Years of potential life lost among a Native American population

The determination of years of potential life lost (YPLL) can aid in monitoring changes in premature mortality among various population groups. While premature mortality has been shown to differ among blacks and whites, patterns of YPLL have not been well established among other racial groups. The Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI) is a Native American group residing primarily in western New York State (NYS). A review of SNI necrology records revealed that 55 percent (510 of 924) of the deaths between 1955 and 1984 occurred before 65 years of age. The proportion of premature deaths among males exceeded the proportion in females. SNI males demonstrated an increased risk of premature death (odds ratio = 1.43) relative to SNI females. Both the percentage of premature deaths and the number of YPLL per death were greater among SNI members compared with NYS residents. Almost one-half of all YPLL among the SNI were attributable to accidents and injuries. Heart disease, digestive diseases, and malignant neoplasms also represented important contributors to YPLL for both SNI males and females. This investigation identifies important causes of premature death among a Native American population and underscores the preventable nature of premature loss of life.     

Years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65 in Italy.

The Italian death rates and years of potential life lost (YPLL) for all causes and for 12 selected aggregations of causes are reported for 1979 and 1983, with the latter compared to United States data. Cancer is the leading cause of YPLL in Italy (23.8 per cent of total YPLL), followed by unintentional injuries (16.3 per cent) and heart disease (11.2 per cent). Rates of YPLL for all causes decreased 12.0 per cent from 1979 to 1983, the strongest declines in absolute terms being observed for prematurity and unintentional injuries, and in percentage decline for pneumonia and influenza, and infectious diseases; during the same period, YPLL for diabetes increased. The rates of YPLL are higher for males than for females (rate ratio = 1.9) especially for causes related to lifestyle factors. Premature mortality is lower in Italy than in the USA, because of the striking difference in mortality from injuries and heart diseases.     

Years of potential life lost as the indicator of premature mortality in occupational medicine

Measurement of premature mortality is necessary to plan medical programs and to conduct effective medical activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the years of potential life lost (YPLL) with other mortality indices and to understand the usefulness and limitations of quantitative measurement for premature mortality. Data concerning death during employment were surveyed from 1979 to 1984. One thousand seven hundred twenty-five deaths were observed in 1,504,462 person-years in the study population. Proportionate mortality ratios indicated medical problems concerning malignant neoplasms and heart disease, but they could not identify the problems of suicide and traffic accidents occurring in the relatively younger group. YPLL by a constant end point at 60 years of age could rank these causes next below the major leading causes of death. Thus, YPLL might be a useful indicator of the problems concerning premature mortality in occupational medicine.     

Potential gains in life expectancy or years of potential life lost: impact of competing risks of death

BACKGROUND: Measuring the impact of competing risks of death on society is important for setting public health policy and allocating resources. However, various indicators may result in inconsistent conclusions. The potential gains in life expectancy (PGLE) by elimination of deaths from HIV/AIDS, diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasms were compared to the years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to these causes in measuring the impact of premature death for the US population of working age (15-64 years). METHODS: The PGLE and the YPLL were computed from mortality reports (1987-1992) by race and gender group for deaths from HIV/AIDS, diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasms for the US population of working age. RESULTS: The YPLL overestimated the importance of premature deaths from HIV/AIDS compared to the PGLE. For the total US population and total US white population of working age, the YPLL were about 20-30% higher than the PGLE. However, the YPLL were about 20-30% lower than the PGLE for the US black population of working age. Furthermore the relative importance of the impact of death from various diseases may be interchanged by these two indicators. For example, for US black males of working age, the impact of deaths from HIV/AIDS by PGLE in 1992 was higher than that from malignant neoplasms and lower than that from diseases of the heart, but by using YPLL, the impact of premature deaths from HIV/AIDS was higher than that from both diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: The PGLE by elimination of deaths from diseases takes into account the competing risks on the population and it can be compared easily across populations. The YPLL is an index that does not take into account competing risks and it is also heavily influenced by the age structure and total population size. Although there are several standardization techniques proposed to improve the comparability of the YPLL across different populations, the YPLL fails to address the central issue of competing risks operating on the population. For this reason, we prefer the PGLE to the YPLL in measuring the impact of premature deaths on a population.     

2010年汉源县居民死因监测分析

目的了解四川省汉源县居民死因的分布特点及对寿命的影响,为综合防治提供依据。方法对汉源县居民2010年死因监测资料通过死亡率、构成比、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、减寿率(PYLL率)等指标对居民死亡和减寿的主要原因进行分析。结果汉源县2010年报告死亡人数1 958人,死亡率为608.63/10万,标化死亡率569.98/10万。男性死亡率为712.47/10万,女性死亡率为500.35/10万,男性高于女性。前5位死因分别为呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤和中毒、脑血管疾病,心脏病,占全死因的88.15%;呼吸系统疾病、恶性肿瘤、损伤和中毒是造成汉源县居民寿命损失的主要原因。结论慢性非传染性疾病是2010年汉源县居民死亡的主要死因。     

江西省1997—1998年疾病监测点居民死因及减寿年数分析

目的：了解居民主要死因及YPLL情况,为疾病的预防与控制提供决策依据。方法：通过死亡率、减寿年数及其标化率等指标,分析居民减寿和死亡的主要原因。结果：江西省1997－1998年疾病监测点报告死亡率414．85／10万,标化死亡率345．41／10万,农村标化死亡率（376．93／10万）高于城市（247．66／10万）,男性（437．01／10万）高于女性（263．83／10万）;前4位死因为心血管疾病、意外死亡、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病;1－70岁居民全死因减寿年数（YPLL）为50571人／年,以标化YPLL率计,导致寿命损失的前3位死因是意外死亡、恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病;各年龄段的主要死因各有特点。结论：应采取有效措施,早期防治心血管疾病,恶性肿瘤等慢性病,并减少意外伤害的发生。     

Years of potential life lost: Evaluating premature cancer death in men

Cancer is one of the most serious health concerns facing the nation. Health care policy makers who determine cancer research and treatment priorities must analyze death rates as an indicator of public health priorities. Two additional indexes that account for premature death include years of potential life lost (YPLL) and potential years of life lost per death (YPLL/D). Data for ten leading causes of cancer death in men from 1974-1983 were analyzed and the YPLL and YPLL/D corresponding to these cancers was calculated. Each cancer was then ranked from most to least significant according to each index. The analyses show that using YPLL and YPLL/D to evaluate cancer death in men results in rankings that differ from those obtained when using death rates alone. The premature death indexes, when used in combination with traditional mortality indexes, would enhance the data base used by funding agencies who select and evaluate cancer treatment and prevention programs.     

大连市沙河口区居民死因和减寿年分析

目的了解大连市沙河口区居民恶性肿瘤死亡率、死亡原因、减寿情况,为开展进一步健康教育和综合防治提供科学依据。方法采用沙河口区2002—2007年死因监测资料,对死因采用国际疾病分类标准ICD-10进行编码,录入Access数据库进行分析处理。结果沙河口区2002—2007年居民死亡数为21634例,死亡率为575.60/10万,标化死亡率为378.99/10万。男女死亡率分别为661.37/10万、489.51/10万,性比值为:1.35:1,男性明显高于女性(χ2=484.96,P=0.00)。前5位死因为循环系统、肿瘤、呼吸系统、损伤与中毒、内分泌疾病。潜在寿命损失年(YPLL)减寿顺位前5位为肿瘤、循环系统、损伤、先天畸形、消化系统疾病。AYLL(早死指数)前5位是围生期疾病、先天畸形、损伤中毒、肌肉结缔组织疾病、神经系统疾病。结论循环系统、肿瘤为该区主要死因,应加强全民健康教育,降低死亡率及疾病负担。     

Premature death from infectious diseases in Spain, 1908-1995]

OBJECTIVES: Infectious diseases have traditionally been one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. The objectives of this research were to: 1) quantify the importance of infectious diseases as a cause of premature mortality in Spain between 1908 and 1995, and 2) determine the frequency and distribution of the infectious diseases with the greatest impact on premature death. METHODS: The study was carried out based on data on mortality from infectious causes published by the National Institute of Statistics in the Movimiento natural de la población (Natural Movement of the Population) for the study period. Three indicators of premature mortality were used: the potential years of life lost (PYLL), the crude rate of PYLL per 1 000 population, and the percentage and the average of PYLL. RESULTS: Between 1908 and 1995, the number and the rate of PYLL from infectious causes clearly declined. The decrease was more prominent starting in the 1950s, and it was seen in all age groups. Tuberculosis was the leading cause of premature death from the beginning of the century until the 1970s, but after that, the leading causes became pneumonia and AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of infectious diseases as determinants of premature death in Spain declined during the 20th century, especially starting in the 1970s.     

2010-2012年泰安市泰山区居民死因和减寿分析

目的分析泰安市泰山区居民的2010-2012年主要死亡原因和减寿情况,为制定有效预防控制政策提供科学依据。方法使用卫生部指定的死因专用软件＂DeathReg2005＂、SPSS 13.0和Excel 2003软件,对2010-2012年泰山区居民死因监测数据进行数据整理和统计分析,分析指标包括：死亡率、标化死亡率、死因顺位、潜在减寿年数（PYLL）、减寿率（PYLL‰）和平均减寿年数（AYLL）。结果 2010-2012年泰山区居民平均死亡率为505.70/10万,标化死亡率为480.14/10万,呈逐年递增趋势。男性死亡率为603.93/10万,女性死亡率为406.04/10万,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=39.01,P〈0.01）,前5位死因依次是恶性肿瘤（145.06/10万）、心脏病（136.36/10万）、脑血管病（94.63/10万）、呼吸系统疾病（42.27/10万）、损伤和中毒（30.61/10万）;对泰山区居民寿命损失影响最大的前5位死因是恶性肿瘤（12.35‰）、损伤和中毒（7.58‰）、心脏病（5.87‰）、脑血管病（5.19‰）、呼吸系统疾病（0.94‰）。结论慢性非传染性疾病和伤害是造成泰山区居民死亡和减寿的主要死因,应加强慢性病综合防控。     

武汉市2009年居民伤害死亡状况及疾病负担分析

目的分析武汉市2009年伤害死亡的流行特征和疾病负担,为制定伤害预防控制策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用粗死亡率、标化死亡率、潜在寿命损失年、标化潜在寿命损失年、潜在工作损失年等指标对武汉市2009年居民病伤死亡监测资料伤害死亡数据进行分析。结果 2009年武汉市伤害的粗死亡率为45.50/10万,标化率为33.01/10万,男性（54.77/10万）明显高于女性（35.77/10万）,农村（49.66/10万）明显高于城市（42.63/10万）,伤害死亡的主要原因依次是交通事故、溺水、跌落、自杀、意外中毒和他杀,0-岁人群伤害的主要死因是溺水,15-岁人群则是交通伤害,65岁及以上人群则以跌落为主,其次为交通事故和自杀。因伤害导致的YPLL,SYPLL和WYPLL分别为73 470年、84 734年和50 073年,分别占全死因的24.01%、30.36%和31.62%,远远高于伤害占全死因的比例7.46%。结论伤害是导致＂早死＂和寿命损失的重要疾病负担,由于伤害死亡带来的社会和经济损失应引起相关卫生部门更多的重视,根据伤害的死亡谱和危险人群制定有效的防控措施,最大限度的减少伤害所致的死亡与残疾。     

重庆市主城区1991-2000年女性死因分析

目的 了解重庆市主城区女性居民的主要死因及分布特征，为疾病防制提供依据。方法 采用整群抽样的方法，收集女性人口和死亡资料，利用死亡率，潜在减寿年数（YPLL）等指标进行分析。结果 年均（粗）死亡率为599.72/10万，标化死亡率为382.27/10万，不同年份的死亡率呈线性上升趋势，而标化死亡率呈线性下降趋势。死亡率随年龄增长而升高，≥65岁组死亡构成比为74.5%，死亡率居前5位的依次为脑血管病，恶性肿瘤，呼吸系统疾病，心脏病和意外伤害。YPLL率居前3位的依次为恶性肿瘤，意外伤害和脑血管病。乳腺癌为恶性肿瘤死因的第7位。其它生殖系统肿瘤均位于前10位之外。结论 心，脑血管疾病，恶性肿瘤等慢性病及意外伤害是危害本地区女性生命健康的主要疾病，应加强健康教育和伤害防制工作。     

Years of potential life lost among heroin addicts 33 years after treatment

OBJECTIVE: To examine premature mortality in terms of years of potential life lost (YPLL) among a cohort of long-term heroin addicts. METHOD: This longitudinal, prospective study followed a cohort of 581 male heroin addicts in California for more than 33 years. In the latest follow-up conducted in 1996/97, 282 subjects (48.5%) were confirmed as deceased by death certificates. YPLL before age 65 years was calculated by causes of death. Ethnic differences in YPLL were assessed among Whites, Hispanics, and African Americans. RESULTS: On average, addicts in this cohort lost 18.3 years (SD=10.7) of potential life before age 65. Of the total YPLL for the cohort, 22.3% of the years lost was due to heroin overdose, 14.0% due to chronic liver disease, and 10.2% to accidents. The total YPLL and YPLL by death cause in addict cohort were significantly higher than that of US population. The YPLL among African Americans was significantly lower than that among Whites or Hispanics. CONCLUSION: The YPLL among addicts was much higher than that in the national population; within the cohort, premature mortality was higher among Whites and Hispanics compared to African American addicts.     

重庆工业污染区1991～1998年居民死因及潜在减寿年数分析

目的 分析20世纪90年代重庆市工业污染区居民主要死因。方法 应用死亡率、死因顺位、潜在减寿年数（YPLL）及潜在价值减寿年数（VYPLL）等指标分析该区1991～1998年死因资料。对照组为该市非工业污染文化社区。结果 该区平均粗死亡率为7.34‰（标化死亡率4.61‰）。主要死因顺位为：恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、呼吸系病、心脏病和意外死亡。恶性肿瘤死率为198.07/10万（标化死亡率126.35/10万）,其中肺癌居第一位,死亡率为65.49/10万（标化死亡率45.27/10万）。主要死因标化潜在减寿率（SYPLL率）和标化潜在价值减寿率（SVYPLL率）顺位的第一位都为意外死亡。结论 为了降低该居民死亡率,既要进一步加强其自然环的治理,也应重视社会环境的治理。     

Trends in Belgian premature avoidable deaths over a 20 year period

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse over a 20 year period the level and trends in the "EC avoidable death indicators". DESIGN: The Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) method applied to curative and preventive avoidable mortality indicators in Belgium for four successive five year periods, countrywide as well as by district, separately for women and men. Ratios of YPLL rates (age standardised) describe changes between 1974-78 and 1990-94. SETTING: Belgium for the periods 1974-78, 1980-84, 1985-89, 1990-94. PARTICIPANTS: All avoidable death cases aged 1-64. MAIN RESULTS: Ratio of YPLL rates indicated a more favourable development between 1974-78 and 1990-94 in the EC avoidable indicators than in all causes premature mortality. The EC avoidable mortality indicators have been assigned to two categories, curative indicators and preventive indicators. The best ratio of YPLL rates was found in curative indicators for men but the largest gains in YPLL rates over the periods come from the "preventive indicators" in men. For women, malignant neoplasm of the breast rose to the first ranked in 1985-1989 and 1990-1994, where it contributed to more years of YPLL loss than motor vehicle accidents, and malignant neoplasm of the trachea, bronchus and lung had risen to the fifth ranked since 1985-89. The order of the top causes for men did not change between 1974 and 1994, except for cirrhosis of liver, which rose from the fifth to the fourth rank. In the particular case of one "preventive indicator", malignant neoplasm of the trachea, bronchus and lung, the regional analysis of time trend between 1974-78 and 1990-94 showed more districts with a favourable development for both men and women in the Flemish region than in Wallonia. CONCLUSION: The YPLL method combined with the avoidable mortality indicators enabled us to compare the changes of curative and preventive EC avoidable indicators between 1974-78 and 1990-94. In the case of malignant neoplasm of the trachea, bronchus and lung, which is of major concern to the health promotion policies, changes over the periods have widened a "north/south" health contrast.     

新疆生产建设兵团1997～1999年居民期望寿命调查分析

目的：分析新疆生产建设兵团20世纪末的居民期望寿命和与寿命有关的指标。方法：采用分层胡机抽样方法，获得期望寿命，死亡率，死因顺位，去死因寿命，潜在减寿年数（YPLL）及人口长寿水平等指标，并对各项指标进行简要分析。结果：新疆生产兵团（兵团）1997－1999年期望寿命为75．61岁，男为72．73岁，女性为80．02岁；农牧团场的期望寿命为73．97岁，相对较低；经济水平高的地区期望寿命较高较高；北疆地区期望寿命高于南疆和东疆，年平均粗死亡率为5．17‰（标化死亡率为4．53‰）。主要死因顺位为：恶性肿瘤、脑血管病，呼吸系统疾病，心脏病，损伤与中毒，传染病与寄生虫病以及围产期情况。7种死因中，去除呼吸系统疾病和围产期情况寿命增幅较明显。主要死因的潜在减行率和标准化潜在减寿（SYPLL）率顺位的第1位均为意外死亡。经济水平较高地区长寿水平也较高，结论：兵团人均期望寿命水平较高，但不同地区相差较大，为全面提高居民健康水平，既要加强自然环境的治理和扶贫力度。也要重视呼吸系统（尤其是婴儿）、老年慢性病的防治和提高围期产期保健质量，进一步改善社会保障环境，降低损伤中毒的发生率。     

道路交通伤及其他主要死因的减寿对比评估

目的对比评估交通伤及其他主要死因对期望寿命前死亡的影响。方法应用寿命损失年数(YPLL)及有关的期望寿命前死亡评估指标。结果2000年，辽宁省城市居民死亡中男性交通伤死亡仅占2．3％，但其所致的YPLL及潜在工作损失年数(WYPLL)在全死因所致YPLL及WYPLL中的构成比则分别升高至9．2％及7．8％。女性交通伤死亡仅占死因构成的1．1％，但其所致的YPLL及WYPLL在全死因所致YPLL及WYPLL中的构成比分别升高至3．8％及4．6％。脑血管病缺血性心脏病所致的YPLL及WYPLL在全死因所致的YPLL及WYPL中的构成比明显低于其死因构成比。男性人群中肿瘤所致的YPLL及WYPLL在全死因所致的YPLL及WYPLL中的构成比与其死因构成比接近，而女性人群中则高于死因构成比。每一人道路交通伤亡所致的YPLL／d及WYPLL／d均明显超过其他主要死因。每一人道路交通伤死亡所致的VYPLL／d为正值，而其他主要死因的VYPLL／d均为负值。结论交通伤对期望寿命前死亡的影响非常明显地大于脑血管病、缺血性心脏病及肿瘤等，已成为导致人群潜在寿命损失年数的主要原因之一。     

2017年开封市居民期望寿命及减寿分析

目的了解2017年开封市居民期望寿命及寿命损失情况。方法收集2017年开封市死亡资料,采用ANACONDA(Analysis of Causes of National Deaths for Action,ANACONDA)软件对死亡数据质量进行评价,通过死亡率、标化死亡率、构成比、死因顺位、期望寿命、潜在减寿年数(Potential Years of Life Lost,PYLL)等指标对居民死亡情况及寿命损失进行描述。结果2017年全市共报告死亡病例25099例,死亡率645.05/10万(标化死亡率577.12/10万),男性死亡率高于女性且差异有统计学意义(χ^2=26.00,P<0.001)。居民平均期望寿命为78.08岁(男性74.90岁,女性81.26岁)。前五位死因依次为:心脏病、脑血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤与中毒。去除前五位死因后,平均期望寿命增加10.43岁。四类慢性病造成的早死概率为18.32%。2017年开封市1~69岁人群因各种疾病导致128808人年的潜在减寿年数损失,平均减寿年数(Average Years of Life Lost,AYLL)为13.77年。结论慢性病尤其是心脑血管疾病及恶性肿瘤是造成开封市居民寿命损失的主要原因,期望寿命的提高关键在于对循环系统疾病、恶性肿瘤等慢性病的预防和控制。     

中国人群1991～2000年伤害死亡的流行趋势和疾病负担

目的 了解1991～2000年中国人群伤害死亡的变化趋势、地区特点和疾病负担。方法使用全国疾病监测资料,经漏报调查结果进行调整,描述伤害的死亡水平和主要死亡原因,并计算伤害导致的平均潜在寿命损失年和潜在工作寿命损失年,以及伤害死亡、寿命损失和潜在工作寿命损失占总死亡的比例。结果 1991～2000年伤害死亡基本维持在恒定水平,经漏报率调整后10年平均伤害死亡率为66.56/10万,男性为81.41/10万,女性为51.17/10万。城市和农村人群的10年平均伤害死亡率分别为38.68/10万和74.63/10万。西部农村伤害的死亡率为81.02/10万,东、中、西部农村地区伤害死亡率之比为1:1.14:1.21。伤害是儿童和青年的主要死因,交通事故、自杀、淹溺、意外中毒、意外坠落是伤害的主要死因。自20世纪90年代以来,交通事故死亡率上升明显,至2000年已成为第一位死因。因伤害导致的潜在减寿年数是2132年/10万,导致的工作减寿年数为1587年/10万,分别占总死亡减寿年数的24.56％和26.51％。结论 伤害带来的疾病负担是严重的,由于“早死”,使伤害死亡带来更多的社会和经济损失,特别是交通伤害死亡率的上升应该引起更多重视,不同地区应针对本地区的重要伤害死亡谱和目标人群制订有效的控制策略。     

湖北省麻城市1974-2008年伤害死亡的长期趋势分析

目的 分析湖北省麻城市1974-2008年伤害死亡长期变化趋势、分布特点和疾病负担.方法 利用麻城市自1974年起建立的四级报告网络系统,对历年伤害死亡资料进行审核和整理,描述35年来伤害的死亡水平和主要死亡原因,并计算伤害导致的去死因期望寿命和潜在寿命损失年,以及伤害死亡和寿命损失占总死亡的比例.结果 麻城市35年伤害死亡率为62.64/10万至154.97/10万,其中男性为69.16/10万～163.86/10万,女性为55.34/10万～157.35/10万,男性高于女性.婴儿组的年平均伤害死亡率最高,达770.13/10万.伤害死亡率的地形分布以丘陵地区最高(37.03/10万),山区次之(33.66/10万),平原地区较低(31.43/10万).伤害死亡的前五位死因为自杀、淹溺、意外窒息、交通事故、意外跌落,共占伤害总死亡的84.26%,其中以自杀为最高,占伤害总死亡48.14%.伤害是儿童和青年的主要死因,在15～29岁年龄段伤害死亡占全死因比例最高,男性和女性分别为59.38%和62.26%.去伤害死亡期望寿命逐年提高,因伤害导致的潜在寿命损失年逐年下降.结论 麻城市伤害死亡率近10年虽有明显下降趋势,但仍处于较高水平;伤害主要死亡原因变化不大,各年段、年龄、性别、地形分布均以自杀为主,近年来交通事故的死亡率明显上升.