HPLC测定复方氨酚烷胺片中的对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏

目的采用HPLC同时测定复方氨酚烷氨片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,增加小剂量成分咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度检查的方法。方法采用C18柱,流动相为1%醋酸(二乙胺调pH3.7)-甲醇(62∶38),检测波长对乙酰氨基酚用246 nm,咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏用262 nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏分别在0.1055～2.11μg(r=0.9999)、0.245～7.35μg(r=0.9997)、0.04216～0.8432μg(r=0.9999)与峰面积有良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为98.7%、98.6%、101.1%(n=9)。结论所用方法操作简便、准确、重复性好,可用于复方氨酚烷氨片的质量控制。     

氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏含量测定及含量均匀度方法研究

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度。 方法：色谱柱为Grace Alltima C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);以三乙胺溶液(取三乙胺1mL,加水1000mL,用磷酸调节pH值至2.6)-乙腈(82:18)为流动相;检测波长为222nm(马来酸氯苯那敏)、245nm(对乙酰氨基酚);进样量为10μL。结果：对乙酰氨基酚在6～125μg.mL-1、马来酸氯苯那敏在4～103μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,分别为r =1.0000(n=5)、r = 0.9999(n=5);对乙酰氨基酚的平均回收率为99.6%,RSD%为2.17%(n=9);马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为102.6%,RSD%为1.52%(n=9)。收集的5家生产企业10批样品,测得对乙酰氨基酚标示含量99.4%～103.5%,马来酸氯苯那敏标示含量84.8%～99.7%,马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度A+2.2S为6.0～26.0,其中3批A+S大于15.0。结论：本法能同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,以及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度,专属准确,为氨金黄敏颗粒质量标准的完善和提高提供依据。     

Determination of paracetamol, caffeine, chlorphenamine maleate in Compound paracetamol and amantadine hydrochloride tablets by HPLC

目的 采用HPLC同时测定复方氨酚烷氨片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,增加小剂量成分咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度检查的方法.方法采 用C18柱,流动相为1％醋酸(二乙胺凋pH3.7)-甲醇(62∶38),检测波长对乙酰氨基酚用246 nm,咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏用262 nm.结果 对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏分别在0.1055 ～2.11μg(r=0.9999) 、0.245～7.35μg(r=0.9997) 、0.04216～0.8432 μg(r=0.9999)与峰面积有良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为98.7％ 、98.6％、101.1％(n =9).结论 所用方法操作简便、准确、重复性好,可用于复方氨酚烷氨片的质量控制.     

HPLC测定复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中的咖啡因、对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏

目的 采用HPLC法测定复方北豆根氨酚那敏片中咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏与对乙酰氨基酚的含量,并检测咖啡因与马来酸氯苯那敏的含量均匀度.方法 采用C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以pH4.0磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为225 nm(咖啡因与马来酸氯苯那敏)、254 nm(对乙酰氨基酚),流速1.0 mL· min-1,柱温30℃,进样量20 μL.结果 咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏和对乙酰氨基酚浓度的线性范围分别为72.41 ～ 217.2、14.81 ～44.44、31.06～93.18 μg·mL-1,平均回收率分别为100.58％、99.18％、99.64％(n=9).结论 所用法简便、准确,可同时测定多种组分,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

UPLC法测定小儿氨咖黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的使用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法建立测定小儿氨咖黄敏颗粒中3种西药成分含量的方法。方法色谱柱为Acquity UPLC~BEH C18柱(7.5cm×0.21cm,1.7μm);柱温为35℃;流动相为0.03mol·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液-乙腈(88∶12);检测波长为214nm。结果线性范围为:对乙酰氨基酚0.149~1.489μg,r=0.999 8;咖啡因0.010~0.101μg,r=0.999 4;马来酸氯苯那敏0.005~0.082μg,r=0.999 9。平均回收率:对乙酰氨基酚99.3%,RSD=0.42%;咖啡因98.8%,RSD=0.50%;马来酸氯苯那敏99.5%,RSD=0.78%。结论相对于现行药品执行标准中的含量测定方法,UPLC法测定3种西药含量更准确、方便,可较好地控制小儿氨咖黄敏颗粒的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚烷胺胶囊中三组分含量

目的建立用高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚烷胺胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏含量的方法。方法采用ODSC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾-三乙胺(20∶80∶0.02)为流动相。结果对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏浓度线性范围分别为101.272～911.448,6.356～57.204,0.804～7.236μg/mL,平均回收率分别为99.21%,100.14%,101.37%,RSD分别为0.25%,0.27%,0.60%(n=5)。结论该方法准确、简便、快速,适于复方氨酚烷胺胶囊的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中3种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏、咖啡因的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法采用D iam onsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;甲醇-0.05 m ol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(20∶80)(1%磷酸调pH3.0)为流动相;流速:1.0 m l/m in;检测波长:210 nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为0.490 2~29.412 0μg(r=1.000 0)、平均回收率(n=9)为100.3%,RSD为0.43%;马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围为0.003 992~0.239 520μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率(n=9)为100.5%,RSD为0.20%;咖啡因的线性范围为0.030 64~1.838 40μg(r=1.000 0),平均回收率(n=9)为100.5%,RSD为0.23%。结论本方法简便、结果准确,可用于制剂的含量测定和质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中3种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏、咖啡因的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法采用D iam onsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;甲醇-0.05 m ol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(20∶80)(1%磷酸调pH3.0)为流动相;流速:1.0 m l/m in;检测波长:210 nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为0.490 2~29.412 0μg(r=1.000 0)、平均回收率(n=9)为100.3%,RSD为0.43%;马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围为0.003 992~0.239 520μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率(n=9)为100.5%,RSD为0.20%;咖啡因的线性范围为0.030 64~1.838 40μg(r=1.000 0),平均回收率(n=9)为100.5%,RSD为0.23%。结论本方法简便、结果准确,可用于制剂的含量测定和质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度

目的建立用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及含量均匀度。方法色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈-水-三乙胺(16∶84∶0.5)(用磷酸调节pH值至2.5)为流动相;流速为1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长为262 nm。结果咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在0.596 8～2.387 2μg和0.080 1～0.320 3μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r值分别为1.000,0.999 9。平均回收率分别为99.7%,99.5%,RSD分别为0.59%,0.68%(n=9)。结论本方法专属性好,简便、快速、准确,适用于复方氨酚烷胺片中咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏含量及含量均匀度的测定。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定氨咖敏片中3组份的含量

目的:建立用 RP-HPLC 法测定氨咖敏片中氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的方法。方法:用 Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.3%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-磷酸(60:40:0.02)(用三乙胺调 pH 至3.3)为流动相,流速1.0ml·min~(-1),检测波长215 nm。结果:氨基比林、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在30.2～90.5μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9),2.8～8.4μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 6)和10.1～30.2μg·ml~(-1)(r=0.999 9)范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.4%,RSD=0.3%(n=9),99.6%,RSD=0.5%(n=9)和99.3%,RSD 0.4%。结论:本法简单、快速和准确,适用于氨咖敏片质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.