胸腔镜辅助食管内翻拔脱术治疗胸上、中段食管癌(附8例报告)

目的:探讨用简捷的术式治疗胸上、中段食管癌,减少术后并发症。方法:为8例食管癌患者施行胸腔镜辅助食管内翻拔脱术,分析手术操作过程、并发症及术后患者的康复情况等。结果:8例患者均采用胸腔镜辅助食管内翻拔脱术完成手术,1例发生吻合口漏,1例发生对侧气胸,经对症治疗治愈。结论:此术式治疗胸上、中段食管癌优于传统手术。     

下咽,颈段及上胸段食管癌的外科治疗

下咽、颈段及上胸段食管癌的外科治疗薛涛王国祥张孝轩张伟李培华１９９０年１月～１９９５年１２月我们用非开胸食管内翻剥脱和胃重建食管术治疗１１例下咽、颈段及上胸段食管癌，近期疗效满意，现报告如下。１临床资料本组男性９例，女性２例。年龄５３～７２岁，平均５...     

改良Ivor-Lewis手术治疗食管癌576例

目的总结采用改良Ivor—Lewis手术治疗胸中、下段食管癌的临床经验。方法1996年4月至2001年4月，576例食管癌患者经右胸前外侧切口和上腹部正中切口径路手术（改良Ivor—Lewis手术），切除胸段食管癌，用吻合器行食管胃右胸顶吻合。结果术后发生乳糜胸1例，再次开胸手术治愈；术后胸腔内出血行开胸止血4例，发生吻合口瘘11例，均经保守治疗治愈。发生吻合口狭窄3例，术后病理检查食管残端癌残留1例，给予放射治疗。围手术期死亡2例，分别死于心肌梗死和心律失常。本组1、3、5年总的生存率分别为77．7％（446／574），57．8％（258／446），49．2％（127／258）。结论改良Ivor—Lewis手术是治疗胸中、下段食管癌的理想术式。     

食管内翻拔脱术治疗食管癌贲门癌19例分析

目的　探讨食管内翻拔脱术在食管癌、贲门癌外科治疗中的地位。方法　 19例食管癌、贲门癌病人接受了食管内翻拔脱术 ,其中食管鳞癌 15例 ,颈段 3例 ,胸中段 6例 ,胸下段 6例 ;贲门腺癌 4例。 0期 1例 ;Ⅰ期 4例 ;Ⅱa期 4例 ;Ⅱb期 1例 ;Ⅲ期 9例。 3例因有上消化道手术史行结肠代食管。结果　 19例均获切除 ,食管切缘阴性 ,无手术死亡。术后声音嘶哑 1例 ,心律失常1例 ,双侧胸腔积液 1例 ,左侧气胸伴左膈下脓肿 1例 ,5例出现小的颈部吻合口瘘。结论　食管内翻拔脱术扩大了食管癌、贲门癌的手术适应证 ,使某些常规手术高危患者重新获得手术机会。     

食管、贲门、膈

220例右胸腹部二切口治疗胸段食管癌的疗效分析；镍钛合金组合式人工食管替代食管术后新生食管的形成与重构；结肠代食管术后远期并发症的观察；串列式食管内翻拔脱术；低位结扎胸导管预防食管癌术后乳糜胸的适应证探讨     

高位食管癌的外科治疗

目的:为减少高位食管癌颈部吻合术后并发症,尤其是吻合口三大并发症。方法:采用经食管床胃重建食管术治疗高位食管癌91例。结果:2例吻合口瘘(2.2％)均经换药治愈,无吻合口瘘死亡。结论:经食管床全胃重建食管术治疗高位食管癌可采用左侧开胸、右侧开胸或上腹正中内翻拔脱术三种切口,各有利弊,应合理掌握。采用食管黏膜延长胃浆肌层包套吻合术疗效满意,值得推广。     

食管癌术后胸胃瘘发生原因及治疗方法

目的探讨食管癌切除胃代食管术后胸胃瘘发生的原因及手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析5例胸胃瘘患者的临床资料。结果4例瘘口直径小于1cm，行瘘口修补术；1例因胸胃大片坏死，先行胸胃大部切除加食管旷置术，并行空肠造瘘，后分期行结肠代食管术。5例手术均获成功，术后出现声嘶、肺部感染各1例。随访10个月至4年，患者均可进普通饮食。1例饱食后胸胃淤滞排空不畅，口服胃动力药可使症状缓解。结论食管癌切除胃代食管术后发生胸胃瘘包括胃壁穿孔和坏死．再次手术治疗为最佳选择。     

食管癌术后乳糜胸的治疗

目的探讨食管癌术后乳糜胸的治疗方法和效果。方法回顾分析湖北医药学院附属襄阳一医院684例食管癌术后并发乳糜胸18例患者的临床资料,其中男12例,女6例;年龄57.5(38～66)岁。食管上段癌2例,食管中段癌15例,食管下段癌1例。所有患者均行左胸径路食管癌根治术,术中均未见明确的胸导管损伤,未行预防性胸导管结扎。结果 18例均先行保守治疗,10例痊愈;再手术治疗8例,手术时间60～90 min,术后无感染等并发症发生,住院时间8～10 d;7例治愈,1例死于术后吻合口瘘。17例治愈患者3个月后复查无乳糜胸再发。结论食管癌术后乳糜胸患者有必要早期行10 d严格、正规的保守治疗,经保守治疗后乳糜液量仍>800 ml/d者应及时再手术治疗,手术方式以右胸径路、膈上低位胸导管结扎术为宜。     

经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路手术治疗上胸段食管癌

目的总结经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路手术治疗上胸段食管癌的临床经验,并探讨食管癌外科治疗手术径路的选择以及术后并发症等问题。方法采用左颈部胸锁乳突肌前缘切口以游离颈部食管,将胸骨上段部分劈开,充分显露及游离上胸段食管及肿瘤;经腹部切口游离胃后行胸段食管内翻拔脱,将胃经食管床上提后行食管胃吻合。颈部吻合23例,纵隔内吻合14例。结果37例上胸段食管癌患者的癌肿全部切除,切除率100%,无手术死亡。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘3例,经保守治疗后痊愈;发生声音嘶哑12例,7例声带功能逐步恢复。结论经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路对上胸段食管的显露满意,可在直视下完成食管及肿瘤的游离。手术切除率高,术后发生危重并发症较少。     

两种非开胸食管切除术有关出血的研究

４０只成年杂种犬随机分为两组，分别施行食管内翻剥脱和钝性分离拔脱术。通过术中左侧开胸直视观察，纱布称重计算纵隔出血量，术后胸主动脉铸型和尸检方法，研究两种术式食管动脉的损伤情况。结果发现：钝性分离术的平均纵隔出血量为９８±２０．５ｍｌ，比内翻剥脱术４５．４±１４．５ｍｌ多一倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）；前者主要损伤食管表面的动脉干部，而后者主要损伤其末梢。食管周围纵隔组织内食管动脉受损后自行收缩、凝血，是非开胸食管切除术出血量不过大的根本原因。     

食管癌二次手术19例原因分析

目的：探讨食管癌行二次手术的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2012年12月间北京大学肿瘤医院单一手术组施行的946例食管癌手术患者的临床资料,其中19例因术后严重并发症需行二次手术,总结该19例患者的临床特点及治疗经过。结果19例二次手术的患者中因术后胸腔内出血行开胸止血术4例,因膈疝行膈疝还纳、膈肌修补术4例,因乳糜胸行胸导管结扎术4例,因腹部切口裂开行切口缝合术4例,因创伤性胰腺炎行胸腹腔探查、腹腔置管引流术1例,因肠梗阻行回盲部切除、回肠造瘘术1例,因双侧喉返神经麻痹行气管切开术1例。19例二次手术患者全部治愈,无围手术期死亡和再次并发症发生。结论食管癌术后再次手术常见原因主要为术后出血、膈疝、乳糜胸和腹部切口裂开。     

经裂孔食管切除术在食管癌外科治疗中的评价

目的评价经裂孔食管切除术在食管癌外科治疗中的作用。方法总结分析2000年5月至2007年7月单一外科医生组对46例食管癌患者实施经裂孔食管切除术的病例资料。结果本组患者食管鳞癌44例，食管腺癌1例，食管类癌1例。位于颈段者11例，胸上段者21例．胸中段者5例，胸下段者9例。行术前化疗者6例。按国际TNM分期：0期者3例；Ⅰ期者6例：Ⅱa期者17例；Ⅱb期者2例；Ⅲ期者16例；2例为化疗后病理完全缓解。胃代食管者42例，结肠代食管者4例。术前肺功能FEV1低于0．8L或FEV1／FVC低于50％者29例。46例均获切除,切缘阴性，无手术死亡。术后声音嘶哑2例，心律失常3例，双侧胸腔积液1例，6例出现小的颈部吻合口瘘。结论经裂孔食管切除术在食管癌的外科治疗中对高龄、心肺功能差而不能耐受剖胸手术患者是理想的选择。     

A pilot study of the technical and oncologic feasibility of thoracoscopic esophagectomy with extended lymph node dissection in the prone position for clinical stage I thoracic esophageal carcinoma

Background  

Thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position (TSEP) without thoracotomy is more invasive than right transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE). However, TTE and TSEP have not been compared in terms of technical and oncological feasibility for thoracic esophageal carcinomas of the same stage.     

Limited operation for patients with T1 esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been introduced as a minimally invasive operation to prevent postoperative complications in patients with relatively early-stage esophageal cancer who have preoperative pulmonary or cardiovascular complications or who are in a high age bracket. However, this procedure for patients with esophageal cancer remains controversial, especially as regards curative surgery because complete intrathoracic lymphadenectomy cannot be performed in this operation. Thus, cancer recurrence after this operation has been considered to be high. To evaluate the benefits of this less invasive surgery for patients with T1 esophageal cancer, the prognoses of patients who underwent transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy were compared with those of patients who underwent traditional esophagectomy with thoracotomy. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1998, 33 patients with T1 esophageal cancer were operated on in our hospital. We introduced transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy in 19 patients who were over 70 years old or who had preoperative complications (transhiatal group). The remaining 14 patients were treated with the transthoracic procedure (transthoracic group). These 33 patients were followed up at our hospital until the end of 1999. The postoperative complications and prognoses in the two groups were compared. RESULTS: We were able to reduce the operation time using the transhiatal procedure. Even though no significant difference was detected, there were fewer postoperative pulmonary complications with this procedure (11%) than with the transthoracic procedure (21%). The incidences of in-hospital mortality did not differ between the two groups. Cancer recurrence was detected in 5 of 19 patients (26%) in the transhiatal group and in 5 of 14 patients (36%) in the transthoracic group; no difference was observed (P=0.562). The 5-year survival rate (58%) of the transhiatal group was no different from that of the transthoracic group (62%, P=0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Complete intrathoracic lymphadenectomy cannot be performed along with transhiatal esophagectomy; however, the prognoses of patients who were treated with this procedure were no different from those of patients who were treated with transthoracic esophagectomy. Thus, transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy might be a justifiable operation for compromised patients with T1 esophageal cancer.     

Neonatal pneumopericardium: a surgical emergency

Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been utilized in 200 patients: 57 with benign disease and 143 with carcinomas at various levels of the esophagus (35 pharyngeal or cervicothoracic, 7 upper third, 47 middle third, and 54 distal third). Stomach has been used to replace the esophagus in 93% of patients undergoing single-stage esophagectomy and reconstruction, and colon has been used in 7%. Among patients with intrathoracic esophageal carcinomas, intraoperative blood loss averaged 1,000 ml, and the hospital mortality was 6%. No patient in the entire series has required a thoracotomy for control of bleeding, either during the esophagectomy or postoperatively. This report reviews the technical maneuvers that my collegues and I have found useful in performing transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy.     

Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy: results of a European questionnaire (GEEMO)

The results of a questionnaire answered by the European Members of the GEEMO concerning esophagectomy without thoracotomy are reported and discussed. 172 cases of esophagectomy without thoracotomy following benign lesions and 666 cases following various levels of esophageal neoplasia were grouped in the 26 Centers that have answered the questionnaire amounting to a total of 838 cases. The most frequent indications for benign lesions were as follows: decompensated or relapsed megaesophagus (83 cases), acute or stabilized lesions caused by caustic agents (59 cases), stenoses from gastroesophageal reflux (17 cases), scleroderma (7 cases) and spontaneous or iatrogenic perforation (6 cases). Concerning the esophageal site where the technique was employed with esophageal carcinoma, the most frequent was the cervical (201 cases), then the lower (150 cases), the middle (91 cases) and upper thirds of the esophagus (48 cases). Adenocarcinoma of the cardia seems to be an additional indication for many Surgeons to use esophagectomy without thoracotomy (142 cases). In general, the most frequent intra-surgical complications (from benign and malignant lesions) were as follows: pleural lesions (34.4%), lesions of the left recurrent nerve (7.8%), severe endo-mediastinic hemorrhages (8.5%), tracheo-bronchial (1.5%) and thoracic duct (0.5%) lesions. The intra-operative mortality was 0.36%. The post-operative complications were as follows: pleural effusion (17.8%), anastomotic fistulas (15.2%), hemothorax (5%) and post-operative mortality (10.3%). Cancer of the cervical esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the cardia were considered sensitive to this radical treatment whereas in intra-thoracic cancer it can have only a palliative effect.     

Transhiatal esophagectomy

Between 1991-2001, 40 patients underwent esophagectomy without thoracotomy for: caustic esophageal stenosis (26 cases), cervical esophageal cancer (1), lower esophageal cancer (7), and acute post-caustic oesophagitis (2). Thirty-four patients underwent transhiatal esophagectomy, 3 patients had an esophagectomy by "stripping" and in 3 other patients a combination of stripping and transhiatal esophagectomy. Postoperative complications included: injuries of the laryngeal recurrent nerve (2), pulmonary complications (13), anastomotic leakage (5). Two patients died in the postoperative period one from a myocardial infarction and the other from an acute myocardial dilatation. Trans-hiatal esophagectomy can be considered as a viable alternative to transthoracic esophagectomy in the management of the benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus. Transhiatal esophagectomy is a safe method of resection because of its reported lower morbidity and mortality and similar survival rates compared to transthoracic esophagectomy.     

Esophageal resection for achalasia: indications and results

Although esophagomyotomy is highly effective as the initial surgical treatment of most patients with achalasia, those with either recurrent symptoms after a previous esophagomyotomy or a megaesophagus do not respond as well to esophagomyotomy. Total thoracic esophagectomy was performed in 26 patients (average age, 49 years) with achalasia. Eighteen had a history of a previous esophagomyotomy, and 18 had a megaesophagus (esophageal diameter of 8 cm or larger). In 24 patients, a transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy was the operative approach; 2 patients required a transthoracic esophagectomy because of intrathoracic adhesions from prior operations. The stomach was used as the esophageal substitute in all patients; it was positioned in the posterior mediastinum, and a cervical anastomosis was performed. Intraoperative blood loss averaged 765 mL. Major postoperative complications included mediastinal bleeding requiring thoracotomy (2), chylothorax (2), and anastomotic leak (1). There were no postoperative deaths. The average postoperative hospital stay was ten days. Follow-up is complete and ranges from 3 to 91 months (average duration, 30 months). All but 1 patient with severe psychiatric disease eat a regular, unrestricted diet without postprandial regurgitation. Early postoperative anastomotic dilation was required in 10 patients. Dumping syndrome has occurred in 5 patients. It is concluded that esophagectomy provides the most reliable treatment of esophageal obstruction, pulmonary complications, and potential late development of carcinoma in the patient with a megaesophagus of achalasia or a failed prior esophagomyotomy and that it is a far better option in these patients than esophagomyotomy, cardioplasty procedures, or limited esophageal resection.     

Esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum: report of 9 cases

Carcinoma cuniculatum, a unique variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, has been only rarely reported in the esophagus. We report 9 cases of esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum diagnosed on esophagectomy specimens in 7 men and 2 women during a 20-year period. All but 1 of the patients presented with persistent or progressive dysphagia. All patients had an esophageal mass or lesion on endoscopic examination. In 8 cases (88.8%), the tumor was located in the distal esophagus. Burrowing was noted on the tumor surface in 2 recent cases on macroscopic examination. All carcinomas were invasive either at the mucosa (n=2), submucosa (n=1), muscularis propria (n=4), adventitia (n=3), or adventitia and lung (n=1). All carcinomas demonstrated a common histologic pattern characterized by hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, dyskeratosis, abnormal keratinization, keratin-filled cyst/furrows, koilocyte-like cells, intraepithelial neutrophils, and focal cytologic atypia. In situ hybridization for human papillomavirus subtypes was negative in all 10 tumors tested. None of the cases showed lymph node metastasis. Two patients died postoperatively due to complications. The remaining patients were followed up for a median duration of 84 months (48 to 214 mo). During the follow-up period, 3 patients died 49, 66, and 214 months after esophagectomy at the ages of 66, 68, and 91 years, respectively; death in these 3 cases was not related to recurrence/metastases of esophageal cancer. Four patients were alive without disease at 48, 49, 84, and 87 months after curative resection. Our report identifies a common histomorphologic pattern of esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum and supports the fact that surgical resection of the tumor by esophagectomy provides long-term survival even in patients with T3 tumor.