异烟肼预防大学生肺结核发病的效果

目的：探讨异烟姘预防服药对大学生肺结核的可行性和必要性。方法：入校新生全部作结核菌素试验（PPD），72小时查验反应，阴性者一律接种BCG；强阳性者，分为观察组（自愿或经劝说后服INH，0.3g／d，疗程6个月）和对照组（未服药组），观察6年间肺结核的发病情况。结果：PPD试验强阳性者103人，强阳性率3．72％。6年间观察组与对照组平均年发病率分别为2．73We和19．84％（P＜0．05），INH减少发病86．22％。结论：对PPD强阳性者实施预防服药措施是可行的和有效的。     

河南师大新生结核菌素试验结果分析

肺结核至今仍是威协人类健康的疾病之一，对青少年的侵害尤为明显。为了控制肺结核病对学生的危害，我校自1989年新生入校起全部进行人型结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验，对阴性易感者接种卡介苗予以保护，阳性者通过X线透视摄片以发现结核病，对有临床症状者予以严密观察。1对象与方法每年9月中旬新生入校体检进行试验。1989－1997年入校新生计10871名。由市、区卫生防疫站提供的PPD试剂均在有效期内使用。试验方法和结果判断均按标准执行，试验后对小时观察结果。2结果与分析2．l与10871名新生中PPD试验阳性学生4ffig人，阳性率为对…     

某大学1995-2001级学生结核发病情况与PPD试验关系分析

目的通过对以往7届结核患病学生入校时所作PPD试验结果的分析，探讨PPD试验结果及预防性服药与结核发病的关系。方法1995-2001年新生入学后进行PPD试验，对强阳性者给与预防性服药，并跟踪学生在校的发病情况。结果这7届患病学生入校时PPD试验绝大多数为强阳性或阴性，且未能或未能完成预防性服药。结论根据PPD试验结果采取预防性服药对控制结核发病有积极作用。     

北京交通大学2004～2007年新生结核菌素试验及化学预防结果分析

[目的]了解北京交通大学新生结核菌素(PPD)试验及化学预防结果,为制订高校学生结核病暴发流行防治措施提供依据. [方法]对北京交通大学2004～2007年新生共12 756人进行PPD试验,强阳性者登记随访,并采取预防服药的方法控制发病率. [结果]被调查学生中PPD试验阳性率50.11%,其中强阳性率13.29%.肺结核发病率:平均:125/10万,近4年呈逐年上升趋势,化学预防对结核病疫情控制效果显著. [结论]PPD试验是在高校新生中发现重点追踪对象的手段,对已受结核菌感染的对象采取化学预防干预有效控制结核病的发生,及时阻断结核病在高校的传播和流行.     

太原市某高校学生入学体检中PPD检查结果分析

1资料和方法 1．1资料2004年-2007年新生入校PPD试验结果。2004年-2007年在校学生结核病新登记资料。2007年2月对结核病发病较多的一座学生公寓楼采取了主动发现的方式。1．2方法主动发现病人的方法：①PPD试验：全部学生左前臂皮内注射PPD0．1ml，72h查验结果，测量局部皮肤硬结直径。记录结果=（横径＋竖径）／2（mm），硬结≥5mm为阳性，5mm≤硬结≤20mm为一般阳性，硬结≥20mm或有水疱、坏死、淋巴管炎为强阳性。②胸透，摄片，查痰：全部学生胸透，胸透有异常的摄x线片并查3次痰涂片（夜间痰、清晨痰、即时痰）找抗酸杆菌。③诊断标准：痰涂片镜检有阳性，x线胸片有活动性肺结核病变阴影者为涂阳病人；痰涂片镜检3次均为阴性，x线胸片有活动性肺结核病变阴影的为涂阴肺结核病人，由病案讨论会集体确诊。     

广西民族大学2003～2005年新生结核菌素试验结果分析

[目的]了解广西民族大学新生结核菌素(PPD)试验结果,为制定高校学生结核病暴发流行防治措施提供依据。[方法]对广西民族大学2003～2005年新生共11793人进行PPD试验,阴性者接种卡介苗(BCG),强阳性者登记随访,不采取预防性服药方法。[结果]被调查学生中PPD试验阳性率28.65%,其中强阳性率3.39%。肺结核发病率平均为65/10万,近3年缓慢上升。[结论]PPD试验是在高校新生中发现结核病的必要辅助诊断方法。根据试验结果对学生采取不同的预防措施,可有效地控制结核病在高校的传播和流行。     

PPD试验筛检大学新生肺结核结果分析

目的了解新生入学时肺结核感染状况,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法对河池学院2003-2006年新生共7282人进行PPD试验,阳性者进行胸透,胸透异常者再做胸片及痰结核菌检查,对资料进行统计分析。结果受检学生PPD试验阳性率为17.06%,强阳性率为3.89%,肺结核检出率为1.24‰。PPD试验阳性率农村高于城镇,分别为18.51%和14.31%,差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);男性高于女性,分别为18.95%和15.73%,差异有统计学意义(p<0.01)。结论PPD试验是在高校新生中发现肺结核的必要辅助诊断方法,根据试验结果对学生采取不同的预防措施,可有效地控制肺结核在高校的传播和流行。     

PPD试验筛检大学新生肺结核结果分析

目的 了解新生入学时肺结核感染状况,为制定预防控制措施提供依据.方法 对河池学院2003-2006年新生共7 282人进行PPD试验,阳性者进行胸透,胸透异常者再做胸片及痰结核菌检查,对资料进行统计分析.结果 受检学生PPD试验阳性率为17.06 %,强阳性率为3.89 %,肺结核检出率为1.24 ‰.PPD试验阳性率农村高于城镇,分别为18.51 %和14.31 %,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05);男性高于女性,分别为18.95 %和15.73 %,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.01).结论 PPD试验是在高校新生中发现肺结核的必要辅助诊断方法,根据试验结果对学生采取不同的预防措施,可有效地控制肺结核在高校的传播和流行.     

兖州市中小学生结核杆菌感染现状调查分析

目的了解兖州市中小学生结核杆菌感染现状,为探讨预防对策提供科学依据。方法对调查对象进行卡介茵纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验,接种后72小时观察结果。对PPD试验强阳性学生进行痰涂片结核杆菌检查和胸部x线检查。结果7898名中小学生PPD试验结果表明,总阳性率为14．52％。阳性率和强阳性率女生均高于男生。农村学生强阳性率显著高于城市,随着年龄的增长强阳性率呈逐渐增高趋势。结论将PPD试验筛查列为每年新生入校健康体检的必查内容,及时发现传染源,采取综合性预防控制措施,防止结核病在中小学校传播与流行。     

某高校6534名新生结核菌素试验结果分析

目的 了解高校新生结核菌素(PPD)试验及胸透结果,为有效进行结核病的预防工作提供依据.方法 对某高校2006～2008年共6534名新生进行PPD试验和胸透,并对PPD试验结果强阳性的学生拍胸片进一步确诊.结果 共检出PPD阳性3 193名,PPD试验阳性检出率为44.61%,强阳性检出率为4.25%;阳性率城市学生明显高于农村学生(P<0.05),男生明显高于女生(P<0.05).胸透发现肺结核8例,患病率为1.17‰.结论 PPD试验是高校新生发现结核病的必要辅助诊断方法.根据PPD试验结果,对学生采取不同的预防措施,可有效地控制结核病在高校的传播和流行.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.