人际关系困扰对大学生主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨大学生人际困扰现状及其对主观幸福感的影响。方法采用问卷法对720名大学生进行调查。结果1大学生人际困扰整体水平较低,男生在待人接物和异性交往困扰上显著高于女生,大三学生在交谈交流、待人接物和人际困扰总分上显著高于大四学生;2大学生主观幸福感无显著的年级、性别差异;3人际困扰总分及各维度与主观幸福感各维度间相关显著,不同人际困扰水平大学生主观幸福感差异显著。回归分析结果表明,大学生的人际困扰能显著预测其主观幸福感。结论大学生的人际困扰与其主观幸福感关系密切,人际困扰能有效预测大学生的主观幸福感。     

家庭功能对大学生主观幸福感的影响

为探讨家庭功能对大学生主观幸福感的影响,采用家庭功能评定量表和总体幸福感量表在西华师范大学展开问卷调查。结果显示:①大学生主观幸福感有显著性别、年级差异,女生高于男生,大二高于大四,农村学生对情感和行为的控制优于城镇学生。②大学生家庭功能均处于较好的水平,有显著性别、年级差异,没有城乡差异。女生优于男生,大四、大一优于大二。③家庭功能与主观幸福感呈负相关,沟通能较好地预测主观幸福感。因此,应加强家庭成员间的沟通,以增加大学生的主观幸福感。     

大学生学习倦怠、自尊与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨大学生学习倦怠(包括情绪低落、行为不当、成就感低3个因子)、自尊以及主观幸福感的关系。方法采用学习倦怠量表、自尊量表以及主观幸福感量表对446名大学生进行测试。结果①学习倦怠存在性别差异,大学男生在学习倦怠的成就感低因子上显著高于大学女生;②大三学生在行为不当因子上显著低于大四学生,在成就感低因子上显著低于大一学生;③自尊在情绪低落与主观幸福感之间起到部分中介作用;而在成就感低与主观幸福感之间起到了完全中介作用。结论大学生学习倦怠与自尊及主观幸福感的之间关系达到显著水平,自尊在学习倦怠与主观幸福感之间起中介变量作用。     

大学生积极心理资本与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨大学生积极心理资本与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用积极心理资本问卷和主观幸福感问卷,对重庆市3所大学的235名大学生进行调查。结果①大学生积极心理资本状况总体较好,自我效能因子存在显著生源地差异(F=15.38,P<0.001);自我效能因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=5.07,P<0.05);希望因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=12.71,P<0.001);希望因子存在显著年级差异(F=3.84,P<0.05),进一步多重比较表明,四年级大学生的希望水平显著高于三年级大学生;②大学生主观幸福感状况总体不够理想,生活满意度因子存在显著生源地差异(F=11.22,P<0.01);消极情感因子存在显著专业类型差异(F=8.27,P<0.01);③大学生的积极心理资本和主观幸福感正相关,前者对后者各因子有显著的预测作用(预测效应介于16.2%～29%之间)。结论大学生积极心理资本对主观幸福感有积极影响。     

福建高校大学生团体归属感与主观幸福感关系研究

探讨团体归属感与主观幸福感之间的关系。采用《团体归属感问卷》、《主观幸福感量表》整群抽样调查435名大学生。结果:①团体归属感方面认同程度存在性别差异,男生高于女生;主观幸福感方面,独生子女大学生生活满意度显著高于非独生子女,消极情感存在年级差异,以大三年级得分最高;②团体归属感与主观幸福感间存在显著正相关;③团体归属感对主观幸福感有显著预测作用。大学生团体归属感与主观幸福感之间存在一定程度的相关。     

福建高校大学生团体归属感与主观幸福感关系研究

探讨团体归属感与主观幸福感之间的关系。采用《团体归属感问卷》、《主观幸福感量表》整群抽样调查435名大学生。结果：①团体归属感方面认同程度存在性别差异，男生高于女生；主观幸福感方面，独生子女大学生生活满意度显著高于非独生子女，消极情感存在年级差异，以大三年级得分最高；②团体归属感与主观幸福感间存在显著正相关；③团体归属感对主观幸福感有显著预测作用。大学生团体归属感与主观幸福感之间存在一定程度的相关。     

大学生社会比较与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的考察大学生社会比较与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用社会比较倾向量表和总体幸福感量表对404名大学生进行调查。结果①大学生的主观幸福感和社会比较都不存在显著的性别差异;②主观幸福感存在显著的年级差异（F（3,400）=3.901,P〈0.01）;③社会比较类型对主观幸福感的影响不显著;④社会比较倾向和主观幸福感之间存在显著的负相关（r=-0.136,P〈0.01）。结论大学生的社会比较状况对主观幸福感有重要影响。     

大学生网络社会支持与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生网络社会支持与主观幸福感之间的关系.方法 采用“网络社会支持问卷”和“主观幸福感问卷”对山西大学的400名学生进行问卷调查.结果 大学生主观幸福感在性别上不存在显著差异(t=0.045,P＞0.05);在年级上存在显著差异(F=17.179,P＜0.001)、大学生网络社会支持在性别和年级上存在显著差异...     

大学生主观幸福感与人际关系困扰的相关性研究

目的:了解大学生主观幸福感和人际关系困扰现状,并探讨两者之间的相关性。方法:以大学生主观幸福感量表和人际关系综合诊断量表为测量工具,对云南的185名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:大学生主观幸福感在独生子女和非独生子女、家庭所在地两个变量上存在显著差异。大学生人际关系困扰总体水平不高,但各分量表得分差异较大。人际关系困扰在性别、年级变量上存在显著差异。人际困扰主观幸福感之间呈负相关。结论:大学生人际关系困扰与主观幸福之间关系密切,大学生人际关系困扰程度影响主观幸福感程度。     

大学生考试心理问题现状调查分析

目的调查分析我国大学生考试心理问题的总体特征。方法采用自编《大学生考试心理问题量表》对2300名大学生进行调查。结果1大学生考试心理问题存在学校类型、专业类型和年级差异,但不存在性别和家庭来源差异。2大学生在考试心理问题的个别因素上存在显著的学校类型、专业类型、性别、家庭来源和年级差异。3考试心理问题在大学阶段呈现出先平稳发展,在大二至大三之间显著下降,而大三到大四显著上升的趋势。结论大学生考试心理问题存在学校类型、专业类型和年级差异,在个别因素上存在显著的学校类型、专业类型、性别、家庭来源和年级差异。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.