ATP生物荧光法监测两种腹腔镜器械清洗方法的效果评价

目的:评价两种腹腔镜器械清洗方法的效果。方法:将80套腹腔镜手术器械随机分为A、B两组各40套,A组采用完整流程进行清洗,B组采用省略酶溶液内手工刷洗步骤的流程进行清洗,取出其中的不可拆卸与可拆卸器械各80件,应用三磷腺苷(ATP)生物荧光监测法对其进行检测,观察清洗效果。结果:不可拆卸器械A组清洗合格率为96.3%,明显高于B组87.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组可拆卸器械清洗合格率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:完整流程清洗对腹腔镜器械清洗效果更好,其中酶溶液内手工刷洗对提高清洗合格率有重要的作用。     

两种方法清洗消毒简易呼吸器的效果观察

目的探讨两种消毒方法用于简易呼吸器的消毒效果,以便选择最佳的消毒方法。方法选择160个污染程度一致的简易呼吸器,随机分为两组,每组各80个,分别采用手工清洗消毒法和机械清洗消毒法对简易呼吸器进行清洗消毒。比较清洗消毒后气囊球体外表面、内腔面、接口内消毒的合格率。结果机械清洗消毒简易呼吸器各个部位合格率均为100．00％,手工清洗消毒合格率外表面100．00％、内腔面91．25％、接口内93．75％,两种方法清洗消毒后简易呼吸器外表面、接口内合格率比较,均P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义;内腔面合格率比较,P〈0．05,差异具有统计学意义。结论简易呼吸器机械清洗消毒法优于手工清洗消毒法。     

两种简易呼吸器清洗方法的效果比较

目的探讨简易呼吸器的最佳清洗方法。方法简易呼吸器60件,按时间分为A组和B组各30件。A组用手工清洗,B组用手工清洗清洗加清洗消毒器机械清洗,比较两组清洗效果、清洗时间和人力花费时间。结果清洗合格率A组83.3%、B组96.7%,x2=2.963,P=0.195;清洗时间A组(81.33±1.42)min、B组(70.23±0.77)min,t=37.547,P<0.001;人力花费时间A组(26.33±1.42)min、B组(10.23±0.77)min,t=54.46,P<0.001。结论简易呼吸器可用手工清洗加清洗消毒器机械清洗,能省时省力,减少清洗人员职业暴露。     

手工清洗器械润滑法的改良

目的 观察改良后手工清洗器械煮沸润滑法的效果.方法 将改良后清洗器械煮沸润滑法与常规清洗器械常温润滑法进行清洗质量合格率和润滑剂细菌检出率的比较,并比较改良法1、3、6月器械润滑有效率.结果 实验组手工清洗烘干后的320件金属器械经煮沸润滑处理的清洗质量合格率为95.03%,对照组手工清洗常温下润滑处理的清洗质量合格率为94%,实验组润滑剂内未检出存活细菌,对照组润滑剂内细菌检出率为86%,于1月、3月、6月后实验组320件手工清洗煮沸润滑器械润滑有效率在96%以上.结论 手工清洗器械煮沸润滑方法效果优于常温润滑法.     

两种清洗方法对手术器械清洗质量的比较

目的比较两种不同清洗方法对手术器械的清洗质量。方法采用生物荧光技术,对预处理后全自动清洗机清洗和直接全自动清洗机清洗两种方法清洗的医疗器械进行比较监测。结果实验组和对照组各检测60件器械,采用预处理后全自动清洗机清洗的器械合格率为98%,直接用全自动清洗机清洗的器械合格率为61%。结论使用后的手术器械必须经过预清洗再上全自动清洗机清洗,否则不能保证清洗质量。     

超声加多酶溶液对腹腔镜器械的清洗效果

目的 观察超声加多酶溶液对腹腔镜器械的清洗效果.方法 将2周内日常需要清洗和保养的腹腔镜器械随机分为两组,对照组61件腹腔镜器械于术后不进行初步手工清洗擦拭和拆分,污染物变干后,再放进多酶溶液超声清洗;实验组于术后61件腹腔镜器械立即进行初步手工清洗擦拭和拆分后再采取对照组的清洗方法.以目测及采取联苯胺法(杰力试纸)检测判定两组的存留血污及细胞组织的程度.结果 对照组检测合格率为86.89%,实验组检测合格率为98.36%(P<0.05).结论 实验组的清洗效果明显好于对照组,充分说明了术后手工预洗的重要性.术后手工拆分预洗是腹腔镜清洗中不可缺少的重要环节.     

消毒供应中心对简易呼吸器进行集中管理的效果分析

简易呼吸器在集中管理前由各临床科室自行进行清洗消毒,存在消毒不彻底的隐患。笔者所在科室通过SWOT分析法对简易呼吸器管理进行了全面分析,针对内部优势、现存劣势、机遇和挑战四个方面的问题进行持续质量改进,开展全院简易呼吸器使用情况的调研评估,进行简易呼吸器针对性的专科培训及完善简易呼吸器的处置流程制度,对简易呼吸器进行集中规范处置,周转频繁的简易呼吸器选择全自动清洗消毒机进行高水平消毒,长期处于备用状态的简易呼吸器选择过氧化氢低温等离子灭菌。简易呼吸器清洗消毒合格率由管理前的71.43%上升至集中管理后100%,有效期也明显延长。通过实施集中管理,提高了简易呼吸器的清洗消毒效果,延长了简易呼吸器存储效期,从而达到控制感染,提升医疗安全的目的。     

简易呼吸囊清洗消毒方法探讨

目的比较简易呼吸囊在消毒供应中心集中清洗消毒和临床科室自行清洗消毒的效果。方法以消毒供应中心集中清洗消毒的简易呼吸囊为实验组,临床科室自行清洗消毒的简易呼吸囊为对照组,比较两组目测、棉签检测法、细菌定量检测合格率。结果实验组、对照组清洗质量目测合格率分别为96.7%和70.0%,棉签检测合格率分别为93.3%和56.7%,细菌定量合格率分别为100.0%和63.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论简易呼吸囊在消毒供应中心集中处理,能保证清洗消毒质量,减少医院感染隐患。     

简易呼吸器使用环氧乙烷和压力蒸汽灭菌的效果观察

目的比较简易呼吸器使用环氧乙烷灭菌和压力蒸汽灭菌的效果。方法 60件简易呼吸器,30件使用环氧乙烷灭菌,包装时在呼吸器球形气囊内放入枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞株生物指示剂;30件使用压力蒸汽灭菌,包装时在呼吸器球形气囊内放入嗜热脂肪杆菌芽胞株生物指示剂。灭菌后,观察快速生物阅读器培养和采样细菌培养合格率、湿球比率及呼吸器损伤率。结果两种灭菌法的生物监测和细菌培养合格率均为100%,但用压力蒸汽灭菌时呼吸器损伤和湿球现象明显高于环氧乙烷灭菌法,呼吸器损伤率比较,x2=21.82,P<0.01;湿球率比较,x2=49.09,P<0.01。结论简易呼吸器使用环氧乙烷灭菌优于压力蒸汽灭菌。     

简易呼吸器储气袋两种干燥方式效果评价

探讨两种干燥方法用于简易呼吸器储气袋的干燥效果,以便选择最佳的干燥方法。将简易呼吸器储气袋按回收日期分为单、双号,单号设定为对照组,双号为试验组,每组各随机抽取50个样品。对照组简易呼吸器储气袋采用直接烘干机干燥方法,试验组简易呼吸器储气袋先用95%酒精干燥,然后再次进行烘干机干燥。比较两组简易呼吸器储气袋在全自动烘干机温度相同的情况下(设定统一温度为55℃),分别所需的干燥时间。95%酒精干燥后再次使用烘干机干燥法干燥,所需时间(35min)明显短于直接烘干法(75min)。两种干燥方法检测合格率比较,试验组简易呼吸器储气袋内面合格率为100.0%,对照组内面合格率为92.0%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。95%酒精干燥后再次烘干机干燥方法优于直接烘干机干燥方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.