改良PICC送管体位预防导管异位的效果观察

目的:探讨PICC送管时的最佳体位,降低导管异位发生率。方法:选择2012年10月~2013年3月在我科化疗的81例PICC置管患者,采取指压式颈内静脉阻断法结合上肢上举的体位送管法,观察患者一次送管成功率及导管异位发生情况。结果:本组患者无导管异位发生,一次送管成功率100%。结论:改良PICC送管体位能有效预防导管异位发生,提高一次送管成功率。     

改良PICC置管体位预防导管异位的临床研究

[目的]探讨PICC置管病人改良置管体位对导管异位的影响。[方法]选择PICC置管病人196例,签署PICC置管知情同意书,随机分为观察组和对照组各98例,根据PICC置管行经静脉的解剖位置,观察组PICC置管时采用改良体位,改变传统置管上肢摆放的体位,使穿刺侧上肢与躯干成钝角(90°～180°),对照组PICC置管时使用常规体位(常规手臂外展90°),比较两组病人的导管末端位置、穿刺成功率、导管异位率、机械性静脉炎、导管相关性血流感染(CRBSI)和非计划性拔管率。[结果]两组导管末端位置、导管异位和机械性静脉炎发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]改良PICC置管体位可以有效预防导管异位,解决因导管异位带来的并发症,确保导管安全留置,为预防导管异位提供临床实践与理论依据。     

预防传统PICC置管异位颈静脉的研究进展

综述了在传统PICC置管中,导管异位颈静脉的常见原因,包括血管因素、患者因素及其他因素;防止导管异位颈静脉的改良体位,上肢上举体位和低半坐卧位+指压颈内静脉阻断法;置管改进方法,包括耸肩穿刺法、脉冲冲管法、呼吸配合法、锁骨上静脉按压器及回撤部分导丝送管法等。这些方法已被证实对预防颈静脉异位有效,降低了 PICC导管尖端异位的风险,提高了置管成功率。     

预防PICC置管时异位入颈内静脉的改进方法

目的:探讨经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管时预防导管异位入颈内静脉的有效方法。方法:将2012年10月~2014年3月我院160例行PICC置管患者随机等分为对照组和试验组,对照组采用常规的患者上肢外展与躯干呈90°体位,当导管头端到达肩部时采用偏头法;试验组送管前对导管进行塑形、当导管头端送至肩峰时再采用举臂贴头体位。置管后比较导管异位入颈内静脉的发生率。结果:试验组导管异位入颈内静脉的发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在PICC置管时采用对导管塑形和举臂贴头法能明显降低导管异位入颈内静脉的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

不同送管方法对极低出生体重儿经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管颈内导管异位发生的影响

目的探讨不同送管方法对极低出生体重儿经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally insertedcentral catheter,PICC)颈内导管异位发生的影响。方法将2013年10月~2014年9月经贵要静脉行PICC置管的80例极低出生体重儿设为对照组;将2014年10月~2015年9月经贵要静脉行PICC置管的80例极低出生体重儿设为观察组,两组在PICC置管过程中,均采用传统的转颈法预防颈内导管异位发生,观察组当导管头端到达肩部时将穿刺侧上肢向头部上举与操作平台形成30°,送入导管至所需长度。观察两组颈内导管异位发生情况。结果观察组PICC颈内导管异位发生率低于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论行PICC置管中,在传统的转颈法基础上,当导管头端到达肩部时将极低出生体重儿上肢向头部上举与操作平台形成30°,可降低颈内导管异位发生率,从而提高PICC置管成功率。     

经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管导管异位分析与改进对策

目的:探讨经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)导管异位的原因、发生方式、特征及改进措施.方法:汇总近期441例行PICC患者数据,对发生导管异位的数据予以统计计算和相关分析.结果:本组441例患者中,33例发生PICC导管异位,总发生率7.5%.其中左、右上肢静脉异位发生率分别为7.8%和7.1%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而左、右贵要静脉和正中静脉发生率均低于同侧头静脉(P＜0.01);发生异位的部位分别是腋静脉15例、颈内静脉9例、右心房5例及其他静脉分支4例.改进方法包括利用手法复位、退管改变体位、边输液边送管等.结论:PICC导管异位发生率的高低与所选择的穿刺静脉、外测量方法、血管解剖变异、患者体位、操作者对血管解剖掌握熟练程度及送管技巧有关.为减少PICC导管异位的发生,置管建议首选贵要静脉,宜选用适合国人测量方法即从穿刺点至右胸锁关节再向下反折至第2肋,送管时患者的体位有待改进;大多数PICC导管异位可以调整到位.     

PICC异位颈内静脉的复位方法改进

探索PICC导管异位颈内静脉后复位至中心静脉的改进方法,提高复位成功率。对18例PICC置管时导管头端异位入颈内静脉的患者,通过X线荧光屏,根据数字化胃肠造影机的测量工具或定位片上的比例尺,测得患者导管异位颈内静脉的长度,先行退管,使导管头端至锁骨下静脉入口处,采用带支撑导丝,通过调整肢体角度,使穿刺侧肢体上举与颈部角度30°时复位。18例均一次成功复位至上腔静脉,复位成功率100%。     

体位改良对减少PICC置管导管异位的探讨

目的通过观察两种不同体位的置管方法,比较置管异位发生情况。方法将80例PICC患者随机分为两组,每组40例。(1)改良组:患者平卧,穿刺侧上肢外展平举,与躯干成90°,送管15cm时,穿刺侧肢体伸直上举,与颈部角度<30°;(2)对照组:穿刺侧肢体外展平举,与躯干成90°,送管15cm时,嘱患者头转向穿刺侧,下颌紧贴肩部。结果导管异位发生情况:改良组40例患者中2例发生导管异位,占5%。异位发生部位:腋静脉返回1例,占50%;胸外侧静脉1例,占50%。对照组40例患者中8例发生导管异位,占20%。异位发生部位:颈内静脉5例,占62.5%;腋静脉1例,占12.5%;肩胛下静脉1例,占12.5%;对侧锁骨下静脉1例,占12.5%。观察组发生导管异位较对照组少,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。改良组的舒适度优于对照组,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论采用体位改良可减少PICC置管导管异位。     

新生儿PICC尖端异位与自发矫正情况分析

目的探讨新生儿PICC尖端异位发生及自发矫正情况。方法回顾2015年6月—2018年5月新生儿经上、下肢静脉置管PICC尖端异位发生率,并进行比较分析。统计异位至不同静脉的PICC尖端异位自发矫正率,并分析原因。结果共425例新生儿行PICC置管,72例发生导管尖端异位,其中22例置管48 h内PICC尖端自发矫正至最佳的上、下腔静脉位置;经上肢静脉置管的PICC尖端异位率明显高于经下肢静脉置管(P<0.01),但经上肢静脉置管的PICC尖端异位自发矫正率也明显高于经下肢静脉置管(P<0.01),尤其是异位至颈内静脉的PICC尖端异位自发矫正率高达71.4%。结论部分异位PICC尖端可以自发矫正,首次X线片定位结果显示尖端异位的PICC导管,不建议轻易退管或拔管,可以先当作外周静脉导管使用,置管后24 h内进行影像学导管尖端定位跟踪,确定其是否自行复位,如未能复位再重新置管或拔出部分导管后作为外周静脉导管使用。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管异位相关因素的Meta分析

目的 明确PICC导管异位的相关因素.方法 收集2001年至2014年国内公开发表的关于PICC导管异位相关因素的文献资料.应用RevMan5.0软件进行异质性分析,采用固定或随机效应模型计算合并后的综合效应量.结果 肘正中静脉或头静脉置入PICC患者导管异位发生率明显高于贵要静脉置管患者,头静脉置入PICC患者导管异位发生率显著高于肘正中静脉置管患者;患者卧位置入PICC的导管异位发生率显著高于坐位;＞60岁患者置入PICC的导管异位发生率明显高于≤60岁置管患者;男性与女性患者置入PICC导管异位发生率比较差异无统计学意义.结论 置管静脉、患者置管体位、年龄是引起PICC导管异位的相关因素,性别与PICC导管异位发生无关.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.