脊髓髓内肿瘤及显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除方法。方法 对16例脊髓髓内肿瘤手术患者进行回顾性研究。结果 肿瘤全切除10例,近全切除4例,大部切除2例,术后12例均有不同程度的改善和好转,1例肌力较术前减退,3例未见明显好转。随访3个月～4年,室管膜瘤复发1例,星形细胞瘤复发3例,其余未见复发。结论 脊髓髓内肿瘤应作显微手术切除,避免或减少脊髓损伤,尽量做到全切除,减少术后的复发。     

脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的探讨脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析9例显微手术切除的脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切2例,次全切5例,部分切除2例。术后随访648个月,症状明显改善8例,复发死亡1例,Mc Cormick分级：Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级2例。结论脊髓圆锥髓内肿瘤多为低级别胶质瘤或良性肿瘤。手术全切除较困难,但争取手术全切或次全切除可获得良好预后。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析经显微手术治疗的27例脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除10例,大部分切除4例。术后1月症状明显改善21例,稳定3例,加重3例。本组无死亡病例。术后随访6-24个月,复发2例;按McCormick脊髓功能状态分级：Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。结论MRI是诊断脊髓髓内肿瘤的首选方法,显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是一种有效的手段。     

脊髓肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的　探讨脊髓肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法　回顾 3 8例脊髓肿瘤患者的诊断及显微手术切除方法。其中髓外 3 4例 ,髓内 4例。结果　肿瘤全切除 3 2例 (84 2 % ) ,次全切除 2例 ,大部分切除 4例 ,无手术死亡及严重致残 ,良性髓外及髓内肿瘤全切除后 ,多数患者脊髓功能在短期内即获改善 ,但是术前脊髓功能越差术后恢复越困难。结论　脊髓肿瘤应早期诊断并尽早手术治疗 ,术者娴熟的显微手术技巧可避免或减轻脊髓损伤。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内胶质瘤23例

目的:分析23例脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微手术治疗经验,评价其疗效和预后。方法:对9年来经显微手术治疗的23例脊髓髓内胶质瘤患者的肿瘤病理类型、肿瘤部位、临床症状、体征、辅助检查和临床疗效进行回顾性分析研究。结果:本组13例星形细胞瘤(56.5%)及10例室管膜瘤(43.5%),均于显微镜下肉眼全切除,全组无围手术期死亡。16例随访2个月至7.6年[平均(38±11)个月]。末次随访结束时(失访者按出院前的神经功能评定):肌力改善16例(69.6%)、不变2例(8.7%)、加重2例(8.7%)及死亡3例(13.0%)。随访中复发5例。结论:脊髓髓内胶质瘤宜早诊断并尽早接受手术治疗。显微神经外科技术可提高肿瘤全切,改善脊髓髓内胶质瘤的预后。星形细胞瘤应及时进行术后放疗和化疗。     

神经电生理监测下显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的 探讨在神经电生理监测下显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2009年12月至2015年2月收治的102例髓内肿瘤患者临床资料。采用后正中入路手术切除肿瘤,所有手术均在神经电生理监测下进行。结果 肿瘤全切52例（50.98%）,大部分切除48例（47.06%）,部分切除2例（1.96%）。术后2周神经功能障碍改善16例（15.69%）,无变化20例（19.61%）,加重66例（64.7%）。98例随访3个月~2年,神经功能较术前改善94例（92.16%）,其中完全正常者67例（65.69%）;症状仍未恢复到术前4例（3.92%）,肿瘤复发4例（3.92%）。结论 采用显微手术切除髓内肿瘤是治疗该病的有效方法,术中神经电生理监测有助于手术的安全进行。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结脊髓髓内肿瘤的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析36例经显微手术治疗的脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料,术中超声辅助定位5例.结果 室管膜瘤17例,低级别星形细胞瘤(WHO I ～II级)8例,高级别星形细胞瘤(WHO Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)3例,血管母细胞瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脂肪瘤、转移瘤、畸胎瘤各1例.室管膜瘤全切率82.4%,低级别星形细胞瘤为50.0%,高级别星形细胞瘤为33.3%,血管母细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤和转移瘤均全切,脂肪瘤和畸胎瘤次全切.术后随访3个月,根据McCormick脊髓功能状态分级:I级23例,II级7例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例.结论 显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施.术中超声有助于术中肿瘤定位,减少手术创伤.     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的总结分析脊髓髓内肿瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗经验。方法回顾分析2000年1月至2005年5月收治的43例脊髓髓内肿瘤的临床特征、影像学表现、诊断及显微手术治疗效果;随访1～4年,并采用McCormick评分标准评价患者术前、术后的脊髓功能。结果肿瘤全切28例,次全切7例,部分切除8例。术后患者症状好转31例,无变化6例,加重6例,无手术死亡。结论①显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤效果良好,尤其对室管膜瘤、海绵状血管瘤等可做到全切而不产生明显的后遗症。②脂肪瘤因全切困难,且术后多数症状加重,要严格掌握手术时机及适应证。③对其它类型的髓内肿瘤,有症状者应积极早期手术治疗。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的研究脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术技巧。方法回顾分析了25例采用显微手术切除的脊髓髓内肿瘤病例。结果全切除18例,次全切除4例,部分切除3例。术后随访3～78个月,19例结果良好,6例结果差(3例死亡)。结论显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤大多数结果良好。不同类型的肿瘤采用不同的手术方法,熟练的显微技术和对脊髓保护的意识是手术成功的关键。     

脊髓髓内胶质瘤的显微神经外科手术处理

目的总结脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微神经外科手术治疗的经验。方法1999年至2005年共手术治疗脊髓髓内胶质瘤71例,男39例,女32例,年龄4~68岁(平均38.1岁),病程2个月~9年;肿瘤直径占脊髓横断面的60%~90%,长度跨越4~11个椎体;临床表现按McCormick神经功能分级:Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级3例。早期42例采用传统椎板切除术,后期29例采用整块切除棘突及椎板后再回植重建的方法进入椎管,在显微镜下沿脊髓后正中裂切开脊髓显露肿瘤并分块切除。结果手术全切肿瘤59例(83%),大部分切除12例(17%)。术后病理诊断:室管膜瘤51例(72%),星形细胞瘤19例(27%),恶性小圆细胞瘤1例(1%)。术后近期症状较术前加重或出现新的神经损害症状者40例(56%),症状改善或无变化者31例(44%)。随访6个月~6年,52例(73.2%)恢复正常工作或学习,13例(18.3%)可自理生活,6例(8.5%)不能自理生活;肿瘤复发2例。患者功能预后与术前神经功能分级密切相关,术前神经损害症状越轻,术后恢复越好。结论显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内胶质瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施,最佳手术时机是在患者尚未发生严重神经损害症状之前。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.