，需要各有关部门共同商讨有效对策。     

安徽省铜陵地区2009年细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况.方法 2009年1～12月铜陵地区临床分离菌1 977株用KirbyBauer法进行药敏试验.结果 1977株细菌中革兰阳性菌430株,占21.8%;革兰阴性菌1 547株,占78.2%;MRSA和MRCNS分别占金葡菌和CNS的21.5%和61.6%;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉索和红霉素等均高度耐药,对利福平和氯霉素的耐药率均较低;未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁葡萄球菌;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氯霉素的耐药率较低;屎肠球菌对磷霉素和氯霉素耐药率较低,未见耐万占霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌.大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占53.4%和44.4%,产ESBLs株除对亚胺培南和美罗培南均无耐药外,对其他19种抗菌药物的耐药率均较非产ESBLs株高;不发酵糖菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较往年上升.结论 革兰阳性菌对糖肽类抗生素无耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星等耐药率低;不发酵糖菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较往年上升.     

安徽省铜陵地区2012年细菌耐药性监测

目的了解安徽省铜陵地区临床分离菌株耐药状况。方法用Kirby—Bauer法进行药敏试验,用WHONET5．6软件进行耐药性分析。结果2012年共收集非重复临床分离株3092株,其中革兰阴性菌2359株,占76．3％,革兰阳性菌773株,占23．7％。甲氧西林耐药金葡菌（MRSA）和甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的50．9％和73．0％;MRSA和MRCNS对庆大霉素、环丙沙星和红霉素等均高度耐药,未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁葡萄球菌。未见耐万古霉素和替考拉宁的粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌出现个别菌株对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属中产ESBLs株分别占52．1％和42．1％,发现对碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为3．4％、14．0％和17．7％。不动杆菌属对米诺环素和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的耐药率分别为42．1和4．4％,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均在70％以上。结论细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,多重耐药和泛耐药菌株在某些科室内的流行播散对临床构成严重威胁,应重视细菌耐药性监测并加强抗菌药物的合理使用和控制医院感染。     

2008年中国CHINET细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解国内主要地区医院临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 国内主要地区12所教学医院(10所综合性医院,2所儿童医院)临床分离菌采用K-B法按统一方案进行抗菌药物药敏试验.按CLSI 2008版判断结果.结果 2008年1-12月收集各医院临床分离株共36 216株,其中革兰阳性菌占30.5%,革兰阴性菌占69.5%.各医院金葡菌(SA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)中甲氧西林耐药株平均为55.9%和75.9%.大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)中产ESBLs株平均为56.2%和43.6%.葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药株对β内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试药的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株,但仍有72.4%和61.2%的金葡菌分别对复方磺胺甲口恶唑和磷霉素敏感;88.8%和60.1%的CNS分别对利福平、磷霉素敏感,未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药株.肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试药物的耐药率低于屎肠球菌,但对氯霉素的耐药率相反.两者中均出现少数耐万古霉素和替考拉宁菌株,根据表型推测多数为VanA型耐药,无利奈唑胺耐药株.肺炎链球菌儿童分离株中青霉素不敏感株较成人株多.肠杆菌科细菌中产ESBLs株对抗菌药的耐药率均比非产ESBLs株高.肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,总耐药率<1%.铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率分别为30.5%、24.5%;不动杆菌属对两者的耐药率分别为48.1%、49.3%.米诺环素对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和伯克霍尔德菌有良好抗菌活性,敏感率均>90%.出现了较多泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌.结论 细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,尤其万古霉素耐药肠球菌属和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌有显著增多,应引起注意,并及早采取防控措施.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.