第三脑室颅咽管瘤的手术治疗策略

目的:总结第三脑室颅咽管瘤的手术治疗策略。方法:回顾性分析行手术治疗的28例第三脑室颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料,对比经终板和经前纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间2种手术入路的治疗效果和适应症。结果:2种手术入路在全切肿瘤率上无明显的统计学差异(P=0.907),经前纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路比经终板入路更容易出现尿崩(P=0.027)、电解质紊乱(P=0.033)等并发症。经终板入路适用肿瘤主体位于视交叉后上第三脑室底前部的肿瘤切除,而经前纵裂-胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路适用于完全位于第三脑室内或肿瘤主体位于第三脑室内的肿瘤切除。结论:根据颅咽管瘤的影像学特征选择适当的手术入路,术中注意保护下丘脑和垂体柄是手术成功的关键。     

经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路切除颅咽管瘤

目的:介绍并探讨一种切除颅咽管瘤的手术治疗方法。方法:经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路切除颅咽管瘤10例。结果:肿瘤全切除9例,近全切除1例,无手术死亡。结论:该入路是切除三脑室前部及三脑窒内颅咽管瘤的最佳入路,术野暴露清楚,直视下操作,减少了术后并发症的发生。     

经眉弓眶上"锁孔"手术入路的显微解剖

目的了解经眉弓眶上“锁孔”手术入路中的结构及其关系，为临床手术提供解剖学依据。方法13例成人尸头，取眉弓微骨孔入路，手术显微镜下解剖鞍区和鞍旁区，观察和测量其内容及比邻关系。结果鞍区和鞍旁区有5个间隙和8个脑池：视交叉前间隙、视交叉与颈内动脉间隙、颈内动脉外侧间隙、视交叉后上经终板入路间隙、颈动脉分叉上间隙，分别为第1至第5间隙；脑池有颈动脉池、终板池、侧裂池蝶部、嗅池、交叉池、环池、后交通动脉池、脚间池，其间有重要的血管、神经和下丘脑结构。Zinn腱环内有来自视神经管的眼动脉、视神经和来自眶上裂的展神经、鼻睫神经及动眼神经穿行。结论该入路可作为鞍区和鞍旁区肿瘤切除、动脉瘤夹闭、经终板第三脑室造瘘、视神经管减压等手术的常用手术入路。     

成人颅咽管瘤156例的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨成人颅咽管瘤的临床特点、手术方法及治疗效果.方法　对2004年1月至2009年3月北京天坛医院神经外科手术治疗的156例成人颅咽管瘤进行回顾性分析.根据肿瘤与鞍膈和第三脑室的关系分为4种类型:蝶鞍内型(6例),鞍上脑室外型(59例),脑室型(63例),复杂型(28例).手术采用单侧额下入路9例,前纵裂入路14例,翼点入路102例,经胼胝体-脑室入路28例,经蝶窦入路3例.结果 肿瘤全切除124例(79.5%),次全切除25例(16%),部分切除7例(4.5%),手术死亡2例.术中垂体柄确认并保护69例,术后出现尿崩症109例(69.8%).随访3个月至5年,能正常工作和生活占75.3%,肿瘤复发26例.结论 根据颅咽管瘤的部位和生长方式,选择合适手术入路是颅咽管瘤手术成功的关键.     

经额外侧锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经额外侧锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤的应用价值。方法对我院17例鞍上直径在2.5-4.8cm的颅咽管瘤患者采用额外侧锁孔入路发迹内做6.5cm左右皮切口,铣出面积约（3×2.5）cm^2的椭圆形小骨瓣,术中根据肿瘤位置利用不同解剖间隙切除肿瘤。结果术中15例病人肿瘤全部切除,2例次全切除。术后7例病人出现不同程度的尿崩症及电解质紊乱,经药物治疗后好转,9例病人视力改善。结论与传统翼点入路及眶上锁孔入路相比,额外侧锁孔入路切口小、创伤小,能提供足够的鞍上区手术空间,显露鞍区病变及其邻近结构充分,且减少了脑牵拉和手术创伤,有利于颅咽管瘤的全切除,是一种安全有效的处理鞍上颅咽管瘤的手术入路途径。     

经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路切除三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的：探讨经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路切除三脑室内颅咽管瘤的疗效和并发症。方法：回顾性分析28例经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路切除的三脑室内颅咽管瘤患者的病例资料。结果：肿瘤全切18例,次全切6例,部分切除4例。术后主要并发症为电解质紊乱、尿崩症、内分泌功能紊乱、缄默、体温调节障碍、癫痫等。结论：经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路为切除三脑室内颅咽管瘤最佳入路之一;颅咽管瘤术后并发症多且严重,充分的术前准备及良好的围手术管理是手术成功的前提。     

颅咽管瘤的手术入路选择

目的：探讨鞍区颅咽管瘤的手术入路选择及并发症防治措施。方法：对46例颅咽管瘤病人选用不同的手术入路切除肿瘤,其中经翼点颞下入路11例,额下入路（包括转终板入路）14例,胼胝体-透明膈间隙-穹隆间入路2例,经皮层侧脑室入路4例,经口鼻蝶（或单鼻孔）入路15例。结果：肿瘤全切除32例（69.6%）,近全切除9例（19.6%）,大部分切除5例（10.9%）。术后死亡1例。主要并发症：尿崩症18例（39.1%）,电解质紊乱21例（45.7%）。结论：对颅咽管瘤病人选择合适的手术入路,有利于在直视下显露并全切除肿瘤;熟练地显微神经外科技术,熟悉鞍区的解剖关系并重视术中对下丘脑的保护,是降低术后并发症的重要环节。     

经翼点入路显微手术治疗颅咽管瘤20例报告

目的 探讨经翼点入路切除颅咽管瘤的方法。方法对20例颅咽管瘤患者进行显微外科手术，病人年龄13～54yr，平均35yr，其中男12例，女8例。以视力障碍起病18例，尿崩症5例，隐性糖尿病3例，生长发育迟缓4例，头痛10例。术前均行CT和MRI扫描，肿瘤最大直径5cm。实质性9例，囊性变5例，混合性6例，肿瘤钙化14例。全部病人均在全麻后行翼点入路，术中根据肿瘤位置，可以从视交叉前间隙、颈内动脉和视神经间隙及颈内动脉外侧间隙切除肿瘤。结果 肿瘤全切除14例，次全切除5例，部分切除1例。1例术后10d突发蛛网膜下腔出血死亡。全部病例术后放疗效果尚待观察。结论 翼点入路是颅咽管瘤手术切除的首选入路，绝大多数病人可达到肿瘤的全切除。     

颅咽管瘤179例手术治疗经验

目的：回顾7年间179例手术切除颅咽管瘤的患者，总结颅咽管瘤的手术治疗经验。方法：按与三脑室底的位置关系，将肿瘤分为三脑室底上型和三脑室底下型。前者生长于三脑室底上部；后者从垂体柄、漏斗、灰结节向上往三脑室底生长阻塞三脑室或向下生长通过鞍膈裂孔进入鞍内。对于三脑室底下型，进行翼点入路手术，共150例，额下入路16例。对于三脑室底上型采用经胼胝体入路进入三脑室，共13例。在三脑室底下型手术中应特别注意保护进入三脑室底神经结构的穿动脉。三脑室底上型肿瘤经胼胝体入路术中到达三脑室底前部时应避免损伤三脑室底神经结构。结果：179例手术病例中，肿瘤获得全切161例，次全切12例，部分切除6例。垂体柄保留99例，切断46例，未发现34例。所有病人术后随访3个月到5年，平均1、5年。随访结果按GOS评分评估。154例(88％)正常生活，14例(8％)生活自理，7例(4％)生活需要帮助。7例(4％)随访MR发现复发，其中4例为半年内，3例为1年内复发。5例复发肿瘤再次手术，另2例分别行肿瘤外放疗和伽马刀治疗。结论：颅咽管瘤切除手术需采用不同的入路以获得最好的显露和最小的肿瘤周围结构损伤。在尝试进行肿瘤全切除时获得好的手术效果的关键是避免损伤下丘脑结构和保护好下丘脑穿动脉。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.