Endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct calculi

A series of 74 patients having endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct calculi is reported. Complete stone extraction was achieved in 53 cases (72%). Seventeen of 21 patients with retained calculi following recent biliary surgery had successful extractions (80%). Of 30 patients having had a cholecystectomy, 21 (70%) were successful, but only 15 of 23 patients with obstructive jaundice and no previous biliary surgery had the ducts cleared of calculi. Failure was due to multiple stones in the duct, or calculi too large to pass through the sphincterotomy. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is advocated in patients with obstructive jaundice due to stones, moving to early surgery should it prove unsuccessful. The results in patients with a T-tube in situ are comparable to extraction of the calculi along the T-tube tract.     

Management of complex biliary tract calculi with a holmium laser

The difficulty in managing complex biliary tract calculi is exemplified in patients with primary intrahepatic calculi. Standard surgical and endoscopic approaches often fail to clear calculi in these patients who have recurrent episodes of cholangitis. The success of the holmium laser for urologic calculi led us to adapt treatment strategies for primary and secondary biliary tract calculi where standard treatments had been unsuccessful. Our goals were to remove all calculi, prevent recurrent sepsis, and preserve hepatic parenchyma. Thirty-six patients with complex biliary calculi were treated. After sepsis was controlled and the extent of calculi was evaluated, appropriate access to and drainage of the biliary tract was achieved. Holmium laser lithotripsy was performed under video guidance using flexible choledochoscopes and a 200 μ laser fiber generating 0.6 to 1.0 joules at frequencies of 6 to 10 Hz. Lithotripsy procedures were repeated until cholangiography and cholangioscopy confirmed the clearance of calculi. Twenty-two patients of Asian descent with primary intrahepatic calculi and 14 patients with secondary intrahepatic calculi were treated. Access to the biliary tract could be accomplished through percutaneous catheter tracts, T-tube tracts, or the cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Biliary drainage was by biliary enteric anastomosis or endoscopic sphincterotomy. Complete stone clearance required an average of 3.9 procedures (range 1 to 15) for patients with primary intrahepatic calculi and 2.6 procedures (range 1 to 10) for patients with secondary intrahepatic calculi regardless of stone composition. No patient required hepatic resection and no complications or deaths were attributed to the holmium laser. Clearance of calculi can reliably and safely be achieved with a holmium laser regardless of stone composition or location while preserving hepatic parenchyma and preventing recurrent sepsis. Presented at the Fourth Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association Congress, Miami Beach, Florida, February 27-March 2, 2003.     

Postoperative T-tube tract choledochoscopy.

One hundred twenty-six patients underwent postoperative fiberoptic T-tube tract choledochoscopy for the management of retained biliary calculi as demonstrated by T-tube cholangiography. Extraction was successful in 94% of patients with retained stones. Thirty-nine patients had more than 1 stone, 20 patients had heptic duct stones, and 14 patients had large stones requiring electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser fragmentation. Stone removal was not possible in six patients, secondary to either slippage of the T-tube with obliteration of the tract, inability to remove the stones with available instruments, a tortuous tract, or choledochoscope malfunction. Minor complications, most commonly transient fever, occurred in 12 patients. No serious complications or deaths occurred. The advantages of T-tube tract choledochoscopy include direct visualization of the biliary tree, avoidance of radiation exposure, and easy access to hepatic duct stones. This is the preferred method for treating retained biliary calculi in patients with a T-tube in situ.     

术后胆道镜取石1226例体会

目的探讨经T管窦道胆道镜取石的方法及技巧,评价胆道镜在肝内外胆管结石治疗中的价值。方法回顾分析我院1990年3月至2011年9月术后胆道镜取石1226例,结石取净后常规行T管造影。结果共取石2685次,平均2.2次,取石最多次数者为12次。取净1182例,取净率96.4%。除1例为了重新放置T管而扩张窦道时引起出血、2例取石过程中引起窦道破裂外,未发生其它严重并发症。结论术后胆道镜取石,作为胆道结石特别是肝胆管结石治疗环节中不可或缺的一环,在胆道结石治疗中扮演着十分重要的角色。     

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) for the treatment of large retained common duct stones

Retained biliary stones may be too large for extraction through the existing T-tube tract. It may be necessary to dilate the tract, crush the stones or use endoscopic papillotomy. There are reports of stones and the extracting basket becoming stuck in the T-tube tract and tract ruptures caused by extracting large stones. In this study electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) is used in combination with T-tube tract choledochoscopy for the fragmentation of large stones prior to basket extraction. T-tube choledochoscopy was performed under IV sedation and sterile conditions no sooner than one month following common bile duct exploration. The Olympus 4.9-mm choledochoscope was passed through the T-tube tract to visualize the stone. A #5 Fr EHL probe was passed through the endoscope and advanced to within 1 mm of the surface of the stone. EHL discharge was started at a low energy level being increased until the spark discharges caused stone fragmentation. The resultant stone fragments were basket extracted under direct vision. The procedure was used in twelve patients with removal of all stones in eleven patients. Eight patients were treated with one endoscopic session. Because of multiple stones, two patients required two sessions and one patient four sessions. In one patient stone position prevented adequate fragmentation and endoscopic papillotomy also failed. Repeat choledochoscopy and EHL were successful. There were no complications of EHL or choledochoscopy in any of the patients. EHL was both effective and safe for fragmentation of large common duct stones when performed under direct vision using a choledochoscope.     

胆道镜经T管窦道取石网篮嵌顿12例分析

目的探讨胆道镜经T管窦道取石术中取石网篮嵌顿的原因和对策。 方法回顾性分析湖南省人民医院2017年1月至2019年12月胆道术后经T管窦道取石术中取石网篮嵌顿12例患者资料,统计嵌顿部位结石胆管内径比、结石性质、处理方式、处理结局。 结果12例术中取石网篮嵌顿患者术前T管造影片测量结石直径/胆管狭窄口直径均>1.2 cm,嵌顿结石均为胆色素结石。其中3例通过取石网篮往一侧推进后收网成功、3例使用另外胆道镜进行碎石后取出、6例剪断取石网篮后碎石取出。所有患者均取出取石网篮,其中5例胆道出血,均使用去甲肾上腺素盐水冲洗后止血。 结论需重视胆道镜经T管窦道取石网篮嵌顿,术前T管造影结石胆管内径比可以预测嵌顿可能,碎石有利于避免因强行拔出导致出血,保障手术安全。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石探查术156例临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流术的临床体会。方法:先行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),再切开胆总管,用特制的腹腔镜胆总管取石钳取石,胆道镜主要观察胆总管及肝内外胆管有无结石残余及是否通畅,必要时经胆道镜取石。结果:术后拔T管时出现胆漏3例,1例术后10d T管自胆总管脱出至腹腔,1例术后24h胆漏达400ml,6例中转开腹,余均痊愈出院,无残石及术后胆管狭窄等并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除、胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流术具有安全可靠、患者损伤小、康复快、住院时间短等优点,是治疗胆囊结石、胆总管结石的有效术式。     

Radiologic methods of bile duct stone extraction

Fluoroscopically guided extraction of retained common duct calculi through a T-tube tract has a high success rate, low complication rate, and negligible mortality rate. It is not unduly uncomfortable and can be performed on an outpatient basis. The only disadvantage is a wait of approximately 6 weeks after surgery to let the T-tube sinus tract mature. If no T tube is present, endoscopic sphincterotomy is usually the treatment of choice. In difficult cases, the radiologist may be able to assist the endoscopist by placing a wire across the sphincter through a percutaneous transhepatic route. If endoscopic sphincterotomy is not successful or feasible, an attempt at percutaneous stone removal can be made from a transhepatic approach. A variety of new devices and dissolution agents is becoming available for stone fragmentation or reduction.     

开放手术治疗上尿路结石667例回顾分析

目的 总结开放手术治疗上尿路结石的有效性,探讨在微创时代开放手术治疗上尿路结石的手术适应证.方法 回顾分析1995年1月至2004年12月在四川大学华西医院泌尿外科行开放手术治疗的上尿路结石病例.结果 共667例上尿路结石行开放手术治疗,同期约有9000例上尿路结石病例在我科治疗,开放手术比例约7.4%.开放手术原因包括:复杂结石及巨大结石297例,结石致患肾无功能137例,结石合并上尿路解剖畸形134例,微创治疗失败57例,结石合并各种内科疾病30例,结石合并肾肿瘤5例,结石合并黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎3例,结石合并肾外伤2例,结石合并同侧其他手术2例.145例肾切除病例中共16例出现术中并发症,6例出现术后并发症;522例肾输尿管切开取石病例中,7例出现术中并发症,34例出现术后并发症;术后57例结石残留,总结石清除率为89.1%;围手术期无一例死亡.结论 开放手术在上尿路结石的治疗中仍然有重要作用,结石性无功能肾切除、复杂及巨大肾结石、结石合并解剖畸形、微创治疗失败及合并内科疾病的部分选择性病例适合选择开放手术治疗,治疗效果确切,并发症低.     

Percutaneous removal of upper urinary tract calculi: experience with ultrasonic lithotripsy

From October 1983 to March 1985, the authors removed upper urinary tract calculi percutaneously in 102 patients. In 89 patients, stones required disruption with an ultrasonic lithotriptor before removal. Fifty-two patients had a stone in the renal pelvis and 20 had calyceal stones only; 21 had stones at both sites and 9 had a stone in the upper ureter. Complete removal of all stone material was achieved in 67 of 68 patients with a solitary calculus, in 13 of 26 with multiple calculi and in 6 of 8 with ureteric calculi. Complications were minimal; three patients had pulmonary edema postoperatively as a result of excessive absorption of irrigating fluid, and one patient sustained a perforation of the descending colon. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.8 days and patients were able to return to work a few days after their discharge from hospital. Percutaneous stone removal is a safe and effective procedure and is the surgical procedure of choice for the removal of upper urinary tract calculi.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: experience with one-stage procedure

From November 1985 through September 1986, 20 cases of upper urinary tract calculi (14 kidney, 7 ureter) were treated by the one-stage procedure percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Renal and ureteral calculi were successfully removed in all 20 cases (100%). After the procedure, a few small stone fragments remained in 3 cases (the rate of remnant stone : 14%). High fever was noted in 7 patients but did not last longer than 3 days. No patients required blood transfusion. The one-stage percutaneous procedure was considered a more efficient procedure to remove the upper urinary tract calculi, than open surgery or two stage percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. In one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, however, serum sodium concentration was lowered significantly after the procedure, although the hematocrit remained unchanged throughout. This should be carefully corrected by the supplement of irrigation fluid and intravenous infusion during the procedure.     

孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗（附53例报告）

目的 比较孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗方法。方法 对53例孤立肾上尿路结石的患者,8例采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),36例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术(mPCNL),9例采用经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)。结果 采用ESWL治疗的患者,3个月后结石排净率为85.9％;采用URL治疗的患者,输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％,上...     

胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗肝内胆管结石的临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石的效果及临床价值。方法:回顾分析2008年6月至2012年6月124例胆道结石患者的临床资料,其中60例行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光碎石术(观察组),64例行传统开腹手术,术中配合胆道镜取石,未使用钬激光(对照组)。结果:观察组中58例(96.7%)结石完全取净,手术时间平均(98.93±10.66)min,平均住院(8.3±1.7)d,术后残余结石2例,经T管窦道胆道镜再次取石成功。对照组中38例(59.4%)取净结石,手术时间平均(122.8±13.43)min,平均住院(13.98±1.49)d;残余结石26例,术后经T管窦道胆道镜再次取石,其中6例经2次取石,3次、4次取石及再次开腹手术各2例。两组患者手术时间及住院时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),术后胆道出血、肝功能异常、腹水等并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石具有患者创伤小、康复快、碎石确切、安全有效等优点,为治疗肝内胆管结石开辟了新的治疗途径。     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆总管末端嵌顿性结石17例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜处理胆总管末端嵌顿结石的最佳方式.方法:回顾分析2008年1月至2010年12月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术+腹腔镜胆总管探查术术中发现并处理的17例胆总管末端嵌顿结石患者的临床资料.结果:本组2例胆道镜下见结石嵌顿于乳头,且结石较小,胆道镜直视下用纤维胆道镜前端将结石轻轻推入十二指肠;6例结石较大,嵌顿于胆总管...     

Choledochoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy and lithotomy for stones in the common bile duct, intrahepatic ducts, and gallbladder.

Choledochoscopic lithotomy with the aid of electrohydraulic lithotripsy was performed in 40 patients, including 16 patients with choledocholithiasis, 15 with hepatolithiasis, and 9 with cholecystolithiasis. As a route for the choledochoscopy, a T-tube tract, external cholecystostomy, or jejunal limb of hepaticojejunostomy was used in nine patients, while percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage followed by dilatation of the track was established in 31 patients. The largest cholesterol stone measured 55 mm by 33 mm and the largest bilirubinate stone measured 52 mm by 37 mm. The stones were disintegrated in all but one patient in whom choledochoscopic access to a gallstone was difficult due to deformity of the gallbladder. Complete removal of the stones was achieved in 38 of 39 patients. In a patient with hepatolithiasis, small stones located deep in inaccessible branches of the intrahepatic duct remained unremovable. There were no serious complication. Minor complications occurred, including bleeding from the bile duct mucosa in four patients and postprocedure chills and fever in three. Choledochoscopic lithotomy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy is efficient and useful to remove biliary calculi in patients who are poor surgical risks.     

影响第二次冲击波碎石术治疗上尿路结石患者成功的因素分析

目的 探讨影响第二次冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL）治疗上尿路结石患者成功的因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年12月来本院接受第二次ESWL治疗的上尿路结石患者120例。根据患者上尿路结石有无完全排出分为成功组（n=80）和失败组（n=40）。回顾性分析所有患者的病历资料,相关因素分析包括性别、年龄、病程、BMI、结石侧别、结石位置、结石长度、结石宽度、结石数目、肾绞痛、血尿、肾积水程度、非增强螺旋CT值、冲击次数、冲击能量等指标。应用单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析上尿路结石患者第二次ESWL治疗成功与否的危险因素分析。结果 120例上尿路结石患者临床特征显示,两组在病程、BMI、结石长度、结石宽度、结石数量、肾绞痛、肾积水程度、CT值、冲击次数方面差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,在性别、年龄、结石侧别、结石位置、血尿、冲击能量方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。经单因素、多因素 Logistic 回归分析结果显示,BMI偏高、结石长度＞2 cm、存在肾绞痛、肾积水程度严重、CT值＞750 HU会增加上尿路结石患者第二次ESWL治疗失败的风险（P＜0.05）。结论 临床医师利用ESWL第二次治疗上尿路结石患者过程中,应格外注意患者BMI、结石长度、肾绞痛、肾积水程度、CT值等关键指标。     

上尿路结石的手术方式选择(附2 528例临床报告)

目的分析上尿路结石的各种手术方式，探讨临床治疗中合理的术式选择。方法回顾性分析1997年2004年收治的2528例上尿路结行患者的临床分类、手术方式及并发症。结果单纯性肾结石和输尿管上段结石以ESWL治疗为主，3个月内结石排净率为86％。5％形成石街，9％经2—3次ESWL治疗无排石现象，转手术率14％；中、下段结石采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗为主，结石排净率为92％。经皮肾穿肾镜取石，肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％；鹿角形结石的取净率为95％；复杂性肾结右选择升放性手术取石或联合方式治疗为主，因肾脏无功能而行一侧肾切除7例（1．6％），下术后输尿管漏7例，切口经久不愈3例，肾脏大出血5例，无死亡病例。结论上尿路结石的微创手术可以避免开放于术对患者造成的痛苦，减少术后并发症，但也不能盲目采用，对于复杂性结石，开放手术仍有实际应用价值。     

Percutaneous video choledochoscopic treatment of retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract

Background: Retained biliary stones is a common clinical problem in patients after surgery for complicated gallstone disease. When postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy are unsuccessful, several percutaneous procedures for stone removal can be applied as alternatives to relaparotomy. These procedures are performed either under fluoroscopic control or with the use of choledochoscopy, but it is also possible to combine these methods. Methods: Since 1994, we have used the percutaneous video choledochoscopic technique for the removal of difficult retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract in 17 patients, applying the technique of percutaneous stone extraction used in urology. While waiting for the T-tube tract to mature and after the removal of the T-tube, the dilatation of its tract was 26--30 Fr. Stone removal was carried out using a flexible video choledochoscope and a rigid renoscope under fluoroscopic control, with the aid of Dormia baskets, rigid forceps, and high-pressure irrigation. Results: We performed 23 operative procedures, and the clearance of the biliary ducts was successful in all cases. There were no major complications or deaths. Conclusion: Percutaneous video choledochoscopic--assisted removal of large retained biliary stones via the T-tube tract is a highly effective and safe procedure. Its advantages over other procedures include the ability to visualize the stones and noncalculous filling defects; it also guarantees that the stones can be removed under visual video endoscopic control. It has no problems related to tract or stone size. apd: 21 December 2000     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for retained common bile duct stones in patients with T-tube in situ in the early postoperative period

We report on thirty-nine patients who underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and stone extraction for retained common bile duct calculi with a T-tube in situ. Sixteen of the patients had undergone unsuccessful attempts at removal by flushing or dissolution by cholesterol solvents. A total of 76 stones were present: 53 distal to the T-tube and 23 proximal to the T-tube. ES and clearance of the common bile duct was achieved in 37 patients (95 per cent) and complications occurred in three patients (7.7 per cent). This method is an effective and relatively safe method in the early postoperative period allowing rapid treatment during the same admission as for the original operation and early hospital discharge.     

Experience with the Flexible Fiberoptic Choledochoscope

Despite significant effort on the part of surgeons, the incidence of retained calculi after common duct exploration still remains unacceptably high. It seems likely that the best way to reduce the incidence of retained calculi would be a more complete exploration of the common duct at the time of the initial operation. We report our experience with a flexible fiber optic endoscope used intraoperatively in 52 patients and postoperatively in one case to visualize the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. In addition to visualization of stones, the choledochoscope has a channel through which various instruments can be passed to facilitate stone removal. Flexible choledochoscopy has been performed 53 times in 52 patients between July 1978 and November 1980. In one patient, the choledochoscope was used to explore the bile ducts via the T-tube tract after operation. In 52 patients, the scope was used intraoperatively: a) two patients demonstrated bile duct tumors, b) in 14, stones were not found on exploration. Of these, one had stenosis at the papilla of Vater and one had external compression of the duct by a pancreatic pseudocyst. All of these findings were confirmed by choledochoscopy, c) in 26 patients choledochoscopy confirmed complete surgical removal of all stones, d) in six patients, multiple stones were removed using routine common duct exploration but additional stones were seen with the choledochoscope, e) in three patients no stones were retrieved on routine duct exploration but were seen using the choledochoscope. In groups (d) and (e) the scope facilitated removal of the remaining stones. In eight cases stones were either grasped or crushed using the accessories of the choledochoscope. In one patient calculi were missed both by routine surgical exploration and choledochoscopy. No septic complications were seen in any of these patients.