颞肌的解剖研究及翼点开颅术后颞肌萎缩的防治

翼点开颅是神经外科应用最广泛的手术入路,需要剥离颞肌并向下牵拉以暴露术野.然而,病人术后时常出现颞肌萎缩、颞前区瘪陷等并发症,严重的甚至改变颞下颌关节的位置,导致下颌侧向移动、限制咀嚼,在基层医院尤为多见.颞肌萎缩不仅影响病人容貌,还对病人身体和心理造成损害.为减少术后颞肌萎缩的发生,我们对颞肌的解剖,特别是颞肌的血液供应和神经支配进行研究,并探讨开颅术后颞肌萎缩的原因及其预防措施.     

额颞及额颞颧入路中面神经额颞支的保护

目的了解国人面神经额颞支在颞区的显微解剖。并结合此显微解剖学特点在临床额颞及额颞颧开颅中对面神经额颞支进行保护。方法应用国人成人头颅湿标本10例(20侧),模拟额颞颧入路进行面神经额颞支显微解剖学研究。对临床中24例利用筋膜间皮瓣技术进行额颞及额颞颧开颅的患者进行回顾分析。结果所有标本中,颞区均存在三层筋膜及三层脂肪垫。在颞区前下角的弧形区域内,颞浅筋膜与颞深筋膜浅层间存在粘连,失去了正常的疏松腱膜下组织层,而被粘连的纤维脂肪层所取代,面神经额颞支则穿行于此层。而在眶上外侧角水平以上,由于帽状腱膜完整且无粘连,面神经额颞支完全行走于帽状腱膜浅层。所有24例实施了筋膜间皮瓣技术的患者,术后均达到面神经额颞支功能保留。结论在额颞及额颞颧开颅时采用筋膜间皮瓣技术是进行面神经额颞支功能保护的有效方法。     

翼点入路筋膜间分离操作技术及其临床应用

目的探讨翼点入路筋膜间分离操作方法、优点和临床应用。方法选取151例患有颅内动脉瘤、鞍区及鞍区周围病变的患者,采用翼点入路筋膜间分离开颅,观察和记录病变显露情况,面神经颞支和颞肌的功能、伤口愈合及术后颞肌萎缩情况。结果 151例均获得良好的病变显露空间并能方便手术操作,均保全了面神经颞支的功能,所有病例颞肌功能完好,伤口愈合良好,5例出现轻微颞肌萎缩。结论翼点入路筋膜间分离具有很好地显露病变,创伤较小,颞肌及筋膜术后完全复位,并可最大化保留颞肌功能及避免颞肌萎缩影响美观的优点。     

翼点开颅术后颞肌萎缩的原因及防治

目的探讨翼点开颅术后颢肌萎缩的原因及防治措施.方法对164例病人采用术中保护颞浅动脉,骨膜下逆行分离颞肌,必要时切除颧弓,保持颞肌正常张力等方法保护颞肌.结果本组病人无颞肌萎缩、颞前区瘪陷,两边颞肌对称,张口和咬合功能正常.结论颞肌萎缩的原因:不正当的分离、过分的牵拉、肌肉复位时挤拉等直接损害颞肌;供应颞肌的血管阻断致肌肉缺血;颞肌部分或全部失神经支配;颞肌复位时没有维持合适的肌肉张力.针对原因术中进行适当操作,可完全杜绝术后颞肌萎缩的发生.     

颞区解剖特点及手术策略

目的列举常用的描述颞区解剖的术语,对颞区的解剖学特点进行详尽研究,并探讨颞区手术的策略,以优化颞区解剖策略,尽可能减少面神经额颞支损伤的机会.方法尸头10个(20侧),在手术显微镜下逐层解剖;在34例翼点开颅和11例经颧开颅手术中,运用特定的技术解剖颞区.结果所有经典定义的各层次在尸解中均可清晰辨认.所不同之处在于所有标本中颞深筋膜在整个颞区均可分为深浅两层,而非仅限于颞中脂肪垫存在处.事实上,在超出颞中脂肪垫以外的有些区域,尽管这两层结构变得极为薄弱,但均可用钝性剥离将其分离.在2例患者中发现颞中脂肪垫缺如.结论颞深筋膜在整个颞区均由深浅两层构成.颞中脂肪垫是临床实践中实施筋膜间解剖的重要标志,但绝非必不可少的标志,即使该脂肪垫缺如,仍可完成筋膜间解剖.     

硬膜外保留薄层颞肌在三维塑形钛网颅骨缺损修补中的应用效果

目的探讨硬膜外保留薄层颞肌在三维塑形钛网颅骨缺损修补中的应用及临床疗效。方法选取200例采用电脑三维塑形钛网颅骨缺损修补术的患者为研究对象,术中保留薄层颞肌148例为研究组,另52例术中采取完全剥离并保留硬脑膜外侧的颞肌为对照组,分析2组患者术前、术后的临床资料,对比分析2组疗效及并发症。结果研究组在手术时间、术中副损伤几率、术中出血量、术后住院时间、患者对钛网塑型的满意度及术中、术后并发症方面明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论电脑三维塑形钛网颅骨缺损修补时,保留硬脑膜外薄层颞肌创伤较小,疼痛恢复快,不影响咀嚼及外观,还可减少术后并发症的发生,提高手术疗效。     

颞肌下和颞肌外两种术式修补额颞顶部颅骨缺损

目的探讨颞肌下和颞肌外两种术式数字化三维成形钛网修补额颞顶部颅骨缺损的临床效果。方法将2010年4月至2011年9月收治的42例额颞顶部颅骨缺损患者分为颞肌下修补组（n=21）和颞肌外修补组（n=21）,均采用数字化三维成形钛网进行修补,对比术后并发症、主观舒适度。结果颞肌外组手术时间[（108．46±10．13）／min]和术中出血量[（151．26±12．37）／ml】比颞肌下组手术时间[（129．75±8．42）／min]和术中出血量【（196．1±15．68）／m1]均明显减少（P〈0．05）。颞肌外组术后2周疼痛、嘴嚼受限的发生率明显低于颞肌下组（P〈0．01）;两组术后均未发生皮下积液、感染、颅内出血和钛网松动等。结论运用数字化三维成形钛网修补额颞顶部颅骨缺损颞肌外修补法操作简便,手术时间短,出血少,早期主观舒适度好,远期无颞区塌陷现象,颅骨塑形满意度高,其效果优先于颞肌下修补法。     

颞浅动脉引导的筋膜间隙翼点入路面神经分支保护研究

目的 通过尸头显微解剖探讨经筋膜间隙翼点入路手术过程中面神经分支的保护方法.方法 于手术显微镜下解剖15例尸头共30侧面神经颞支和颞浅动脉分支,观察颞浅动脉、颧弓与面神经颞支之间的相互关系,以及面神经分支在颞肌筋膜间隙的走行方式;验证以颞浅动脉额颢支为解剖标志经筋膜间隙翼点入路手术的安全性,以及保护面神经颞支及其分支的可行性与注意事项.选择50例患者以颞浅动脉额颞支为解剖标志,经筋膜间隙翼点入路施行神经外科手术,观察手术后患者面神经颞支的损伤情况.结果 30侧面神经颞支及其分支均位于颢浅动脉额颞支与颧弓上缘之间的颞肌筋膜间隙脂肪层内(即第1层和第2层脂肪垫内).面神经颢支分支数为(4.00±1.80)支,面神经额支上缘距颢浅动脉额颢支下缘(4.70±2.60)mm;所有面神经颢支主干均与颞浅动脉主干相伴行,8侧位于颞浅动脉分支前方5 mm之内,22侧位于颢浅动脉分支前方5～10 am;颞浅动脉额颠支29侧为单发,余1侧为双干.50例患者以颞浅动脉额颢支为解剖标志经筋膜间隙翼点入路施行手术,手术中均可显露颞浅动脉及其额颢支,无一例发生面神经分支损伤.结论 以颞浅动脉及其分支作为翼点入路手术中的解剖标志,可及时地切开筋膜间隙,保护面神经颞支及其分支,达到提高手术效率、减少并发症之目的;并可保护颞浅动脉及其分支,减少手术创伤和保护局部血液循环.     

颞肌下、颞肌外钛网修补额颞部颅骨缺损的体会

目的探讨颞肌下、颞肌外钛网修补额颞部颅骨缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2010年3月收治的32例额颞部颅骨缺损患者的临床资料。这32例颅骨缺损口才中,采用颞肌下钛网修补术20例、颞肌外钛网修补术12例。结果手术时间、术中出血量和术后并发症发生率颞肌下组分别为(2.0±0.3)h、(170±40)ml和15.0%(3/20),颞肌外修补组则分别为(1.5±0.2)h、(80±30)ml和83.3%(10/12);两两相较,均相差显著(P<0.05)。结论额颞部颅骨缺损修补术中颞肌下钛网修补术优于颞肌外钛网修补术。     

颞肌下钛网修补额颞部颅骨缺损50例

目的探讨颞肌下钛网修补额颞部颅骨缺损的手术方法及技巧。方法对50例重型颅脑损伤行去骨瓣减压术后,骨窗位于额颞部的患者,行颞肌下钛网颅骨修补术。结果 50例患者术后由于颅骨缺损导致的一系列神经症状均有所减轻;术后神志、定向力、记忆力、计算力、语言功能障碍和感觉运动功能障碍均有不同程度改善;术后均未出现脑脊液漏、切口感染、排异反应、钛网松动、硬脑膜外积液和硬脑膜外血肿等并发症,并且塑形美观。结论颞肌下钛网修补额颞部颅骨缺损塑形美观,术后并发症少,是一种安全可行的颅骨修补方法。     

Herniation of an enlarged middle cerebral artery through a temporal bone defect in association with an arteriovenous malformation

We present a previously undescribed variant of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) protruding through a defect in the temporal bone, associated with a large arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The patient, a 59-year-old male, presented with a large right frontoparietal AVM with feeding aneurysms and a recent haemorrhage. Preoperative imaging demonstrated a tortuous right MCA feeder abutting the anterosuperior temporal bone in the region of the pterion. An associated temporal bone defect was visible. The patient underwent a pterional craniotomy for surgical clipping of aneurysms associated with the AVM. On reflection of the temporalis muscle, the MCA branch was transected as it coursed through a defect in the temporal bone. This patient demonstrates that the MCA may deviate from its usual anatomy and herniate through a defect in the skull. Because a pterional craniotomy is such a common surgical approach, knowledge and anticipation of such anatomic variants are essential to avoid catastrophic vascular injury during surgery.     

Surgical treatment of intracavernous trigeminal schwannomas via a fronto-temporal epidural approach

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the fronto-temporal epidural approach in managing intracavernous trigeminal schwannomas. Five unselected patients harboring an intracavernous trigeminal schwannoma were operated on. Each of them was cured by a single craniotomy. In all cases the skull base approach described by Dolenc [Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 130 (1994) 55] was performed. The complete resection of the tumor and its capsule was gained in all five cases. There was no surgical mortality. No patient developed postoperative major complications. The fronto-temporal epidural approach can be applied for parasellar type trigeminal schwannomas, thus avoiding the exposure of the temporal lobe, and resulting in good chance for total excision of the tumor together with minimal surgical complications.     

Epidermoid tumors of the temporal lobe as epileptogenic foci

Intracerebral epidermoid tumors of the temporal lobe are exceedingly rare. The vast majority of these slow-growing tumors remain clinically silent while only a select few are associated with overt symptomatology. We report two patients with epidermoid tumors whose unique location in the temporal lobe resulted in secondarily generalized seizures. Our first patient, a 19-year-old female, presented with a secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizure and MRI revealed a superior temporal lobe lesion that was subsequently treated with an awake craniotomy and gross total resection. Our second patient was a 71-year-old male with a recent seizure history and known left temporal lobe lesion. The patient underwent craniotomy for gross total resection of the mass. In these two patients, we found that MRI proved diagnostic and surgical resection was curative. Our clinical experience and review of the literature indicate that gross total resection of these lesions confers control of localization-related epilepsy.     

扩大翼点入路在额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中的应用

目的探讨扩大翼点入路在额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中的应用。方法对我院1998年至2005年间收治的107例额颞对冲伤患者分别采用传统手术入路（37例）和扩大翼点入路（70例）治疗,并进行对比分析。结果根据GOS预后评价标准,传统额颞瓣入路手术治疗的37例中,恢复良好11例,中残2例,重残3例,植物生存2例,死亡19例,死亡率51.4%;经扩大翼点入路手术治疗的70例中,恢复良好29例,中残8例,重残6例,植物生存3例,死亡24例,死亡率34.3%;两者比较,死亡率差异显著（P〈0.05）,且改良的扩大翼点入路患者的预后明显优于额颞瓣入路患者（P〈0.05）。结论扩大翼点入路手术在治疗额颞对冲性颅脑损伤中具有明显优越性。     

经皮层选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶癫痫

目的 观察经皮层入路选择件海马含仁核切除术对颞叶癫痫的治疗效果及风险。方法 20例单侧海马硬化性顽崮性颞叶内侧癫痫患者，采用颢部开颅经颞中同侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗，随访至少1年以卜，采用Engel分级量表进行针对癫痫发作控制效果的评价。结果 Ⅰ级结果15例，Ⅱ级结果3例，Ⅲ级结果2例，无明显持久性并发症，无手术死亡。结论 在严格筛选的颞叶内侧癫痫，颞部开颅经颞中回皮层入路选择性切除海马含仁核术对治疗颞叶癫痫，安全有效。     

经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的 探讨经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法 、疗效及并发症. 方法 对确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的62例患者,经颞部锁孔开颅,切除中前段颞下回,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除海马杏仁核及海马旁回等内侧颞叶结构.结果 62例患者术后随访至少24～80个月,无严重手术并发症;Engel癫痫疗效分级;Ⅰ级45例(72.6%),Ⅱ级12例(19.4%),Ⅲ级5例(8.0%). 结论 经颢下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法 ,其手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高.     

儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿的手术治疗

目的探讨儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿的手术方法。方法回顾性分析手术治疗儿童颞部蛛网膜囊肿68例患者的临床资料,56例行显微镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术,7例行囊肿-腹腔分流术,5例行内镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术。结果术后随访6个月到3年,28例影像学复查显示:13例囊肿完全消失,46例囊肿体积较术前有不同程度缩小,无明显变化的有9例。结论显微镜下囊壁切除+脑池交通术对儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿有着良好的治疗效果,可以作为首选的手术方式。     

Awake craniotomy: controversies, indications and techniques in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy

In 1886, Victor Horsley excised an epileptogenic posttraumatic cortical scar in a 23-year-old man under general anaesthesia and discussed his choice of anaesthesia: "I have not employed ether in operations on man, fearing that it would tend to cause cerebral excitement; chloroform, of course, producing on the contrary, well-marked depression." His concerns regarding anaesthesia are reiterated 100 years later as evidenced by the ongoing controversy over the choice of anaesthetic in surgical procedures for epilepsy. The current controversies regarding the necessity for local anaesthesia in temporal lobe epilepsy operations concern the utility of electrocorticography in surgical decision making, its relationship to seizure outcome and the value of intraoperative language mapping in dominant temporal lobe resections. The increasing sophistication of pre-operative investigation and localization of both areas of epileptogenesis and normal brain function and the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques and smaller focal resections are changing the indications for local anaesthesia in temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, indications which were previously absolute are now perhaps relative. This article reviews the current indications for craniotomy under local anaesthesia in the surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy.     

Preoperative CT diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis for surgical treatment of epilepsy

A computerized tomographic (CT) scanning technique has been devised by which the anatomy of the mesial temporal lobe can be examined in epileptics who are being considered for temporal lobectomy. Among 25 patients examined with this technique, 17 have had the anatomy of their mesial temporal lobe verified at craniotomy, showing close correlation between surgical findings and the high-resolution cerebrospinal fluid–enhanced CT scans. Atrophy was present in 4 patients, whereas chronic herniation of the mesial temporal structures over the free edge of the tentorium was present in 12; in 1 patient the structures were normal. The correlation of anatomical lesion with an electroencephalographically (EEG) defined epileptogenic focus will improve the outcome of surgery for epilepsy. This CT technique aids in identifying the epileptogenic temporal lobe for patients in whom the focus is ambiguous by EEG criteria alone.