Facial vein terminating in the external jugular vein An embryologic interpretation

The external jugular v. (EJV) is increasingly being used for therapeutic procedures and monitoring by clinicians. In view of this clinical relevance, dissection was done on the head and neck regions in 40 adult cadavers of Indian origin to detect variations of the EJV. Though several patterns of tributaries were found, a facial v. (FV) of considerable size was observed coursing obliguely to join the EJV in the neck in four cases (5%). The distance of the junction of the FV and the EJV from the angle of the mandible ranged between 55 and 104 mm. This may represent a persistent communication of the primitive linguofacial v. with the secondarily developing EJV. This anastomotic channel is present for some time in the fetus but later undergoes retrogression. Its persistence in some individuals results in this variation.     

Phlebectasia of the external jugular vein associated with duplication of the internal jugular vein

The most common cause of a neck mass that increases in size on the Valsalva maneuver is laryngocele. Jugular phlebectasia is a congenital dilation of the jugular vein, which is extremely rare in adults, may present similarly. Duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV), which is usually encountered coincidentally, is another rare anatomic variation. Isolated cases or cases associated with IJV ectasia have been reported. We report on an adult patient with coexisting external jugular phlebectasia and internal jugular duplication on the same side.     

Septum in the external jugular vein

We examined 70 external jugular veins from 35 cadavers. In six veins we observed a septum, 6–25 mm long, which completely divided the lumen of the vein. The septum, which has not been previously described, was located approximately 5 cm superior to the vein's termination into the subclavian vein. Histologically, the septum is composed of tunica intima and tunica media in contrast to venous valves which are composed of tunica intima only.     

经颈外静脉穿刺置管的应用解剖

在80侧成人尸体上进行了颈外静脉应用解剖学研究.它的合成类型共分6型,其中以下颌后静脉后支、耳后静脉后支和耳后静脉合成面静脉后再注入者较多(46.3％);属支除常见的颈横静脉、颈前静脉外,尚有头静脉注入:其末端以注入锁骨下静脉较多(58.7％).颈外静脉自甲状软骨上缘至汇入其它静脉的注入点的平均长为77.5±1.5mm,颈横神经在锁骨上方62.1±1.2mm处横越颈外静脉深面.文中讨论了经颈外静脉穿刺置管的部位和术中注意问题.     

Internal jugular vein thrombosis after ovarian stimulation

Thromboembolic events are serious, but fortunately rare, complications following ovarian stimulation for IVF. Here, we report a case of internal jugular vein thrombosis after ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins. Most of the cases of thrombosis are late complications of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) or hereditary hypercoagulability. Screening for these risk factors in our patient was negative. The patient was successfully treated with low molecular weight heparin and a twin pregnancy is ongoing.     

新生儿颈内静脉穿刺置管术的应用解剖

目的为新生儿颈内静脉穿刺置管术提供解剖学基础.方法对15具30侧新生儿尸体标本的颈内静脉及相关结构进行解剖观测.结果颈内静脉外径左(5.6±1.7)mm,右(6.5±1.0)mm.颈内静脉与头臂静脉夹角左(114±8)°,右(145±9)°,颈总动脉与胸锁乳突肌前缘交点位于胸锁乳突肌前缘的近中点处,其交点平面以下颈内静脉长度为(2.7±0.5)cm,左、右头臂静脉和上腔静脉长度分别为2.4、1.4和1.8cm.结论新生儿颈内静脉下段口径粗大,与颈总动脉伴行毗邻清楚,变异较小.穿刺易在颈总动脉与胸锁乳突肌前缘交点稍外侧进针,插管长度左侧为7.0cm,右侧为6.0cm.     

颈内静脉穿刺的有关解剖

对31例成人尸体右侧颈内静进行分段观测，颈内静脉上、下两段周围结构复杂。穿刺有一定危险，而中段较安全，为最佳的穿刺部位。     

不同公式估测右颈内静脉前路法置管长度准确性比较

目的探讨估测右颈内静脉前路法置管长度最适宜的公式。方法选取2013年1月至2013年6月我科经右颈内静脉留置深静脉导管患者67例,分别用4种公式对置入导管长度进行估测,并与实际置入至正确位置的长度进行比较,分析4种公式的准确性。结果 4种公式估测置入长度的误差百分比均在15%以内。公式1估测长度与实际长度无明显差异(P0.05);其余3种公式的估测长度均明显小于实际长度,有明显差异性(P0.05)。在对不同身高患者置管长度的预测中,公式4的平均绝对误差明显高于公式1,有明显差异性(P0.05);公式2、公式3与公式1的绝对误差平均值比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论4种公式预测长度误差均在15%以内,其中公式1简单、准确、实用、误差小,更适用于右颈内静脉置管前路法长度的估计。     

Surgically important variations of the jugular veins

Knowledge of variations of veins of head and neck in relation to external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, and facial veins is important to surgeons doing head and neck surgery as well as to radiologists doing catheterization and to clinicians in general. In the current case, multiple variations in the veins of the left side of neck are reported. The anterior division of retromandibular vein was absent. The facial vein continued as anterior jugular vein. The internal jugular vein was duplicated above the level of hyoid bone. There was a large communicating vein between the anterior jugular vein and anterior division of internal jugular vein. Lingual vein drained into the communicating vein. Jugular venous arch was abnormally large, doubled, and highly placed. The veins of the right side were normal.     

A rare malposition of the thoracic venous catheter introduced via the left internal jugular vein

A rare malposition of central venous catheter in the left superior intercostal vein is described. The diagnostic features and the possible ways to prevent this complication are discussed.     

Investigating the time‐lapsed effects of rigid cervical collars on the dimensions of the internal jugular vein

Protocol advocates the use of rigid cervical collars (RCCs) in head trauma patients as they are at risk of concomitant cervical spine injury. Literature has shown RCCs to be a potential cause of venous outflow obstruction, changing internal jugular vein (IJV) cross‐sectional area (CSA), and raising intracranial pressure (ICP). This study aims to investigate the effects of applying a RCC, for a period of four hours, on the dimensions of the IJV, in healthy participants. Seventeen participants (nine male, eight female) took part in this study. Circumference and CSAs of the IJV were measured bilaterally by a single observer using a GE LOGIQ e ultrasound system. Measurements were taken pre‐RCC application, immediately after, every hour over four hours, and five minutes postcollar removal. The CSA of the IJV was 8.3 ±6.0 mm² pre‐RCC application. The CSA of the IJV doubled (18.92 ±10.55 mm²) after four hours and decreased back to 9.36 ±6.8 mm² five minutes postcollar removal. The circumference of the IJV was 17.29 ±6.03 mm pre‐RCC application, increasing to 20.34 ±5.59 mm by the end of the fourth hour and returning to 16.14 ±5.16 mm five minutes postcollar removal. Related‐samples Friedman's ANOVA test showed statistically significant differences for both left and right CSAs and circumferences of the IJV measured across the four hours (P‐value<0.05). Ultrasound assessment of CSA of the IJV may correlate with changes in ICP. Further studies may provide insight into the effects of collar design, and guide future trauma protocol to minimize intracranial pressure fluctuations. Clin. Anat. 32:196–200, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

经皮穿刺颈内静脉置管术的临床应用

报告10例颈内静脉经皮穿刺置管成功的体会。穿刺点应选在颈内静脉中段,针与皮肤呈30°—40°,向后稍外进针。     

中晚孕期胎儿颈内静脉的MRI测量及临床价值

目的： 应用MRI观察中、晚孕期胎儿颈内静脉的形态和测量管腔截面积,探讨其临床价值。方法： 回顾 性分析中、晚孕期胎儿的MRI图像,判断颈内静脉显示的优势序列,对各孕周胎儿颈内静脉进行形态学观察,并 测量管腔截面积,对所得数据进行分析。结果： 胎儿MRI中平衡稳态自由进动序列对颈内静脉显示优于其他序列。 孕中、晚期胎儿颈内静脉横断面多表现为类圆形,高孕周组更易表现为椭圆形,胎儿管腔截面积随着孕周增大而 增加,呈正相关。高孕周组呈现颈内静脉右侧优势。结论： 胎儿期MRI对颈内静脉的观察有一定优势,所得形 态学数据对产前疾病的诊断具有重要参考价值。     

Bilateral duplicated internal jugular veins: case study and literature review

A rare bilateral duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV) was discovered during cadaveric dissection. From each jugular foramen, a single IJV descended to the level of the hyoid bone then divided into medial and lateral veins. The medial IJVs traveled in the carotid sheath; the lateral IJVs coursed posterolateral to the sheath across the lateral cervical region (posterior triangle) of the neck. On the right side, medial and lateral IJVs entered the subclavian vein separately. C2-C3 anterior rami and the suprascapular artery passed between the medial and lateral IJVs. The right external jugular vein passed aberrantly between the heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) into the subclavian vein anterior to the lateral IJV. On the left side, the medial IJV drained into a large bulbous jugulovertebrosubclavian (JVS) sinus that received six main vessels. The lateral IJV diverged posterolaterally toward the border of the trapezius muscle, received the transverse cervical vein, and then turned sharply anteromedially to drain into the JVS sinus. The lateral IJV also gave an aberrant additional large vein that passed laterally around the omohyoid muscle before entering the JVS sinus. The left external jugular vein paralleled the anterior border of SCM before passing posterolaterally to terminate in the JVS sinus. Jugular vein anomalies of this magnitude are very rare. Determining the frequency of multiple IJVs is hampered by inconsistent terminology. We suggest that IJV duplication differs from fenestration anatomically and, potentially, developmentally. Criteria for characterizing IJV duplication and fenestration are proposed. The mechanism of development and the clinical significance of multiple IJVs are discussed.     

Thrombosis associated with right internal jugular central venous catheters: A prospective observational study

Background and Aims:

Central venous catheters (CVC) are essential in a critical care setting. Thrombosis is one of the very important associated complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to find out the incidence of thrombosis in right-sided internal jugular vein (IJV) CVC with the help of color Doppler duplex sonography, its extent, risk factors and clinical impact.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred consecutive patients having right-sided IJV CVC were included in the study. Color Doppler sonography was performed on the 3^rd and 6^th days after CVC insertion. The size of the thrombus was noted. Presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension or smoking was noted. Presence of any hypertonic solution and thromboprophylaxis for Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were also noted.

Results:

Thrombus was detected in 33 of 100 (33.0%) patients. The incidence in males was 32.86% and in females was 33.33%. Males had a significantly higher incidence of small thrombus (P = 0.05), whereas females had a significantly higher incidence of large thrombus (P = 0.05). DVT thromboprophylaxis was not effective for CVC-related thrombosis. Hypertonic solution, presence of diabetes, hypertension or history of smoking did not increase the risk of thrombosis.

Conclusion:

CVC-related thrombosis is common and has the potential for serious complications. Females appear to be at a higher risk for larger thrombus formation. DVT thromboprophylaxis does not confer protection for CVC-related thrombosis. Color Doppler duplex sonography provides with an easily available, noninvasive means of detecting a thrombus. More studies are needed to establish a consensus for prophylaxis and treatment of asymptomatic CVC-related thrombosis.     

Internal jugular vein thrombosis caused by resistance to activated protein C as a complication of ovarian hyperstimulation after in-vitro fertilization

We present a case of a 24 year old woman who became pregnant(twins) after human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG)-induced ovarianstimulation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequent embryotransfer. She developed a right internal jugular vein thrombosisas a complication of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome(OHSS) 28 days after embryo transfer. The thrombosis developedin spite of anticoagulation with low-dose heparin. Later a resistanceto activated protein C (APC) or Dahlbäck disease was diagnosed.Due to a new test procedure (accelerin inactivation test), thediagnosis was possible even under anti-coagulation treatment.The coincidence of hyperstimulation and internal jugular veinthrombosis with the concurrent diagnosis of resistance to APChas not been published previously. The benefit of general screeningfor resistance to APC before admission to the IVF programmeshould be weighed. Targeted selection of a group of high-riskwomen would therefore be made possible.     

经枕髁-颈突入路到达颈静脉孔区显微解剖学研究

目的 :了解颈静脉孔区周围组织关系 ,量化枕髁及髁旁组织结构 ,为该手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法 :采用显微外科解剖学方法 ,对 10例成人尸体头部标本 ,15例干性颅骨标本 ,观测颈静脉孔、枕髁、颈突及舌下神经管等髁旁组织结构间关系。结果 :寰枕关节面不同的比例关系 ,决定枕髁的磨除范围。颈突位于枕髁的后外侧 ,茎突和二腹肌沟的内侧 ,后邻椎动脉上外侧袢 ,组成了颈静脉孔的后壁。与颈动脉管外口、舌下神经管外口形成了三角形 ,出颅的后组脑神经及颈静脉球位于三角形内。结论 :本入路是枕下外侧入路的改良 ,通过部分枕髁及颈突磨除 ,从后方显露颈静脉孔 ,避免了面神经移位及颞骨岩部的磨除。