Effect of strain and strain rate on fatigue-accelerated biodegradation of polyurethane

A diaphragm-type film specimen was used to study in vitro degradation of poly(etherurethane urea) (PEUU) under conditions of dynamic loading. This geometry allowed both uniaxial and biaxial loading in a single experiment. During testing, the film was exposed to a H(2)O(2)/CoCl(2) solution that simulated in vivo oxidation of PEUU. The combination of dynamic loading and biaxial tensile strain accelerated oxidative degradation. The effects of biaxial strain magnitude and strain rate were examined separately by increasing the frequency of fatigue loading from 0 to 1 Hz with constant maximum biaxial strain and by changing the maximum biaxial strain while maintaining constant strain rate. In the ranges of biaxial strain energy (0.17 to 0.55 MPa) and strain rate (0 to 46% s(-1)) tested, the rate of degradation increased with increasing strain rate whereas strain magnitude had essentially no effect on degradation rate. Although loading conditions affected the rate of oxidative degradation, ATR-FTIR analysis suggested that in all cases the mechanism of degradation did not change. Chemical degradation produced a brittle crosslinked surface layer marked by dimpling and pitting, as observed with scanning electron microscopy. Pits served as stress concentrators and initiated environmental stress cracks under dynamic loading but not under static (creep) loading. Small pits were sufficient to initiate cracks at higher strain rates whereas only large pits initiated cracks at lower strain rates. Consequently, a higher strain rate produced more profuse cracking.     

Effect of soft-segment chemistry on polyurethane biostability during in vitro fatigue loading

The effect of soft-segment chemistry on biostability of polyurethane elastomers was studied with a diaphragm-type film specimen under conditions of static and dynamic loading. During testing, the films were exposed to an H(2)O(2)/CoCl(2) solution, which simulated the oxidative component of the in vivo environment. Films treated for up to 24 days were evaluated by IR spectroscopy and by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Biostability of a poly(ether urethane) (PEU), which is known to undergo oxidative degradation, was compared with biostability of a poly(carbonate urethane) (PCU), which is thought to be more resistant to oxidation than PEU. Materials similar to PEU and PCU, in which the polyether or polycarbonate soft segment was partially replaced with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), were also tested with the expectation that PDMS would improve soft-segment biostability. Oxidative degradation of the polyether soft segment of PEU was manifest chemically as chain scission and cross-linking and physically as surface pitting. Biaxial fatigue accelerated chemical degradation of PEU and eventually caused brittle stress cracking. In comparison, the polycarbonate soft segment was more stable to oxidation; there was minimal chemical or physical degradation of PCU, even in biaxial fatigue. Partial substitution of the polyether soft segment with PDMS enhanced oxidative stability of PEU. Although both strategies for modifying soft-segment chemistry improved the resistance to oxidative degradation, the outstanding mechanical properties of PEU were compromised to some extent.     

Fatigue characterization of a hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composite. II. Biaxial fatigue

Previously, the uniaxial fatigue behavior of 40 volume % hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composite (HAPEXtrade mark) at 37 degrees C in saline was studied. Fatigue limits between 37 and 25% of the ultimate strengths of the material were established. This study investigates the biaxial fatigue behavior of the same material using various combinations of axial and torsional stresses. The addition of torsional to axial loading significantly reduced the fatigue life. When torsion at 25% of the ultimate strength was applied in addition to axial loading at 25% of the ultimate tensile strength, the fatigue life remained more than 1 million cycles. Out-of-phase loading was less detrimental to the fatigue life of the composite than in-phase. Fatigue damage was monitored by hysteresis loops, the increase in dissipated energy, the reduction in tangent modulus, and the increase in strain values.     

拉伸基底加载成骨类细胞内应变张量分析

根据黏附在基底材料膜上成骨类细胞的形态学特征，从细胞固体模型和细胞液滴模型讨论了细胞应变张量的均匀性，导出了反映单、双轴拉伸加载下细胞的应变特征张量。引入标量场参数λ描述细胞应变的非均匀性，给出了非均匀范围与细胞黏附形态几何参数的定量关系。结果有一定的理论和实验意义。     

Fatigue is More Damaging than Creep in Ligament Revealed by Modulus Reduction and Residual Strength

Following injury of a complementary joint restraint, ligaments can be subjected to higher than normal stresses. Normal ligaments are exposed to static (creep) and cyclic (fatigue) loading from which damage can accumulate at these higher than normal stresses. This study tracked damage accumulation during creep and fatigue loading of normal rabbit medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) over a range of stresses, using modulus reduction as a marker of damage. Creep tests were interrupted occasionally with unloading/reloading cycles to measure modulus. Test stresses were normalized to ultimate tensile strength (UTS): 60%, 30%, and 15% UTS. Not all creep and fatigues tests progressed until rupture but were stopped and followed by an assessment of the residual strength of that partially damaged ligament using a monotonic failure test. Fatigue loading caused earlier modulus reduction than creep. Modulus reduction occurred at lower increases in strain (strain relative to initial strain) for fatigue than creep. In other words, at the same time or increase in strain, fatigue is more damaging than creep because the modulus ratio reduction is greater. These findings suggest that creep and fatigue have different strain and damage mechanisms. Ligaments exposed to creep or fatigue loading which produced a modulus reduction had decreased residual strength and increased toe-region strain in a subsequent monotonic failure test. This finding confirmed that modulus reduction during creep and fatigue is a suitable marker of partial damage in ligament. Cyclic loading caused damage earlier than static loading, likely an important consideration when ligaments are loaded to higher than normal magnitudes following injury of a complementary joint restraint.     

An equivalent strain/Coffin-Manson approach to multiaxial fatigue and life prediction in superelastic Nitinol medical devices

Medical devices, particularly endovascular stents, manufactured from superelastic Nitinol, a near-equiatomic alloy of Ni and Ti, are subjected to complex mixed-mode loading conditions in vivo, including axial tension and compression, radial compression, pulsatile, bending and torsion. Fatigue lifetime prediction methodologies for Nitinol, however, are invariably based on uniaxial loading and thus fall short of accurately predicting the safe lifetime of stents under the complex multiaxial loading conditions experienced physiologically. While there is a considerable body of research documented on the cyclic fatigue of Nitinol in uniaxial tension or bending, there remains an almost total lack of comprehensive fatigue lifetime data for other loading conditions, such as torsion and tension/torsion. In this work, thin-walled Nitinol tubes were cycled in torsion at various mean and alternating strains to investigate the fatigue life behavior of Nitinol and results compared to equivalent fatigue data collected under uniaxial tensile/bending loads. Using these strain-life results for various loading modes and an equivalent referential (Lagrangian) strain approach, a strategy for normalizing these data is presented. Based on this strategy, a fatigue lifetime prediction model for the multiaxial loading of Nitinol is presented utilizing a modified Coffin-Manson approach where the number of cycles to failure is related to the equivalent alternating transformation strain.     

Response of heterograft heart valve biomaterials to moderate cyclic loading

We have recently demonstrated that noncalcific tissue damage can lead to significant collagen degradation in clinically explanted bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). In the present study we quantified the early response of glutaraldehyde treated bovine pericardium (GLBP) to cyclic tensile loading to begin to elucidate the mechanisms of noncalcific tissue degeneration in BHV biomaterials. GLBP specimens were cycled at 30 Hz to a maximum uniaxial strain of 16% (corresponding to approximately 1-MPa peak stress), with the loading direction parallel to the preferred collagen fiber (PD) direction. After 30 x 10(6) cycles, specimens were subjected to biaxial mechanical testing, then cycled until 65 x 10(6) cycles. The results indicated a permanent change in the unloaded tissue dimensions of +7.1% strain in the PD direction and -7.7% strain in the cross fiber direction (XD) after 65 x 10(6) cycles and an increase of the collagen crimp period from 40.6 to 45.2 microm by 65 x 10(6) cycles (p = 0.05). Fourier transform IR spectroscopy analysis indicated that cyclic fatigue of GLBP leads to both collagen conformational changes and early denaturation. Furthermore, no significant changes in areal strain were found under 1-MPa equibiaxial stress, indicating that cyclic loading changed the collagen fiber orientation but not the overall tissue compliance. These observations suggest that while deterioration of collagen begins immediately, fiber straightening and reorientation dominates the changes in the mechanical behavior up to 65 x 10(6) cycles. The present study underscores the complexity of the response of biologically derived biomaterials to cyclic mechanical loading. Improved understanding of these phenomena can potentially guide the development of novel chemical treatment methods that seek to improve BHV durability by minimizing these degenerative processes.     

Ab initio elastic properties and tensile strength of crystalline hydroxyapatite

We report elastic constant calculation and a “theoretical” tensile experiment on stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystal using an ab initio technique. These results compare favorably with a variety of measured data. Theoretical tensile experiments are performed on the orthorhombic cell of HAP for both uniaxial and biaxial loading. The results show considerable anisotropy in the stress–strain behavior. It is shown that the failure behavior of the perfect HAP crystal is brittle for tension along the z-axis with a maximum stress of 9.6 GPa at 10% strain. Biaxial failure envelopes from six “theoretical” loading tests show a highly anisotropic pattern. Structural analysis of the crystal under various stages of tensile strain reveals that the deformation behavior manifests itself mainly in the rotation of the PO₄ tetrahedron with concomitant movements of both the columnar and axial Ca ions. These results are discussed in the context of mechanical properties of bioceramic composites relevant to mineralized tissues.     

含裂纹缺损关节软骨的单轴准静态拉伸性能

背景:关节软骨一旦出现裂纹缺损其力学性能会发生改变,而先前研究中针对受损关节软骨的探究多集中在压缩,对于拉伸性能的研究较少。目的:预先在软骨层试样上制造裂纹缺损,测试其单轴准静态拉伸性能。方法:选取新鲜成年猪膝关节的关节软骨,制备含裂纹缺损的软骨试样,在不同应力率下(0.001,0.01,和0.1 MPa/s)测试其拉伸性能,在不同恒定应力下(1,2,3 MPa)测试其蠕变性能。结果与结论:①不同应力速率下的拉伸实验中,随着应力速率的增加,达到相同应变所需的应力逐渐增大,且试件的杨氏模量随应力率的增加而增加;②不同应力速率下含裂纹缺损关节软骨的拉伸应力-应变曲线不重合,说明含裂纹缺损关节软骨的拉伸性能具有率相关性;③不同恒定拉应力水平下的蠕变实验中,蠕变应变随着拉应力水平的提高而增大,蠕变柔量随拉应力水平的提高而降低,并且随着蠕变时间的推移蠕变应变先快速增加后缓慢增加;④结果表明,不同应力率和不同恒定应力对含裂纹缺损关节软骨的拉伸力学性能影响较大,该实验结果可为缺损关节软骨的修复提供力学参考。     

Damage accumulation, fatigue and creep behaviour of vacuum mixed bone cement

The behaviour of bone cement under fatigue loading is of interest to assess the long-term in vivo performance. In this study, uniaxial tensile fatigue tests were performed on CMW-1 bone cement. Acoustic emission sensors and an extensometer were attached to monitor damage accumulation and creep deformation respectively. The S-N data exhibited the scatter synonymous with bone cement fatigue, with large pores generally responsible for premature failure; at 20 MPa specimens failed between 2 x 10(3) and 2 x 10(4) load cycles, while at 7 MPa specimens failed from 3 x 10(5) load cycles but others were still intact after 3 x 10(6) load cycles. Acoustic emission data revealed a non-linear accumulation of damage with respect to time, with increasing non-linearity at higher stress levels. The damage accumulation process was not continuous, but occurred in bursts separated by periods of inactivity. Damage in the specimen was located by acoustic emissions, and allowed the failure site to be predicted. Acoustic emission data were also used to predict when failure was not imminent. When this was the case at 3 million load cycles, the tests were terminated. Creep strain was plotted against the number of load cycles and a linear relationship was found when a double logarithmic scale was employed. This is the first time a brand of cement has been characterised in such detail, i.e. fatigue life, creep and damage accumulation. Results are presented in a manner that allows direct comparison with published data for other cements. The data can also be used to characterise CMW-1 in computational simulations of the damage accumulation process. Further evidence is provided for the condition-monitoring capabilities of the acoustic emission technique in orthopaedic applications.     

Hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospinning of a synthetic biodegradable elastomer and urinary bladder matrix

Synthetic materials can be electrospun into submicron or nanofibrous scaffolds to mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) scale and architecture with reproducible composition and adaptable mechanical properties. However, these materials lack the bioactivity present in natural ECM. ECM-derived scaffolds contain bioactive molecules that exert in vivo mimicking effects as applied for soft tissue engineering, yet do not possess the same flexibility in mechanical property control as some synthetics. The objective of the present study was to combine the controllable properties of a synthetic, biodegradable elastomer with the inherent bioactivity of an ECM derived scaffold. A hybrid electrospun scaffold composed of a biodegradable poly(ester-urethane)urea (PEUU) and a porcine ECM scaffold (urinary bladder matrix, UBM) was fabricated and characterized for its bioactive and physical properties both in vitro and in vivo. Increasing amounts of PEUU led to linear increases in both tensile strength and breaking strain while UBM incorporation led to increased in vitro smooth muscle cell adhesion and proliferation and in vitro mass loss. Subcutaneous implantation of the hybrid scaffolds resulted in increased scaffold degradation and a large cellular infiltrate when compared with electrospun PEUU alone. Electrospun UBM/PEUU combined the attractive bioactivity and mechanical features of its individual components to result in scaffolds with considerable potential for soft tissue engineering applications.     

Strain-induced Collagen Organization at the Micro-level in Fibrin-based Engineered Tissue Constructs

Full understanding of strain-induced collagen organization in complex tissue geometries to create tissues with predefined collagen architecture has not been achieved. This is mainly due to our limited knowledge of collagen remodeling in developing tissues. Here we investigate strain-induced collagen (re)organization in fibrin based engineered tissues using nondestructive time-lapse imaging. The tissues start from a biaxially constrained myofibroblast-populated fibrin gel and are used to study: (A) remodeling from a static equi-biaxial loading condition to static uniaxial loading; and (B) remodeling of a biaxially constrained tissue under uniaxial cyclic straining before and after a change in strain direction. Under static conditions, collagen oriented parallel to the direction of strain, whereas under cyclic conditions the orientation in the constrained tissue was perpendicular to the direction of strain. It is concluded that due to the biaxial constraints the uniaxially, cyclically strained cells can exert forces in two directions and strain shield themselves. A subsequent change in the direction of cyclic straining resulted in a rapid reorientation of collagen at the tissue surface. Reorientation was significantly slower in deeper tissue layers, where tissue remodeling was dominated by contact guidance provided by the endogenous matrix. These findings emphasize the relevance of achieving a functional collagen organization right from the start of tissue culture.     

Molecular orientation of collagen in intact planar connective tissues under biaxial stretch

Understanding of the mechanical behavior of collagenous tissues at different size scales is necessary to understand their physiological function as well as to guide their use as heterograft biomaterials. We conducted a first investigation of the kinematics of collagen at the molecular and fiber levels under biaxial stretch in an intact planar collagenous tissue. A synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique combined with a custom biaxial stretching apparatus was used. Collagen fiber behavior under biaxial stretch was then studied with the same specimens using small angle light scattering (SALS) under identical biaxial stretch states. Both native and glutaraldehyde modified bovine pericardium were investigated to explore the effects of chemical modification to collagen. Results indicated that collagen fiber and molecular orientation did not change under equibiaxial strain, but were observed to profoundly change under uniaxial stretch. Interestingly, collagen molecular strain initiated only after approximately 15% global tissue strain, potentially due to fiber-level reorganization occurring prior to collagen molecule loading. Glutaraldehyde treatment also did not affect collagen molecular strain behavior, indicating that chemical fixation does not alter intrinsic collagen molecular stiffness. No detectable changes in the angular distribution and D-period strain were found after 80 min of stress relaxation. It can be speculated that other mechanisms may be responsible for the reduction in stress with time under biaxial stretch. The results of this first study suggest that collagen fiber/molecular kinematics under biaxial stretch are more complex than under uniaxial deformation, and warrant future studies.     

单轴、双轴循环拉力对小鼠肌腱源性干细胞肌腱样分化的影响

目的 探讨单轴、双轴循环拉力对小鼠肌腱源性干细胞(TDSCs)分化的影响,为临床肌腱损伤后的康复治疗提供理论基础。方法 取6~8周龄C57BL/6小鼠10只,无菌条件下暴露双侧后腿至脚掌,显微镜下解剖收集小鼠髌腱和跟腱组织块,体外分离培养细胞,观察第3代细胞的形态特点。(1)取传代至第3代的细胞,采用流式细胞术检测间充质干细胞标志物(CD44、CD90、Sca-1)、内皮细胞标志物(CD34、Flk-1)、造血细胞标志物(CD45),鉴定细胞是否符合TDSCs特点。(2)取传代至第3代的TDSCs进行成骨细胞、软骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化培养,分别采用茜素红、油红和阿尔新蓝染料对培养的三系细胞进行染色,鉴定细胞是否具有多向分化潜能。(3)取传代至第3代的TDSCs接种到硅胶底培养皿上,分为双轴循环拉力组、单轴循环拉力组、对照组3组。双轴循环拉力组细胞使用Flexcell^􀆿 FX-4000TM柔性基底拉伸加载系统,单轴循环拉力组细胞使用自制拉伸力生物反应器,对照组细胞无拉力。双轴循环拉力组、单轴循环拉力组施加机械负荷组的参数均设置为0.25 Hz、6%的循环拉力,在培养期间进行机械负荷加载,每天加载8 h,共加载6 d。第6天机械负荷刺激结束后,收集3组细胞进行实时荧光定量PCR (qPCR),检测肌腱、成骨、脂肪和软骨相关转录因子的表达。结果 显微镜下观察第3代TDSCs形态一致,呈梭形纤维状。(1)流式细胞技术检测结果显示,间充质干细胞标志物CD44、CD90和Sca-1表达阳性、内皮细胞标志物CD34和Flk-1表达阴性、造血细胞标志物CD45表达阴性,符合TDSCs标记鉴定特点。(2)三系分化细胞检测结果显示,提取的细胞成功分化为成骨细胞、脂肪细胞和软骨细胞,验证了提取的细胞具有向成骨细胞、软骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化的潜能。(3)对照组、单轴循环拉力组、双轴循环拉力组3组间比较,肌腱、成骨、软骨、脂肪相关转录因子的相对表达量差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。组间两两比较:单轴循环拉力组与对照组比较,肌腱、成骨相关转录因子以及脂肪相关转录因子PPARγ的相对表达均增高,软骨相关转录因子的相对表达均降低,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),而脂肪相关转录因子CEB/P的相对表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);双轴循环拉力组与对照组比较,肌腱相关转录因子Scx、Mohawk的相对表达降低,成骨相关转录因子Runx2的相对表达增高、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的相对表达降低,软骨相关转录因子Sox9相对表达增高、Col2a1的相对表达降低,脂肪相关转录因子的相对表达均增高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);单轴循环拉力组与双轴循环拉力组比较,双轴循环拉力组肌腱相关转录因子Scx、Mohawk、Col1a1的相对表达均降低,成骨相关转录因子ALP的相对表达降低,软骨、脂肪相关转录因子的相对表达均增高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。结论 单轴循环拉力诱导TDSCs向肌腱细胞、成骨细胞分化,而双轴循环拉力诱导TDSCs向成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞分化。单轴循环拉力的作用下可以促进体外TDSCs向肌腱细胞分化,有利于肌腱组织的再生和损伤后的修复,为临床肌腱损伤后的康复治疗提供了理论依据。     

In vitro corrosion fatigue of 316L cold worked stainless steel.

The corrosion resistance of 316L cold worked stainless steel depends upon its thin protective oxide layer; and if this is partially broken down, corrosion resistance depends upon its tendency for repassivation. Since the intended function of stainless-steel implants is to sustain musculoskeletal forces, research toward the stability of the oxide film during dynamic loading in simulated bodylike fluids is warranted. A pilot corrosion fatigue study was, therefore, performed on uniaxial tension fatigue specimens cycled to various maximum stress levels near their yield point while immersed in 37 degrees C isotonic saline solution, and combined with the electrochemical insult of (a) imparting an 800 mV vs. SCE anodic potential for 20 s to stimulate local film breakdown, and then (b) returning to a constant 200 mV vs. SCE anodic potential and maintaining that potential during cyclic loading until the specimens broke in two. During the anodic polarization by continuously monitoring the current it was possible to (a) observe the repassivation and corrosion behavior following stimulation, and (b) detect crack initiation, crack propagation and failure onset. The combined effects of accelerated corrosion and mechanical fatiguing disturbed the repassivation tendency and reduced the crack initiation times and the fatigue lives as compared to air and saline controls. As the maximum cyclic load levels were increased, the fatigue lives were further foreshortened.     

Oxidative mechanisms of poly(carbonate urethane) and poly(ether urethane) biodegradation: in vivo and in vitro correlations

This study used an in vitro environment that simulated the microenvironment at the adherent cell-material interface to reproduce and accelerate the biodegradation of poly(ether urethane) (PEU) and poly(carbonate urethane) (PCU). Polyurethane films were treated in vitro for 24 days in 20% hydrogen peroxide/0.1 M cobalt chloride solution at 37 degrees C. Characterization with ATR-FTIR and SEM showed soft segment and hard segment degradation consistent with the chemical changes observed after long-term in vivo treatment. Overall, the PCU underwent less degradation and the degraded surface layer was much thinner than PEU. Nevertheless, the results supported a common oxidation mechanism for biodegradation of these polymers. The observed in vitro degradation was inhibited by adding an antioxidant to the polyurethane film. Our findings further support the use of the in vitro H(2)O(2)/CoCl(2) system in evaluating the biostability of polyurethanes under accelerated conditions.     

In vitro stability of polyether and polycarbonate urethanes

The in vitro structural stability of poly-ether-urethanes (PEUs) and poly-carbonate-urethanes (PCUs) was examined under strong acidic (HNO3) or alkaline (NaClO) oxidative conditions and in presence of a constant strain state. Polyurethane (PU) samples were represented by sheets solvent-cast from commercial pellets or by tubular specimens cut from commercial catheters. The specimens were strained at 100% uniaxial elongation over appropriate extension devices and completely immersed into the oxidative solutions at 50 degrees C for 7-14 days. The changes induced by the oxidative treatments were then evaluated by molecular weight analysis, tensile mechanical tests, and scanning electron microscopy. In the experiments with solvent-cast samples, the PEU Pellethane was degraded more in the alkaline oxidative conditions and mainly in the absence of an applied uniaxial stress. All the tested PCUs were, on the contrary, more affected by the acidic oxidative agent. All the PCUs proved to have overall better stability than the PEU. The susceptibility to oxidation was also dependent on the shape and bulk/surface organisation acquired by the same polymer during its processing. When the oxidative test was applied to catheters made of a PEU and a PCU, the results confirmed the better stability of poly-carbonate-urethanes.     

Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in differently loaded regions of collagen gels seeded with valvular interstitial cells

Cells respond to changes in mechanical strains by varying their production of extracellular matrix macromolecules. Because differences in strain patterns between mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendineae have been linked to different quantities and types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), we investigated the effects of various strain conditions on GAG synthesis by valvular interstitial cells (VICs) using an in vitro 3-dimensional tissue-engineering model. VICs from leaflets or chordae were seeded within collagen gels and subjected to uniaxial or biaxial static tension for 1 week. GAGs synthesized within the collagen gels and secreted into the surrounding medium were analyzed using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. In constrained conditions, more 4-sulfated GAGs were retained within the collagen gel, whereas more hyaluronan was secreted into the surrounding medium. Selected GAG classes were found in significantly different proportions in collagen gels seeded with leaflet cells versus chordal cells. The only significant difference between uniaxial and biaxial regions was found for 6-sulfated GAGs in the gels seeded with chordal cells (p<0.05). This study suggests how mechanical loading may influence GAG production and localization in the remodeling of the mitral valve and has design implications for engineered tissues.     

基于超弹性模型的动脉血管数值计算

目的：实验研究表明。血管在周向与轴向两种单轴向拉伸作用下表现出不同的力学特性,本文通过对血管单轴拉伸的数值计算,给出分别适用于周向和轴向荷载的模拟方法。方法：基于超弹性本构模型对轴向和周向两种单轴拉伸作用下血管的应力一应变关系进行数值计算,并结合血管组织结构特点及模型适用范围对结果进行分析,同时通过数值计算对Holzapfel．Gasser-Ogden模型中的各向异性参数对结果的影响展开讨论。结果：计算结果显示单一使用各向同性超弹性应变势函数无法准确完整的模拟两种情况下的单轴拉伸实验,周向拉伸采用各向同性超弹性本构模型的数值结果较好的吻合实验,而轴向拉伸宜采用Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden模型。Holzapfel。Gasser-Ogden模型中各向异性参数1描述血管中两组增强纤维主方向的分散程度,y值越大即纤维平均主方向与轴向加载方向夹角越小,在外荷载作用下越容易使得纤维旋转到荷载方向;参数K描述血管中每组增强纤维主方向上纤维的分散程度。K值越大,纤维在基体中分散越广泛,材料性子越接近纤维,宏观表现越硬。结论：本文基于超弹性本构模型对轴向和周向两种单轴拉伸作用下血管的应力应变关系进行数值计算,提出分别用多项式形式的各向同性超弹性本构模型数值计算周向荷载作用下应力应变关系、Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden各向异性超弹性本构模型数值模拟轴向荷载下力学性质,数值结果与实验吻合较好,为心血管系统的数值模拟提供指导,对血管系统的力学机制和临床研究具有重要意义。