紫外分光光度法测定弱视明口服液中总多糖含量

目的 建立弱视明口服液中总多糖的含量测定方法.方法 采用紫外分光光度法,以苯酚-硫酸法显色,以D-无水葡萄糖为对照品,在490 nm波长处对弱视明口服液中总多糖进行含量测定.结果 回归方程为A=15.571 X+0.026(r=0.999 8),葡萄糖的检测质量浓度在0.008 08～0.048 48 g/L范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为99.51%,RSD为1.26%(n=6).结论 该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于弱视明口服液中总多糖的含量测定.     

南沙参中多糖的含量测定

目的:建立测定南沙参中多糖含量的方法。方法:采用水提醇沉法分离提取南沙参多糖,以葡萄糖为对照制备标准曲线;采用蒽酮-硫酸法测定多糖含量,检测波长为625nm。结果:南沙参中多糖含量为38.5%,平均加样回收率为101.4%,RSD=2.83%(n=6)。结论:采用蒽酮-硫酸法测定南沙参多糖,操作简便、准确、稳定性好。     

附子多糖的含量测定

目的:建立附子多糖含量测定方法。方法:以生附子精制多糖测得附子多糖对葡萄糖的换算因子,以苯酚-硫酸分光光度法测定生附子多糖的含量。结果:供试液在6 h内显色稳定,重现性好,平均回收率为101.0%,RSD=4.3%(n=6)。生附子多糖含量为18.56%,RSD=2.4%(n=3)。结论:该方法简便、快速,测定结果更客观、准确。     

紫外法测定黄芪蛰虫口服液中多糖的含量

目的建立黄芪蛰虫口服液中多糖含量测定方 法。方法用苯酚-硫酸法在485nm波长处测定吸收度。结果葡萄糖的线性范围为10.18~81.44μg/mL (r=0.9997)，平均回收率为97.47%，RSD=0.72。结论本法简便、快速、准确。     

分光光度法测定芪黄口服液中多糖的含量

目的:建立芪黄口服液中多糖含量的测定方法.方法:采用改良的苯酚 硫酸法,以葡萄糖为对照品,计算芪黄口服液中多糖的含量.结果:葡萄糖的浓度在0.034～0.170 mg•mL 1范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系.平均回收率99.54%,RSD＝1.4%.结论:运用改良的苯酚 硫酸法测定芪黄口服液中多糖含量,方法简便,重现性好,可作为芪黄口服液的质量控制方法.     

不同产地川明参药材中多糖含量测定

目的:测定不同产地川明参药材中的多糖含量.方法:以葡萄糖为对照品,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定川明参药材中多糖含量,并通过正交试验研究确定最优显色条件.结果:在0.01mg·mL(-1)-0.05 mg·mL(-1)浓度范围内,对照品葡萄糖的吸光度和浓度线性关系良好,r为0.9971.平均回收率为98.94%,RSD为1.53%(n=6).不同产地川明参药材中多糖含量范围在8.57%-26.38%之间.结论:该法简便,稳定,可用于川明参药材中多糖的含量测定.     

益智多糖含量测定

目的 研究益智中多糖含量测定方法。方法 水提醇沉法提取粗多糖,Sevage法除蛋白,H₂O₂脱色,流水透析和冷冻干燥制备多糖。PMP(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮)柱前衍生,HPLC测定其单糖组成。以益智精致多糖测得多糖对葡萄糖的换算因子,苯酚-硫酸法测定益智中多糖的含量。结果 益智多糖由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、甘露糖和阿拉伯糖五种单糖组成。益智多糖含量为12.91%,RSD=4.72%(n=5),平均加样回收率为99.1%,RSD为4.57%(n=5)。结论 该法简便,快捷,可用于益智多糖的含量测定。     

UV和HPLC法分别测定板栗种仁中总多糖和没食子酸的含量

目的研究测定板栗种仁中总多糖及没食子酸的含量的方法。方法总多糖含量测定:以葡萄糖为对照品,采用分光光度法,于620 nm处测定;没食子酸含量测定:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(体积比为4.0∶96.0∶0.1),检测波长为273 nm,流速为1 mL.min-1。结果葡萄糖的质量在45.0~225.0μg(r=0.9999)、没食子酸的质量在0.044~0.440μg(r=0.9998)内线性关系良好,总多糖和没食子酸的平均回收率分别为97.7%(RSD为0.8%,n=6)和101.3%(RSD为1.2%,n=6)。结论建立的方法可为板栗的质量控制提供依据。     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定环草石斛中石斛多糖的含量

目的:建立测定环草石斛中石斛多糖含量的方法。方法:采用紫外-可见分光光度法,以D-无水葡萄糖为对照,检测波长为490nm。结果:D-无水葡萄糖的进样量在0～0.10440mg范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997);平均加样回收率为98.09%,RSD=1.62%(n=6)。结论:本法操作简便、快捷、结果准确,可用于环草石斛中石斛多糖的含量测定。     

苯酚-硫酸法测定围乐颗粒中总多糖的含量

目的:建立以苯酚-硫酸法测定围乐颗粒中总多糖含量的方法。方法:样品经Sevag法脱蛋白,以苯酚-硫酸法显色(60℃水浴加热30min),以葡萄糖为对照品,测定围乐颗粒中总多糖的含量。结果:葡萄糖的检测浓度在20·47～102·36μg·mL-1范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系(r=0·9994);平均回收率为99·09%,RSD=0·92%(n=6)。围乐颗粒中总多糖的平均含量为41·63%。结论:本方法简单、准确、重现性好,可用于围乐颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.