深圳市罗湖区2004～2009年副溶血性弧菌致食物中毒分析及对策

[目的]了解深圳市罗湖区副溶血性弧菌致食物中毒事件的特征,为预防副溶血性弧菌引起食物中毒和有效控制处理类似事件提供依据。[方法]收集整理2004～2009年深圳市罗湖区食物中毒资料,对其中致病菌为副溶血性弧菌事件进行统计分析。[结果]占总起数35.42%,发生时间集中在5～10月,中毒场所主要为餐厅,主要中毒食品为凉拌菜,潜伏期最短为2.5h,最长为23.5h。[结论]副溶血性弧菌是深圳市罗湖区集体性食物中毒的首要致病因素,应加强市售食品制售过程中副溶血性弧菌各可能污染环节的监控,控制好关键时期以及关键人群,做好副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的预防工作。     

江苏地区致病性副溶血性弧菌及大流行克隆的研究

目的:通过对江苏地区副溶血性弧菌分析,了解副溶血性弧菌致病株及大流行克隆存在状况,为制定相应控制措施减少食物中毒事件发生提供依据。方法:分离及收集水产品、食品及食物中毒病人、食源性疾病哨点医院患者的463菌株进行toxRS/new及毒力基因tdh、trh基因分析。结果:食物链中存在大流行株及致病株;腹泻病人分离株主要是大流行株,其次是致病株。结论:食品中的大流行株及致病株的出现是副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件发生的主要原因。控制食物链中致病性副溶血性弧菌尤其是大流行克隆株,是减少食物中毒事件的关键措施。     

集体食堂副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的样品采集探讨

目的分析副溶血性弧菌食物中毒发生的污染食品和可疑的污染来源,探讨副溶血性弧菌食物中毒处置的样品采集,提高检出率,增强事故处理效度和信度。方法结合实验室数据,总结17起副溶血性弧菌所致集体食堂食物中毒资料进行统计学分析。结果引发17起副溶血性弧菌所致集体食堂食物中毒主要原因是食品储存和保洁不当而受到副溶血性弧菌污染所致。其中,受污染的食物以熟肉为主,占总起数的35.29%。而副溶血性弧菌采样阳性检出率最高的为病人肛拭子,达54.50%:其次是剩余食物中的副溶血性弧菌,检出率为13.28%。结论微生物性食物中毒取证困难,但我们应及时有效地控制关键环节,同时根据副溶血性弧菌的生物学特性,结合流行病学原理,高效地掌握科学证据,快速、准确地处置事故,为群众保障安全的餐饮环境。     

某市近10年副溶血性弧菌食物中毒事件流行病学特征分析

目的 探讨某市副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的发生规律和特点,为有效预防和控制食物中毒提供科学依据. 方法 收集某市近10年卫生部门所掌握的食物中毒调查处理资料,对由副溶血性弧菌所致的食物中毒事件进行统计分析. 结果 副溶血性弧菌所致食物中毒事件起数和涉及患者人数分别占同期食物中毒事件起数和患者人数的51.95％和50.98％.5-10月是副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的多发期,6-9月为高峰.副溶血性孤菌中毒发生主要原因为交叉污染占45.13％,其次为加工不当占28.32％;中毒食品列前3位的分别为肉及其制品、混合样(快餐盒饭类)、水产品;宾馆饭店是首要责任单位,占发生数的53.98％,其次是集体食堂占发生数的16.81％,卤菜店和外送快餐单位则各自占到12.39％. 结论 副溶血性弧菌是集体性食物中毒事件的首要致病菌,应在5-10月加强对该菌的主动监测和预警.对重点单位宾馆、饭店、单位食堂、卤菜店和外送快餐单位要加强监管.同时还要加强对餐饮单位工作人员的知识培训.     

副溶血性弧菌的致病性、流行性及分子生物学检测技术研究进展

食用被副溶血性弧菌污染海产品后可能会引起急性肠胃炎。来自我国食源性疾病监测网统计数据显示,副溶血性弧菌已逐渐成为食源性食物中毒的首要致病菌,海产品中副溶血性弧菌检测也成为各地区食品风险监测的重要一环。该文从副溶血性弧菌的致病性、流行性及分子生物学检测技术方面,讨论对副溶血性弧菌进行更进一步的流行病学研究,并为有关部门制定相应策略提供理论数据。     

副溶血性弧菌及其引起的食物中毒检验研究进展

在沿海地区 ,副溶血性弧菌是引起食物中毒的重要病原菌。近年来 ,由副溶血性弧菌与其它细菌混合感染引起食物中毒屡见报道 ,主要是生食或加热不彻底的熟食。 1995年以前检出频率最高的副溶血性弧菌血清型为O4 :K8,1996年以后由产生耐热的直接溶血毒素 (TDH)的O3:K6取而代之。用于副溶血性弧菌的快速检验法有噬菌体裂解法、PCR法、PFGE法。采用免疫磁株法可有效地收集、浓缩神奈川现象阳性的副溶血性弧菌 ,可显著提高环境样品及食品中病原性副溶血性弧菌的检出率     

一起由副溶血性弧菌及溶藻弧菌引起的食物中毒

副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌是分布极广的嗜盐性海洋微生物,海产品中常有这两种菌存在.本文报告一起由副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌污染花蟹引起细菌性食物中毒.     

深圳市福田区副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的影响因素

目的了解深圳市福田区副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的流行病学特点及其影响因素,为该类食物中毒的预防控制提供理论依据。方法调查了解2006年以来发生副溶血性弧菌食物中毒餐饮单位的情况,用logistic回归模型分析副溶血性食物中毒的影响因素。结果自2006年以来,福田区共发生副溶血性弧菌食物中毒26起,中毒112人。中毒全部发生在5—11月,发病高峰在季节为7—11月,占中毒起数的81.0%。凉拌菜引起的食物中毒7起,占总数的26.9%;食用未彻底加热的熟肉食品引起的5起,占18.5%。结论副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的发生主要与员工服务人数比、环境样品合格率、生物样品合格率、卫生知识水平等因素有关。应加强餐饮单位环境样品、生物样品的监测,加强对从业人员的卫生知识培训。     

由海蛰引起的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒

由海蛰引起的副溶血性弧菌食物中毒张家港市卫生防疫站毛珍美副溶血性弧菌属嗜盐性弧菌群，通常发现于海岸浅水和河流入海口的水中，广泛生存于海水、海底部沉积物及鱼贝类等海产品中。副溶血性弧菌食物中毒，主要是海产品或加工海产品后再污染其它食品而引起的。我市常有...     

一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的病原学分析

目的对一所中学由副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒事件进行病原学检验,快速准确地查明原因,为食物中毒处置方案提供技术支持。方法参照食品微生物学检验中副溶血性弧菌检验方法(GB4789.7-2013)进行病原菌的分离培养及鉴定。结果在2名学生及1名老师的粪便、2份早餐留样食品(拌海带和拌咸菜)中检出副溶血性弧菌。结论根据现场流行病学调查以及病原学检测结果证实这是一起由副溶血性弧菌引起的食物中毒事件。加强食品卫生监督与管理,控制食物污染源,全面开展食品安全知识的宣传,提高管理者及操作者卫生意识是预防副溶血性弧菌食物中毒的关键环节。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.