腹腔镜胆囊切除术与小切口胆总管探查术的联合应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除联合小切口胆总管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石。方法本组23例胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石,均来自2007年12月至2012年7月我院收治患者,采用腹腔镜下切除胆囊并解剖显露胆总管前壁,镜下确定腹壁切口位置,做3～5 cm切口入腹,经小切口切开胆总管,取石钳取石后根据情况用纤维胆道镜/硬性输尿管镜行胆道探查取石。结果本组无1例中转扩大切口手术,手术时间90～160 min,平均（120±10）min;住院时间10～20 d,平均13 d;21例拔除＂T＂管痊愈出院;2例术后＂T＂管造影B超检查右肝管残留结石,带管出院,术后6周经胆道镜取石痊愈;2例肺部感染,伤口均甲级愈合。结论该术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管多发结石创伤小,较单纯小切口安全,比全腹腔镜术式节省时间,取石彻底,适合基层医院。     

老年胆石症患者腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合35例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合治疗老年胆总管结石可行性及安全性。方法选取2009年12月至2012年8月行腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜联合治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石,一期胆总管缝合≥65岁老年病人35例。完全腹腔镜下胆囊切除,联合胆总管切开通过胆道镜置入取石网篮取石,术毕一期缝合胆总管。结果本组腹腔镜胆道镜联合行胆总管探查取石术成功率为100%,手术时间57~170 min,出血量10~100 ml,术后住院时间5~10 d,发生胆漏2例,再次手术1例。术后随访4月至2年,残余胆总管结石1例。结论在严格把握手术指征,认真评价术前影像学,术中熟练胆道镜操作,精准缝合的前提下,老年病人腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合治疗胆总管结石是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床分析

目的探讨应用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果。方法对2014年1月-2015年12月陕西省核工业二一五医院收治的52例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术,观察其临床效果。结果 52例患者中40例顺利完成手术,手术成功率为76.92%。7例改为腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,5例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,中转开腹率9.62%。43例患者一次取石成功,占82.69%;剩余9例患者行二次取石,其中行经胆囊管胆道探查取石术者8例,行腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石术者1例。所有患者术后留置网膜孔引流管,术后3~10 d拔除,1例行腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石患者术后出现胆漏,经保守治疗后康复。无胆道出血、胆道感染等发生,平均住院时间(8.24±2.52)d,所有患者均得到随访1年,B超及磁共振胰胆管造影检查肝内外未见结石残留,肝功能胆红素指标正常。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管进行胆道探查取石术具有创伤小、患者恢复快、并发症少、安全等优点,临床应用需严格掌握其适应证。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆管结石160例

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在胆总管切开取石中的应用方法及疗效.方法:回顾性分析1998-01/2006-12我院160例胆总管结石行胆总管探查、胆道镜取石的临床资料.结果:159例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,1例中转开腹.胆总管一期缝合68例,置T管92例,术中取尽结石156例,术后胆道镜取石4例.手术时间70-120(平均115)min,术后住院时间4-11(平均6)d.无胆道出血及腹腔感染,无手术死亡.术后胆漏2例.经再次腹腔镜下缝合与引流治愈.120例随访6-36(平均18)mo,无结石复发和远期并发症.结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管探查取石术具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短的优点,治疗胆总管结石安全有效.     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的现代外科治疗模式

微创化理念的迅速普及, 微创设备的高速发展, 外科医师可以熟练的运用各种微创化器械使患者在短期内迅速康复. 胆总管结石的治疗方式也发生了巨大变化, 由传统的开腹胆总管切开取石、T管引流, 转变为腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石一期缝合或腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石、T管引流, 腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆道镜取石,或胆囊切除, 术前或术后应用十二指肠镜取出胆总管结石. 腹腔镜、十二指肠镜、胆道镜的三镜联合应用将会是今后治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的现代外科治疗模式.     

纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后残石56例

1997年 4月至 1999年 10月 ,我院应用纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后残留结石 5 6例 ,结石取净率为 98.2 % ,现报告如下。资料与方法 :本组男 2 6例 ,女 30例 ;年龄 2 1～ 71岁 ,平均 41.8岁。全部病例胆道术后经 T管造影或 B超、CT检查证实均存在结石。肝内胆管结石 39例 ,其中左肝管 18例 ,右肝管 2 1例 ; 、 级胆管结石 2 2例 , 、 级胆管结石 17例。肝外胆管结石 17例 ,其中肝总胆管及胆总管上段 10例 ,胆总管末端 7例。胆道术后 5周 ,用纤维胆道镜经 T管窦道取石 ,其中 T管放置胆总管内 45例 ,胆总管空肠吻合口以下 11例 ,共行取石 135次。…     

胆道镜配合中药治疗胆道术后残余结石

目的总结胆道术后残余结石应用纤维胆道镜取石并配合中药胆胰和胃冲剂治疗的效果。方法对127例胆道术后残余结石及其胆管狭窄应用纤维胆道镜取石及服用我院研制的中药胆胰和胃冲剂治疗与预防结石复发,观察其效果。结果结石取净率97．64％(124／127),3例因T管脱落或拒绝治疗,未能取净。胆管狭窄经纤维胆道镜扩张,都可以达到取石和解除狭窄的目的。经1～2年的随访,治愈病例无结石复发。结论纤维胆道镜经T管窦道处理术后残石,绝大多数可以解除胆管狭窄,取净结石,服用中药胆胰和胃冲剂可利胆排石,调整胆道内环境,逆转成石胆汁,有预防胆石复发的功效。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征

腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征19例.10例仔细解剖胆囊管,上钛夹后切除胆囊;3例切断胆囊壶腹,残端电灼后用纤维蛋白胶封闭;4例行胆囊部分切除术,残端用可吸收缝合线缝合关闭;2例中转开腹胆道镜胆总管探查取石、肝总管修补后T管引流.术后3例出现胆瘘,引流1～2周痊愈.认为腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术治疗Mirizzi综合征,效果良好.     

应用纤维胆道镜治疗肝内胆管残余结石

我院自1982年开展以纤维胆道镜取石为主的综合方法治疗肝胆管残余结石157例,报道如下。临床资料 157例为各种胆道手术后经“T”管造影或经纤胆镜证实有肝胆管残石者。我院术后113例,外院转来44例。曾行手术术式有胆管探查术86例,胆总管及左右肝管双管或“U”     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石5年随访效果分析

背景胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗方法有多种,当前较为常用的有腹腔镜下胆囊切除、胆总管探查术,内镜下乳头括约肌切开取石术加腹腔镜胆囊切除术,但前者因术后需放置T管引流、后者因破坏Oddi括约肌而有一定的争议.本研究经胆囊管途径取石,避免了损伤胆总管和Oddi括约肌切开所造成的损伤,在临床中取得了良好的效果.目的探讨腹腔镜下应用胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法对2013-01/2013-12的成功实施腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的125例患者进行5年随访,分析其临床治疗效果.结果122例患者成功完成了腹腔镜胆囊切除加联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆总管取石术,手术成功率97.6%,平均年龄58.21岁±13.01岁,手术时间为87.95min±39.12min,术中出血11.27 mL±6.85 mL.所有患者均行球囊扩张,其中33例行胆囊管汇合处微切开, 5例行胆道镜下碎石术.患者术后排气时间为32.48 h±17.85 h.术后住院时间为2.03 d±1.62 d.短期随访并发症5.74%,共7例,其中术后胰腺炎4例,经奥曲肽、乌司他丁等对症治疗后治愈,发生胆漏2例,经ENBD引流后治愈,手术切口感染1例,经换药后治愈. 5年远期并发症4.92%,共6例,胆总管复发结石4例,其中1例合并肝内胆管结石,胰腺炎2例.死亡患者4名, 2例心梗, 1例肺部感染, 1例车祸,均与本手术无关.结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石近期及远期效果较好,患者创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,在临床掌握适应证的前提下,值得推广.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术5 0临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开探查手术的方法与优缺点。方法选择胆管结石或胆道蛔虫病患者行腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术。结果本组50例患者中48例术中分别取出直径为0.6～2.9cm的结石1,～11枚,2例患者术中分别取出死蛔虫1、2条。有6例患者因结石嵌顿或取石网故障,术中无法取净结石,其中2例肋缘下作—6cm小切口开腹取净,4例术后经T管窦道取净结石,1例患者中转开腹手术止血。手术时间117.2(45～180)min,术后6.8(3～12)d出院,30例患者术后置T管引流。未置T管即时缝合胆总管20例,其中1例出现轻度胆汁渗漏。结论腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石术是较安全的,患者术后痛苦小、恢复快、住院期短,部分患者不置T管即时缝合胆总管更加体现微创效果o     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones

We reviewed our experience with the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones in 100 consecutive patients treated laparoscopicaly during the past 9 years (1990—1998) and evaluated the advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility of the treatment, to elucidate reasonable therapeutic strategies for patients harboring CBD stones. We conclude that the most rational management of CBD stones is that which is decided according to the size of the CBD, which, in turn, depends on the size, number, and location of stones. The cystic duct in patients with a non‐dilated CBD is narrow, because the size of the CBD depends on the size and number of stones that have migrated through the narrow cystic duct, and the stones in the non‐dilated CBD are therefore usually small in size and number. Patients with a dilated CBD, however, are good candidates to undergo single‐stage laparoscopic treatment. In our Department, therefore, even if complete removal of stones has failed in patients with non‐dilated CBD, further choledochotomy is not carried out, and a C‐tube is placed through the cystic duct for a subsequent postoperative transduodenal approach, because laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration and choledochotomy may not be always feasible in those patients with non‐dilated CBD, and spontaneous migration of small stones into the duodenum is frequently noted. In fact, some stones demonstrated on intraoperative cholangiograms were not revealed by postoperative cholangiography. In contrast, retained stones detected postoperatively were successfully removed by postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), the endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation technique (EPBDT), or postoperative cholangioscopy (POCS) without any injury to the sphinter of Oddi. With this approach, we believe that the causes of stone recurrence can be avoided in the majority of cases.     

Mirizzi综合征的微创外科治疗

目的 总结应用腹腔镜和内镜联合治疗Mirizzi综合征的初步经验，探讨微创外科对Mirizzi综合征的治疗效果。方法 对21例CsendesⅡ型，Ⅲ型Mirizzi综合征患者，采用内镜鼻胆管引流术（ENBD）配合实施腹腔镜胆囊切除，胆总管探查，胆囊胆管瘘I期缝合修补术（内衬ENBD导管）。结果 19例手术成功，2例中转开腹。术中结石清除率100％，无胆漏，胆道出血等术后并发症。手术时间平均93.6min，术后平均住院9．4d。术后随访18－41个月，未有结石复发。结论 应用腹腔镜和内镜手段，综合治疗Mirizzi综合征在技术上是切实可行的。但腹腔镜下缝合修复胆管壁缺损较困难，适宜在腹腔镜技术较成熟的单位开展。     

术中胆道镜检的价值及入路选择

目的 探讨术中纤维胆道旬检入路的可行性及应用价值。方法 回顾分析本院１９９３年１０月至１９９８年１２月间术中应用纤维胆道镜检１４８例,其中胆总管入路１０８例,胆囊管入路２０例,胆囊管胆总管汇合部入路２６例。结果 肝外胆管结石１０３例,结石取净率１００％,肝内胆管结石１８例,术中取净１０例,残留结石率３７．５％;协助取活检１７例,肝门部胆管癌５例,胆总管下段癌８例,炎性病变４例;阴性探查６例。结论     

Is intraoperative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis?

AIM:To determine the efficacy and safety benefits of performing intraoperative cholangiography(IOC)during laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)to treat symptomatic cholelithiasis.METHODS:Patients admitted to the Minimally Invasive Surgery Center of Tianjin Nankai Hospital between January2012 and January 2014 for management of symptomaticcholelithiasis were recruited for this prospective randomized trial.Study enrollment was offered to patients with clinical presentation of biliary colic symptoms,radiological findings suggestive of gallstones,and normal serum biochemistry results.Study participants were randomized to receive either routine LC treatment or LC+IOC treatment.The routine LC procedure was carried out using the standard four-port technique;the LC+IOC procedure was carried out with the addition of meglumine diatrizoate(1:1 dilution with normal saline)injection via a catheter introduced through a small incision in the cystic duct made by laparoscopic scissors.Operative data and postoperative outcomes,including operative time,retained common bile duct(CBD)stones,CBD injury,other complications and length of hospital stay,were recorded for comparative analysis.Inter-group differences were statistically assessed by theχ2 test(categorical variables)and Fisher’s exact test(binary variables),with the threshold for statistical significance set at P0.05.RESULTS:A total of 371 patients were enrolled in the trial(late-adolescent to adult,age range:16-70 years),with 185 assigned to the routine LC group and 186 to the LC+IOC group.The two treatment groups were similar in age,sex,body mass index,duration of symptomology,number and size of gallstones,and clinical symptoms.The two treatment groups also showed no significant differences in the rates of successful LC(98.38%vs97.85%),CBD stone retainment(0.54%vs 0.00%),CBD injury(0.54%vs 0.53%)and other complications(2.16%vs 2.15%),as well as in duration of hospital stay(5.10±1.41 d vs 4.99±1.53 d).However,the LC+IOC treatment group showed significantly longer mean operative time(routine LC group:43.00±4.15 min vs 52.86±4.47 min,P0.01).There were no cases of fatal complications in either group.At the one-year follow-up assessment,one patient in the routine LC group reported experiencing diarrhea for three months after the LC and one patient in the LC+IOC group reported ongoing intermittent epigastric discomfort,but radiologicalexamination provided no abnormal findings.CONCLUSION:IOC addition to the routine LC treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis does not improve rates of CBD stone retainment or bile duct injury but lengthens operative time.     

LONG‐TERM PROGNOSIS OF BILE DUCT STONES: ENDOSCOPIC PAPILLARY BALLOON DILATATION VERSUS ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY

Aim: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD), which allows preservation of papillary functions, is used as the first‐line therapy in our hospital for common bile duct (CBD) stones to reduce biliary complications. In the present study, we investigated causal factors for CBD stones and compared long‐term prognosis between EPBD and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Methods: A total of 453 EPBD and 233 EST cases treated between April 1996 and May 2007 were examined. They were categorized into four groups: group 1, gallbladder (GB) with stones was resected after CBD stones were extracted (cholecystectomy for GB with stones); group 2, GB with stones was not resected after CBD stones were extracted (no cholecystectomy for GB with stones); group 3, only CBD stones were extracted while the GB without stones was not resected (GB without stones); and group 4, CBD stones with a history of cholecystectomy (absence of GB). Then, postoperative recurrence of CBD stones was compared. To examine changes in papillary functions by EPBD, Oddi's sphincter pressure was measured before and after EPBD. Results: Recurrence was observed in 31 EPBD and 40 EST cases. When recurrence rates by EPBD/EST were compared among the four treatment groups, they were lower with EPBD than with EST in all groups. Oddi's sphincter functions were preserved by 70% after EPBD. Conclusion: Low‐pressure EPBD in combination with isosorbide dinitrate enabled preservation of papillary functions by 70%, which would improve a long‐term prognosis.     

SpyGlass直视下激光碎石术与腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆总管巨大结石的非劣效对照

目的评价SpyGlass直视下激光碎石术治疗胆总管巨大结石（直径＞2 cm）的临床疗效及安全性。方法2015年8月—2018年8月,山东第一医科大学第一附属医院收治的157例胆总管巨大结石患者纳入研究,采用随机数字随机分入SpyGlass组（78例）或腹腔镜胆总管探查术（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE）组（79例）,SpyGlass组采用SpyGlass直视下激光碎石术治疗,LCBDE组采用LCBDE治疗。主要观察结石取净率和一次性结石取净率,非劣效检验的非劣效界值设为10%。次要观察指标包括中转率、短期并发症发生率、住院时间、患者生活质量（采用胃肠道生活质量指数评分）。结果结石取净率SpyGlass组和LCBDE组分别为92.3%（72/78）和96.2%（76/79）（P=0.023）,非劣效假设成立;一次性结石取净率SpyGlass组和LCBDE组分别为83.3%（65/78）和96.2%（76/79）（P=0.124）,非劣效假设不成立。与LCBDE组比较,SpyGlass组中转率略高[7.7%（6/78）比3.8%（3/79）,P=0.294],短期并发症总体发生率略低[5.1%（4/78）比10.1%（8/79）,P=0.246],住院时间更短[（5.65±0.94）d比（8.84±1.54）d,P=0.001],术后1个月、术后3个月胃肠道生活质量指数评分更高[术后1个月：（99.85±4.36）分比（91.51±5.47）分,P=0.001;术后3个月：（131.24±3.32）分比（112.32±7.77）分,P=0.001]。结论对于胆总管巨大结石,SpyGlass直视下激光碎石的疗效不劣于LCBDE,且更加微创,可作为LCBDE之外的治疗胆总管巨大结石的重要选择。     

Is intra-operative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy？ A multicentre rural experience from a developing world country

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in nonteaching rural hospitals of a developing country without intra-operative cholangiography (IOC). To evaluate the possibility of reduction of costs and hospital stay for patients undergoing LC.METHODS: A prospective analysis of patients with symptomatic benign diseases of gall bladder undergoing LC in three non-teaching rural hospitals of Kashmir Valley from Jan 2001 to Jan 2007. The cohort represented a sample of patients requiring LC, aged 13 to 78 (mean 47.2) years. Main outcome parameters included mortality, complications, re-operation, conversion to open procedure without resorting to IOC, reduction in costs borne by the hospital, and the duration of hospital stay.RESULTS: Twelve hundred and sixty-seven patients (976 females/291 males) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twenty-three cases were converted to open procedures; 12 patients developed port site infection, nobody died because of the procedure. One patient had common bile duct (CBD) injury, 4 patients had biliary leak, and 4 patients had subcutaneous emphysema. One cholecystohepatic duct was detected and managed intraoperatively, 1 patient had retained CBD stones, while 1 patient had retained cystic duct stones. Incidental gallbladder malignancy was detected in 2 cases. No long-term complications were detected up to now.CONCLUSION: LC can be performed safely even in non-teaching rural hospitals of a developing country provided proper equipment is available and the surgeons and other team members are well trained in the procedure. It is stressed that IOC is not essential to prevent biliary tract injuries and missed CBD stones. The costs to the patient and the hospital can be minimized by using reusable instruments, intracorporeal sutures, and condoms instead of titanium clips and endobags.     

Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its prevention: a review and experience of 400 cases

In the present era laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard treatment of choice for gallstone disease. This technique has made a new revolution in minimal invasive surgery, but also the spectrum of complications has changed. In this paper we shared our personal experience of LC in 400 hundred cases from January 2007 to December 2010, its complications and prevention. According to our experience the complications were liver bed injury (n=32, 8%), spilled gall stones (n=29, 7.25%), port site infection (n=11, 2.75%), vascular injury (n=18, 4.5%), conversion to open surgery (n=16, 4%), biliary leak (n=10, 2.5%), bowel injury (n=3, 0.75%), CBD stricture (n=4, 1%) and umbilical port hernia (n=2, 0.5%). Before the procedure, patient consent and awareness to all possible complications which may occur intra-operatively is very important. A good surgical team and experience in this procedure seems to prevent hazardous complications.     

Hepatectomy with primary closure of common bile duct for hepatolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of hepatectomy and primary closure of common bile duct for intrahepatic and extrahepatic calculi. METHODS: From January 2008 to May 2013, anatomic hepatectomy followed by biliary tract exploration without biliary drainage(non-drainage group) was performed in 43 patients with intrahepatic and extrahepatic calculi. After hepatectomy, flexible choledochoscopy was used to extract residual stones and observe the intrahepatic bile duct and common bile duct(CBD) for determination of biliary stricture and dilatation. Function of the sphincter of Oddi was determined by manometry of the CBD. Primary closure of the CBD without T-tube drainage or bilioenteric anastomosis was performed when there was no biliary stricture or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Dexamethasone and anisodamine were intravenously injected 2-3 d after surgery to prevent postoperative retrograde infection due to intraoperative bile duct irrigation, and to maintain relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, respectively. During the same period, anatomic hepatectomy followed by biliary tract exploration with biliary drainage(drainage group) was performed in 48 patients as the control group. Postoperative complications and hospital stay were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: There was no operative mortality in either group of patients. Compared to intrahepatic and extrabiliary drainage, hepatectomy with primary closure of the CBD(non-drainage) did not increase the incidenceof complications, including residual stones, bile leakage, pancreatitis and cholangitis(P > 0.05). Postoperative hospital stay and costs were nevertheless significantly less in the non-drainage group than in the drainage group. The median postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the non-drainage group than in the drainage group(11.2 ± 2.8 d vs 15.4 ± 2.1 d, P = 0.000). The average postoperative cost of treatment was lower in the non-drainage group than in the drainage group(29325.6 ± 5668.2 yuan vs 32933.3 ± 6235.1 yuan, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Hepatectomy followed by choledochoendoscopic stone extraction without biliary drainage is a safe and effective treatment of hepatolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis.