The fate of patients with intermittent claudication-comparison of surgical and non-surgical treatment]

The purpose of this study was to determine the operative indication for patients with intermittent claudication because of arteriosclerosis obliterans, and to compare the late result of the surgical treatment group (182 cases, 250 limbs) with that of the non-surgical treatment group (35 cases, 43 limbs). There were 3 operative deaths and 34 late deaths in the surgical group, and 14 late deaths in the non-surgical group. The number one cause of death was heart failure, including ischemic heart disease, in both groups. The 4-year cumulative patency rates were 91% in the aorto-iliac, 71% in the femoro-distal and 79% in the aorto-femoro-distal arterial reconstructions. Long term symptom free rates of the surgical group and the non-surgical group, except fatal case, were 83% and 44% in the aorto-iliac, 79% and 27% in the femoro-distal, 87% and 33% in the aorto-femoro-distal arterial regions, respectively. Late result of intermittent claudication in the surgical group was better than that in the non-surgical group. We concluded that intermittent claudication should be considered to be the indication for surgery, except for the cases with high risk diseases or malignant diseases.     

Femoropopliteal and femorotibial arterial reconstructive surgery. Special reference to the autogenous venous bypass procedure using unreversed vein after eversion valvectomy.

The outcome of 127 femoropopliteal and 23 femorotibial arterial reconstructions carried out between January 1960 and December 1972 has been reviewed. The operative method was autogenous saphenous vein bypass in 109 cases, 82 of which were performed using unreversed vein with eversion valvectomy. The indication for reconstruction was advanced ischemia in 39%. Two patients died primarily and 23 late deaths have occurred subsequently. 19 grafts or reconstructed segments became occluded primarily. Most of them were femorotibial reconstructions of Dacron bypass reconstructions. Most of the failures occurred within 1 year of surgery. Using eversion valvectomy technique, the 1- and 5-year patency rates were 57 and 50% respectively. In femorotibial reconstructions the 1-year patency rate was 36%. There was a distinct difference in patency between the cases with excellent of good outflow and those with fiar or poor outflow. The difference was less distinct between patients with claudication and those with advanced ischemia. Eight limbs needed major amputation.     

股腘动脉闭塞症的手术治疗

目的 探讨股腘动脉旁路移植术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(C、D级病变)的近中期疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年2月,170例患者(191条肢体)行股动脉以远血管重建术.其中男性108例,女性62例;年龄45～85岁,平均67岁.症状包括间歇性跛行78例,静息痛62例,下肢缺血性溃疡19例,远端组织坏死11例.所有患者术前均行动脉造影检查,根据TASC Ⅱ分级:C级病变127条肢体,D级病变64条肢体.手术方法包括大隐静脉原位旁路移植术15条肢体,大隐静脉转位20条肢体,人工血管旁路移植术128条肢体,大隐静脉与人工血管组合旁路移植术28条肢体.结果 围手术期无死亡病例.术后随访6～36个月,平均(24±6)个月;76例失访,随访率57%(109/191).一期通畅率84.4%(92/109),其中人工血管旁路移植通畅率88.2%(75/85),大隐静脉(原位、转位、组合)旁路移植通畅率70.8%(17/24).二期通畅率89.9%(98/109).结论 人工血管旁路移植术是治疗严重股腘动脉闭塞症(TASC C和D级病变)的主要方法,手术疗效满意.     

退变性腰椎侧弯伴骨质疏松的治疗对策 及疗效观察

目的探讨退变性腰椎侧弯患者非手术治疗,后路单纯减压,减压加融合,减压矫形加融合等治疗方式的治疗效果。方法 2000年6月至2010年9月,我院收治退变性腰椎侧弯并进行随访患者60例,其中非手术治疗10例(均为骨质疏松患者),以腰痛症状为主,神经压迫症状及间歇性跛行较轻,手术治疗50例(骨质疏松患者40例,平均年龄65岁,Cobb角大于15度,均伴有神经压迫症状或严重间歇性跛行,保守治疗效果不佳的患者,)采用单纯减压10例,减压加侧后方植骨内固定28例,矫形加减压加侧后方植骨内固定12例,采用OD I(oswestry disability index))标准[1],以治疗后改善率表示对患者治疗前后随访的神经功能和生活能力进行评估。结果对60例患者进行治疗后随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均26个月。非手术组10例,治疗效果基本满意;手术治疗组50例,其中48例患者取得满意疗效,另外2例患者术后出现神经牵拉症状,6个月后恢复;非手术治疗组在随访期间ODI评估较治疗前有改善,手术治疗组术后ODI评估在随访期间较术前也有明显改善,手术组和非手术组治疗后均取得比较理想效果。结论退变性腰椎侧弯的治疗上全面考虑到患者的年龄、全身状况、骨骼质量、症状的程度、神经损害和畸形的进展与否等因素,应该首先考虑非手术治疗,特别是对于有严重心肺功能不全而不能耐受手术者,更严格把握手术治疗的适应证;手术治疗也应根据患者的不同症状、体征,影像学资料中椎管狭窄程度、侧凸角度、患者全身情况,以及患者意愿选择不同的手术方法,选择恰当的治疗方案,才能取得理想的疗效;手术治疗效果是否满意,与减压是否彻底、不稳阶段是否达到稳定,有重要关系,矫形程度对手术治疗效果影响没有决定意义。     

The prognosis of intermittent claudication

The purpose of this study is to obtain the informations about the fate of the limbs and lives of claudicants due to arteriosclerosis obliterans. Two hundred and seven lower limbs of 165 patients suffering from intermittent claudication were observed for an average period of about six years. Eighty-seven limbs of 69 patients were managed nonsurgically (Group A). Ninety-eight percent of limbs in Group A remained unchanged or improved, and no limb was amputated. One hundred and twenty limbs of 96 patients had arterial reconstructions (Group B). Although 75 percent of limbs in Group B had benefits by successful operations, 26 percent of them experienced graft failures, and 2.7 percent of them were amputated. Five year graft patency rates in the limbs with supra- and infra-inguinal reconstructions were 82.1 percent and 65.7 percent, respectively. Operative mortality rate was 2.1 percent, and mortality rate due to late complications was 3.3 percent. The prognosis of intermittent claudication with regular follow-up was relatively good, therefore, it is important to recognize that arterial reconstruction is not the only way to treat limbs with mild intermittent claudication. About 30 percent of claudicants died within 5 years, and 60 percent of them died from cardiac or cerebrovascular disease. The results suggested that much attention should be paid to the lives as well as the limbs of claudicants.     

Long-term evaluation of valvuloplastic surgery in congenital heart diseases

Valvuloplastic surgery was performed on the 89 cases of congenital aortic and mitral regurgitation between 1966 and 1983. There were 4 operative deaths and 4 late deaths. Reoperation was performed on the 5 aortic and the 6 mitral cases due to residual regurgitation. In the same period, all 4 cases died after valve replacement for the congenital aortic and mitral regurgitation. Long-term evaluation over 3 years was done for the 35 cases of aortic regurgitation with ventricular septal defect (AR + VSD) and the 38 cases of congenital mitral regurgitation except endocardial cushion defect, who were treated by valvuloplastic surgery at the initial operation. Statistical studies on the cases with AR + VSD showed 100% actuarial survival rate, 83% reoperation free rate and 91% valve replacement free rate after 17 years. Of the cases with congenital mitral regurgitation, 95% survival rate and 78% reoperation free rate after 16 years were revealed. In conclusion, the author believes that the operative results and the long-term stability of valvuloplastic surgery for regurgitant valvular lesions associated with congenital heart diseases can be more improved by keeping the precise indication and using the appropriate valvuloplastic procedures for the individual cases.     

End-stage renal disease--is infrainguinal limb revascularization justified?

Reports of reconstructive surgery for peripheral vascular disease have been relatively uncommon in patients with end-stage renal disease. Between 1980 and 1989, 39 patients with end-stage renal disease underwent revascularization of 56 limbs. Fifty-two primary infrainguinal and four secondary infrainguinal bypass grafts were performed. In addition, nine thrombectomies were performed. At the time of surgery 37 patients were on dialysis; three had functioning kidney transplants. The indications for revascularization were gangrene, rest pain, or ulceration in all except three limbs with disabling claudication. Reversed, nonreversed, or in situ vein was used in 25 of the 52 primary infrainguinal revascularizations performed. Polytetrafluoroethylene was used in 25. Two procedures used a combination of polytetrafluoroethylene and vein. The primary patencies for all infrainguinal procedures at 1 and 2 years were 77% and 68%, respectively. Four perioperative deaths occurred in the infrainguinal group (7.7%). An additional death occurred after thrombectomy for late graft closure. Three deaths were a result of myocardial infarction. One patient on peritoneal dialysis developed uncontrolled sepsis. At 3 years 39% of patients were alive, and 84% of the limbs were salvaged. Among the cases studied no group was identified that represented unacceptable operative risk. Results compared well with reported patencies for patients subjected to infrainguinal revascularization procedures. Limb revascularization in patients with end-stage renal disease may be performed by use of similar criteria to those used for other patients with peripheral vascular disease.     

Aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic disease in young human adults

A highly selected group of patients younger than 50 years of age operated on for isolated aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic disease over a 7 year period has been investigated. The group has a significant dominance of females, and the patients are further characterised by being apparently otherwise "healthy" individuals. The indication for surgery was intermittent claudication in 80% and rest pain/gangrene in the remainder, with a low postoperative morbidity and no mortality. The overall cumulative patency rate is 89% at 4 years. At follow-up, a large majority of the patients were free of symptoms and the long-term results were significantly better in females. The question arises whether our group of patients, especially the young females with isolated aorto-iliac arteriosclerotic lesion, represent a separate disease entity which, when properly treated, is a benign and curable condition.     

Femoropopliteal reconstruction for claudication. The risk to life and limb

The current study was undertaken to examine the results of femoropopliteal bypass grafting with intermittent claudication as the indication. Of 1173 infrainguinal reconstructions carried out on our service during the past decade, 249 (21%) consecutive femoropopliteal grafts were performed for disabling claudication in 191 patients. The primary five-year cumulative patency rates were 78% for autogenous vein and 52% for polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. There were two (0.8%) 30-day operative deaths and a subsequent five-year amputation rate of 2.4% for both groups. Femoropopliteal reconstruction for claudication may therefore be carried out with acceptably low operative mortality and a subsequent amputation rate comparable with that anticipated from the natural history of the disease. While the five-year patency rate is significantly higher utilizing autogenous vein grafts, symptomatic relief may be expected with prosthetic grafts in approximately half the patients without incurring a higher risk of limb loss.     

Totally retroperitoneal laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass

The classic procedure for aortobifemoral bypass is open surgery. Since the first totally laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass reported in 1997 by Yves-Marie Dion, laparoscopy has been accepted by several authors as a possible minimally invasive alternative for aorto-iliac occlusive disease. The transperitoneal left retrocolic and retrorenal ways are generally used. The totally retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedure has been described as an alternative to the transperitoneal approach. We report here a totally laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach to performing aortobifemoral bypass. This approach was proposed to a 51-year-old man with aorto-iliac occlusive disease. There was no indication for endovascular revascularization. The patient suffered from 10 metres of bilateral intermittent claudication and lower limb ulcers. During the surgical procedure our patient was placed in a 30-degree right lateral decubitus position. The optical system was first placed in an intra-abdominal position to check the positioning of the trocars in the left retroperitoneal space. The dissection of the retroperitoneal space was performed by CO2 insufflation and by blunt dissection using laparoscopic forceps. The infrarenal aorta was exposed and clamped by laparoscopic clamps. A bifurcated graft was sutured on the left-hand side of the aorta by a running suture. Both prosthetic limbs were tunnelized retroperitoneally to the groin under optical control. The femoral anastomoses were performed by classic open surgery.     

血运重建治疗下肢动脉缺血的临床分析

目的 总结对严重下肢动脉缺血患者重建患肢血供的临床效果。方法 对1995年1月－2000年12月间重建肢体血液循环的49例56侧肢体进行回顾性分析,动脉闭塞分别位于近肾腹主动脉－双髂动脉,腹主动脉－双髂动脉,髂动脉,股动脉或股－Guo动脉。手术指征是间歇性跛行,静息痛和趾端坏疽。手术方式是股动静脉转流术12例14侧肢体,人造血管旁路搭桥术28例33侧肢体,动脉内膜切除及股深动脉补片成形术5例5侧肢体,一期截肢4例。结果 术后随访平均38个月。在重建血运的52侧肢体中,4侧出现患肢坏疽而截肢;共截肢8侧,累计截肢率为14.3％,人造血管旁路搭桥术、动脉内膜切除及股深动脉补片成形状的肢体血流经为68.4%(26/38侧肢体),保肢率为94.7%(36/38侧肢体);股动静充术的保率为85.7%(12/14侧肢体)。结论 血运重建是救治下肢动脉闭塞患肢的有效方法,应根据具体情况选择动脉旁路搭桥、动脉内膜切除及股深动脉补片成形或股动静脉转流术。动脉造影是重建手术成功的必要保证。     

Surgical treatment and result of high aortic occlusion

Twenty-one patients with high aortic occlusion treated at our institution from 1967 to 1986 were reviewed. There were seventeen men aged from 39 to 78 (mean age: 61.0) underwent surgical intervention. All patients presented clinical manifestations of vascular insufficiency of the lower limbs; rest pain in eleven patients, intermittent claudication in nine and the others. Sexual impotence was present in eight patients. Renal artery involvement was seen in one case, and renovascular hypertension was observed in this patient. Hypertension and ischemic heart disease were present in twelve cases, cerebrovascular insufficiency in one case, diabetes mellitus in three cases. The following surgical treatments were performed; end-to-end Y-shaped Dacron graft implantations from the infrarenal abdominal aorta to the common femoral arteries in six patients, onlay V-shaped Dacron graft implantations in three patients, axillofemoral extra-anatomic bypass in four patients, and amputation only in one. The hospital mortality was 18% (3/17). Twelve patients discharged from the hospital are followed up (average period was 118 months), but the follow up was lost in two patients. There were two late deaths, which course was not related to operations. The prognosis of high aortic occlusion after anatomic bypass is good, thus it was concluded that anatomic bypass with Y-shaped or V-shaped Dacron graft was recommended and extra-anatomic bypass might be performed only in a high risk patient.     

心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔的外科治疗

目的:探讨提高心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔(VSR)外科治疗疗效的方法.方法:回顾性分析1994年10月至2007年10月37例接受手术治疗的VSR患者的临床资料.男性24例,女性13例,平均年龄(63.4±7.6)岁.其中VSR修补合并同期冠状动脉再血管化26例(再血管化组),单纯VSR修补11例(单纯修补组).结果:围手术期再血管化组病死率15.4%(4/26),低于单纯修补组的63.6%(7/11),P=0.006.出院患者26例均获得随访,平均随访(34.0±29.8)个月,总随访时间57人年.再血管化组晚期死亡2例,单纯修补组3例.再血管化组6～8年生存率为(64.3 ±21.0)%,单纯修补组4年生存率为(25.0±21.7)%,组间差异有统计学意义.21例患者获得中长期生存,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级4例.再发VSR 4例.多因素分析发现未冉血管化、心源性休克、急诊手术为早期死亡危险因子,未再血管化、术后低心排是晚期死亡的危险因子.结论:VSR修补术同期施行再血管化手术可提高围手术期生存率和中长期生存率,合理选择手术时机、手术方法,对提高VSR围手术期生存率、减少VSR再发非常重要.     

A clinical study of extended profundaplasty for severely ischemic limbs

Between January 1986 October 1987, extended profundaplasty was performed on 11 severely ischemic limbs of eight patients with extended arteriosclerotic occlusions, associated with surgery for improvement in inflow. The subjects were all males, and ages ranged from 62 to 84 years (mean: 72.8 years). Symptoms were disabling claudication in one limb (1 case), rest pain in 5 (4 cases), and gangrene of the foot or ulcer of the toes in 5 (3 cases). Preoperative ankle pressure index (API) was 0 in 7 limbs (5 cases), and between 0.11 and 0.27 in the remaining 4 limbs (3 cases). Thrombectomy was performed in two cases, axillo-bifemoral bypass in 5, femoro-femoral bypass in one, and aorto-bifemoral bypass in one, as surgery for improvement in inflow. Although postoperative API remained 0 in 4 limbs, it increased between 0.36 and 0.56 in the remaining limbs. One subject died of heart failure on the 22nd postoperative day, and two limbs required below-knee amputation. Limb salvage rate was 81.8%. Extended profundaplasty seems to be a worthwhile choice of treatment as a limb salvage operation for severely ischemic limbs due to extended arteriosclerotic occlusions involving not only aorto-iliac but also femoro-popliteal or crural segment.     

Natural history of intermittent claudication in the Japanese

The natural history of intermittent claudication (IC) was surveyed in 59 limbs of 44 patients. The mean follow-up period was 3 years (1 to 8.3 years). During the follow-up period, 72.0 per cent of the limbs with a solitary arterial lesion improved or remained unchanged. However, detailed analysis showed that 53.3 per cent of limbs with iliac artery stenosis and 50.0 per cent of those with femoropopliteal artery stenosis worsened, whereas only 18.7 per cent of limbs with iliac artery occlusion and no limbs with femoropopliteal artery occlusion had worsening of symptoms. Of limbs with multiple arterial lesions, 62.5 per cent worsened. Although the natural history of IC is relatively favorable, IC due to a solitary arterial stenosis tends to worsen, whereas IC due to a solitary arterial occlusion will, in more than 80 per cent of cases, improve or remain unchanged. In cases of arterial stenosis, therefore, more careful follow-up, including control of risk factors, is mandatory.     

Thoracic aorta as source of inflow in reoperation for occluded aortoiliac reconstruction

We reviewed our experience with reoperations for recurrent obstruction occurring after aortoiliac or aortofemoral reconstruction. Patients who underwent successful transfemoral thrombectomy of the aortofemoral graft or femorofemoral crossover graft were excluded from the study. A more proximal source of inflow to revascularize the ischemic limbs was required in the remaining 35 patients. Bilateral reconstruction was performed in 22 patients. Operative indication was rest pain or necrosis in 36 limbs and severe claudication in 21 limbs. Preoperative ankle/brachial pressure index (API) ranged from 0.05 to 0.61. Thirteen patients (21 limbs, group I) underwent transabdominal reoperation. Since the transabdominal approach was considered hazardous because of multiple previous operations, the remaining patients underwent retroperitoneal descending thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass (15 patients, 25 limbs; group II) or axillofemoral bypass graft (7 patients, 11 limbs; group III). No statistically significant difference was present between the three groups in regard to the operative indication, API, and angiographically determined outflow (analysis of variance, p greater than 0.2). Axillofemoral bypass was preferred in patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease. Postoperative deaths (2 of 35 patients) and morbidity (6 of 35 patients) had a similar incidence in the three groups (p greater than 0.2). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 120 months (mean 37 months). The 5-year actuarial patency rate was 80.5% for group I and 80.2% for group II. In group III it was statistically lower (32.9%, p less than 0.05). Serial measurement showed a significant decrease of API in group III compared with group I and group II. We conclude that retroperitoneal descending thoracic aorta-femoral artery bypass is a valid alternative to transabdominal reoperation when exposure or availability of the abdominal aorta poses a specific hazard and is preferable to axillofemoral bypass in terms of long-term patency and hemodynamic results.     

血管腔内技术飞速发展的今天,静脉动脉化仍有价值吗?

目的探讨静脉动脉化治疗肢体严重缺血症(CLI)的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2005年1月～2010年6月42例施行静脉动脉化手术患者的临床资料,其中血栓闭塞性脉管炎37例,动脉粥样硬化闭塞症5例。术前踝/肱指数(ABI)0～4.5(平均3.2)。本组术式:采用高位深组10例,低位深组23例,浅组9例(其中双向血流组6例;直接转流组3例)。结果手术技术成功率100%。随访1～58个月,38例患者恢复正常生活,无静息痛存在,间歇性跛行症状消失或跛行距离大于500m。1例行高位深组患者,在术后1年4个月移植物闭塞,症状复发而行截肢处理。随访期内,经临床或超声检查,有3例患者出现移植物闭塞,但无症状复发。总救肢率95%(40/42);有效率92.6%(39/42);移植物长期通畅率88.1%(37/42)。结论静脉动脉化术是应用于下肢动脉广泛性闭塞,远端无良好流出道而无法进行常规动脉重建,肢体濒临坏死患者的手术方法;该术式是一种非常规的救肢手术,如适应证选择恰当,手术操作规范,可取得良好疗效。     

Short term results of direct arterial surgery for chronic occlusive peripheral vascular disease

Occlusive peripheral vascular disease (PVD) due to stenosis or occlusion of arteries is not an uncommon problem in our country. The patients are often young and present with intermittent claudication, rest pain, digit ulceration or gangrene. Conservative management is sometimes helpful but direct arterial surgery, where feasible, gives the best results. This is a report of the initial 25 consecutive PVD patients operated at our institution during a ten-month period beginning January 1994. All patients were males, and the average age at operation was 44 years. The indication for surgery was severe intermittent claudication of limb salvage. Standard operative techniques were employed, and either ePTFE or saphenous vein was utilised as the graft material. Three patients had graft occlusion in the immediate postoperative period necessitating reexploration. Follow-up of up to ten months reveals a patent bypass in all but 2 patients. Shortterm patency rate of 92% has been achieved, and amputation was avoided in 6 months.     

Surgical therapy of the patient with valvular lesion combined with coronary disease

We studied on operative indication, operative problem, and operative result in patients with valvular lesion with coronary disease. In 650 cases, 51 cases combined with coronary stenosis and ACBG (9 cases) or OTCA (6 cases) were performed in 15 cases of them. For operative indication, ACBG was applied in case with proximal stenosis of more than 70% and OTCA was applied in case with mild localized stenosis. Cardioplegia during operation was important and heart temperature should be kept less than 15 degrees C. In those cases with combined operation, there were no early deaths but one late death (3 years after operation). After operation, chest pain disappeared and clinical symptom and ability for exercise were improved. According to NYHA classification, the improvement before and after operation were class I, none and 11 cases; class II, one case and three cases; class III, 12 cases and none and class IV, two cases and none.     

Extensive disobliteration of the aorto-iliac and common femoral arteries using the LeVeen plaque cracker

In 1978 LeVeen et al. described an original technique for extended aortobifemoral disobliteration using a retroperitoneal approach. This technique was introduced to Europe by Widdershoven and Willekens in 1977 and was adopted in Belgium by Suy and Nevelsteen in 1982 and in Spain by Cuesta and Bengoechea in 1984. A group of 228 patients treated by the LeVeen's method from 1982 to 1987 were followed-up for a mean of 21 months (1-54). Disabling claudication (66%) or more advanced ischaemia (34%) was the indication for treatment. An aorto-bifemoral endarterectomy was performed in 124 patients. Aorto-biiliac endarterectomy in 39, unilateral aortofemoral endarterectomy with a contralateral aorto-iliac endarterectomy in 17 and unilateral iliofemoral endarterectomy in 48 cases. There were seven postoperative deaths (3%) and an early thrombectomy had to be performed in 8 patients. There were 14 late deaths. Occlusion occurred in 11 patients giving a 3-year-patency rate of 97%. There were no late complications related to the technique. It is concluded that disobliteration using the LeVeen technique compares well with prosthetic grafting. Since this method does not require the use of foreign material the patient is protected from the complications sometimes seen after the insertion of prosthetic grafts.