上尿路结石手术治疗方法的探讨（附3620例报告）

目的：探讨上尿路结石的手术治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月～2013年3月收治的3620例上尿路结石患者的临床资料：采用输尿管硬镜取石术（URL）1498例,输尿管软镜取石术58例,微创经皮肾镜取石术（mini—PCNL）1529例,标准通道经皮肾镜取石术（标准通道PCNL）445例,腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术56例,开放手术34例。结果：3620例中,URL对输尿管中、下段结石取净率为98．8％（1480／1498）,上段为87．6%,术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱并发症发生,术后脓毒血症1例（0．07％）。输尿管软镜结石寻及率为96．6％（56／58）,一次手术碎石成功率为93．1％,术中无输尿管、肾盂穿孔和大出血并发症发生。PCNL对肾盂和输尿管上段结石取净率为99．5％（1964／1974）,鹿角形结石为89．2％。术后输血49例（1．4％）,因大出血需行肾动脉超选择性栓塞10例（0．3％）,肾切除1例,脓毒血症8例（0．2％）。腹腔镜治疗56例均获得成功,其中1例结石上行至肾脏,余无并发症发生。开放手术34例全部成功,无并发症发生。结论：腔内技术可用于治疗各种类型的上尿路结石患者,同时具有创伤少、结石清除率高、严重并发症低等优点。     

微创经皮肾镜与输尿管镜治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较微创经皮肾镜取石术和输尿管镜取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的手术效果及并发症。方法：采用微创经皮肾镜和输尿管镜治疗57例输尿管上段结石患者,平均结石体积分别为（237．3±90．8）mm^2和（155．8±63．7）mm^2,比较术后结石清除率和并发症发生率等数据。结果：所有患者均耐受手术,无严重并发症发生,经皮肾镜组和输尿管镜组结石清除率分别为90．6％和68％,并发症发生率分别为21．9％和0．4％。结论：输尿管镜具有创伤小,恢复快等特点,但结石清除率低,术后常需辅助方法进一步清除残石。经皮肾镜取石术治疗输尿管上段结石清除率高,但创伤较大,并发症发生率高。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术并发症分析

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术并发症产生的原因和防治措施。方法对600例输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术发生的并发症进行回顾性分析。结果600例手术共发生并发症162例：输尿管穿孔12例（2％）;输尿管口撕裂假道形成8例（1．3％）;术后输尿管狭窄行肾切除1例（0．17％）;结石返回肾脏24例（4％）;肉眼血尿21例（3．5％）;术后尿路感染15例（2．5％）;肾绞痛16例（2．7％）;结石残留41例（6．8％）;置镜失败18例（3％）。结论熟练输尿管镜操作技术是减少其并发症的关键,严格掌握适应证可预防严重并发症发生。     

微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效及安全性评价（附4533例报告）

目的：探讨微通道经皮肾镜取石术（mPNI。）治疗上尿路结石的疗效和安全性。方法：1999年9月～2010年12月应用mPNI。治疗上尿路结石患者4533例,其中肾盂及。肾盏结石患者3434例,部分鹿角形肾结石患者324例,完全鹿角形肾结石患者38例,嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者737例,结石大小12～103mm。采用肋上或肋下入路,经肾乳头穿刺后组肾盏建立手术通道。结果：4528例（99．8％）获得成功,手术时间30～185min,结石清除率分别为：输尿管上段结石99．2％,肾盏或’肾盂结石96．5％,部分鹿角形肾结石92．3％（联合ESWL）,完全鹿角形结石86．2％（联合ESWL）。并发症为输血,占1．39％;术后出血行高选择性肾动脉栓塞占O．13％,胸腔积液占O．13％,结肠损伤占0．11％,液体吸收综合征占O．11％,术后感染性休克占O．06％,无死亡及失肾。结论：采用mPNL治疗包括部分鹿角形肾结石在内的上尿路结石可获得较高的结石取净率,手术安全性高,在减少手术出血、降低输血率和其他并发症方面具有优势。     

组合式输尿管软镜和经皮肾镜治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的：比较组合式输尿管软镜（PolyScope）和经皮肾镜（PcNL）治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法：分别采用输尿管软镜和经皮。肾镜取石术治疗〈2cm的肾和输尿管上段结石患者26例和47例,统计比较两种方法的手术时间、术后住院时间、并发症、住院费用及一次碎石成功率。结果：输尿管软镜组和经皮肾镜组的手术时间分别为（70．2±14．7）min和（49．2±11．9）min,术后住院时间分别为（3．7±1_1）d和（6．5±2．1）d,住院费用分别为（21318±1171）元和（13474±1428）元,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经皮肾镜组有7例出现感染、出血等不同程度并发症,输尿管软镜组无明显并发症,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。输尿管软镜组一次碎石成功率为80．8％,经皮肾镜组为95．7％,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。但对于下盏结石,前者一次碎石成功率仅44．4％,后者达88．2％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：组合式输尿管软镜治疗〈2cm肾和输尿管上段结石,在并发症、住院时间上依然具有优势,但在处理肾下盏结石时,一次碎石成功率不如经皮肾镜。建议在术前对病例进行选择,。肾下盏漏斗肾盂角过小的下盏结石不宜选择输尿管软镜治疗。     

微创肾镜与输尿管镜在微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗上尿路结石中的对比研究

目的：比较微创肾镜与输尿管镜在微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（mPCNL）治疗上尿路结石中的有效性及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2009年5月～2010年4月由同一医师应用mPCNL（一期单通道）治疗213例上尿路结石患者的临床资料：微创肾镜组125例,结石平均直径3．4cm,鹿角形结石84例,肾盏多发结石29例,肾盂结石及输尿管上段结石12例;输尿管镜组88例,结石平均直径3．2cm,鹿角形结石49例,肾盏多发结石17例,肾盂结石及输尿管上段结石22例。对比分析两组的手术时间、结石清除率、手术出血量、术中灌注液量及手术并发症。结果：所有患者手术均获成功,无严重手术并发症发生。两组结石大小差异无统计学意义,微创肾镜组的手术时间及手术出血量分别为（32±11）min及（65±18）ml,明显低于输尿管镜组（48±15）min和（84士23）rnl,而微创。肾镜组的术中灌注液量高于输尿管镜组,分别为（15．0±2．6）L及（u．0±1．4）L。两组结石清除率及手术并发症差异无统计学意义。结论：微刨肾镜是一种新型、安全、有效的内镜设备,能明显提高手术效率,值得临床推广。     

输尿管镜手术并发症分析与防治

目的：总结输尿管镜手术并发症及其防治措施。方法：：对250例应用输尿管镜手术患者临床资料进行回顾性分析，统计术中、术后发生的各种并发症及其处理方法。结果：术中输尿管穿孔3例（1．20％），1例改行开放手术，2例经留置双J管保守治疗；术后肉眼血尿173例（69．2％），应用止血药物对症治疗1～2天后血尿消失；术后腰痛41例（16．4％），其中肾绞痛5例（2．0％），针对引起腰痛的不同原因进行相应处理；感染9例（3．6％），经抗感染和拔除双J管等治疗后恢复；结石残留28例（占输尿管结石患者12．4％），子保留双J管行ESWL治疗后痊愈。结论：应用输尿管镜手术成功率高。严重并发症较少见，且绝大多数行保守治疗可得到解决；熟练的手术操作是减少输尿管镜手术并发症的关键。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石309例报告

目的：探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石患者309例,其中肾结石228例,输尿管上段结石81例。结石长径0．8～3．0cm,平均1．6cm。结果：309例患者手术顺利,平均结石清除率为83．5％（258／309）。手术时间30～90min,平均50min。术后住院时间2～8d,平均5d。术后2周复查KUB平片,平均结石清除率达91．9％（284／309）。无脓肾、输尿管穿孑L等并发症发生。结论：输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石安全有效,并发症少。     

输尿管管路封堵器在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术中的价值探讨

目的：探讨应用输尿管管路封堵器配合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析2011年5月-2011年9月应用输尿管管路封堵器配合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗28例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料：结石位于第2腰椎水平7例,第3腰椎水平9例,第4腰椎水平12例,结石大小为（0．8cm×1．0cm）-（1．3cm×1．7cm）,平均1．0cm×1．2cm。合并孤立肾5例．脊柱侧弯1例,糖尿病3例,肾功能不全11例。结果：术中出现4例部分结石移位至肾盏,均未出现输尿管穿孔或输尿管黏膜撕脱。术后2例出现高热,经抗感染对症治疗好转。术后1个月复查KUB平片．仅2例结石残留于肾下盏,结石取净率为92．8％。结论：输尿管管路封堵器是一种安全、有效的工具,能显著减少输尿管镜碎石术中结石移位,提高结石清除率,缩短手术时间,并可将结石碎片拖出输尿管腔道,以减少术后排石引起的疼痛。     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术(附160例报告)

目的 分析输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的方法及并发症的防治。方法 总结采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石160例的临床资料。结果 一次性碎石成功率93．0％（11／149）,7d内结石排净率95．0％（142/149)。并发症发生率3．8％（6／160）,其中输尿管穿孔4例,泌尿系感染2例。结论 输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石方法较安全、疗效确切。     

Management of encrusted ureteral stents

ObjectivesTo present our experience in managing encrusted ureteral stents and to review the literature on the subject.MethodsA total of 22 patients with encrusted ureteral stent were treated in our department. Encrustation of the stent and associated stone burden were evaluated using plain radiography, sometimes supplemented by intravenous urography or ultrasonography. The treatment method was determined by the site of encrustation, the size of the stone burden and the availability of endourologic equipment.ResultsStents were inserted for stone disease in 17 patients, for congenital abnormality in 3 and for ureteric obstruction by malignancy in 2. Stents were left in place for a mean of 10.8 months (range 5–34 months). The site of encrustation was in the bladder in 15 (68.2%), ureter in 13 (59%) and kidney in 8 patients (36.4%); more than one site was involved in 11 (50%) cases. For upper coil encrustations, retrograde ureterorenoscopy was performed in 9 cases, percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 4 and open pyelolithotomy in 2. For lower coil encrustation, fragmentation by grasper and/or transurethral cystolithotripsy was attempted in 11 cases, and suprapubic cystolithotomy was required for failure in 7 cases. Sixteen patients (72.7%) were rendered stone-free and 5 (22.7%) had clinically insignificant residual stones (3 mm or less).ConclusionsEncrustation is one of the most difficult complications of ureteral stents and its management is a complex clinical scenario for the treating surgeon. The combination of several surgical techniques is often necessary but the best treatment remains the prevention of this problem by providing patient education.     

Comparison of holmium laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in managing upper-ureteral stones

OBJECTIVE: To compare the success rates and complications of Lithoclast and holmium laser-assisted ureterorenoscopy (URS) in managing upper-ureteral stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 394 patients with upper-ureteral stone who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy at our institution from January 2000 to December 2005. In 193 patients (mean stone size 12.3 mm), pneumatic lithotripsy was used; in 201 patients (mean stone size 11.5 mm), laser lithotripsy was performed. Patients were monitored as outpatients at 2 weeks, at 3 months, and then annually with a kidneys, ureters, and bladder radiograph and ultrasonography. Patients with migrated stones or incomplete clearance underwent an auxiliary procedure such as shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or repeated URS. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months. RESULTS: Fragmentation of stones to fine pieces that pass eventually was assessed at 2 weeks. This did not include proximal migration of a stone or fragments that required auxiliary treatment. This occurred in 166/193 (86.01%) patients in the Lithoclast group and in 195/201 (97.01%) in the laser group. Ureteral perforations were nine in the Lithoclast group and six in the laser group. Auxiliary procedures included SWL (27/193 [13.98%] patients in the Lithoclast group and 4/201 [1.99%] patients in the laser group) or repeated URS (two in the Lithoclast group). Urosepsis after URS occurred in 11/193 patients in the Lithoclast group and 5/201 patients in the laser group. CONCLUSION: In our study, the fragmentation rates of holmium laser-assisted ureteroscopy were significantly better in the upper ureter. The complications and the need for auxiliary procedures were significantly less for holmium laser-assisted ureteroscopy when compared with pneumatic lithotripsy.     

末段可弯硬性输尿管肾镜联合钬激光治疗长径<2 cm肾结石的疗效观察

目的应用末段可弯硬性输尿管肾镜联合钬激光治疗长径<2 cm的肾结石,评价安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2016年4月至2017年2月收治的58例应用末段可弯硬性输尿管肾镜治疗长径<2 cm的肾结石患者的临床资料。其中男36例,女22例,患者平均年龄(37±11)岁,结石直径0.9~2.0 cm。术前均经彩超、静脉尿路造影、CT诊断为肾结石,观察该术式的进镜成功率、手术时间、碎石成功率、结石清除率、并发症、住院时间及治疗费用等。结果末段可弯硬性输尿管肾镜单次进镜成功率96.6%(56/58),2例患者因输尿管膀胱开口处狭窄和输尿管扭曲无法进镜改二期手术和经皮肾镜碎石。钬激光碎石成功率91.4%(53/58),平均手术时间(44±9)min,术后4周结石清除率84.5%(49/58),所有患者无严重并发症。结论末段可弯硬性输尿管肾镜联合钬激光治疗长径<2 cm肾结石疗效确切、安全性高、并发症少、费用低,值得应用和推广。     

Stone treatment and coagulopathy

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate treatment protocols and results of upper tract stone treatment in patients with clotting disorders. METHODS: In a 6-year period, 6,827 stone interventions (ESWL or endourologic procedures) were performed in 5,739 patients. Thirty-five (0.61%) patients suffered from a variety of systemic clotting disorders or were anti-coagulated. Clotting disorders were corrected by specific therapy prior to any intervention. A total of 76 interventions were performed consisting of ESWL, ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), ureteric stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy. RESULTS: All patients became stone-free within 3 months or had clinically insignificant residual fragments. Severe complications were observed in 10/76 (13.1%) interventions. ESWL was successful in 88.9% (16/18) of patients, but associated with a 33.3% (6/18) complication rate; 27.8% (5/18) of patients required auxiliary procedures. URS and PNL were successful in all cases and complications occurred in 0% (0/7) and 33% (1/3) of patients, respectively. Time to complete stone clearance after ESWL was 32.0+/-49.3 days compared with a mean of 19.4+/-28.6 days in a non-coagulopathy control group; no difference was observed for endourologic procedures. Average costs of treatment in patients undergoing ureteroscopy was higher in patients with coagulopathy (4,611 versus 2,342); however, the difference was less pronounced compared with ESWL (6,070 versus 1,731). CONCLUSION: Patients with coagulopathy have a higher rate of complications despite apparently normal clotting parameters during treatment and hospitalisation was prolonged. The efficacy of ESWL was lower in patients with coagulopathy and we currently favour endoscopic procedures for stone removal in this patient group.     

Comparative Study of Five Types of IABP Balloons in Terms of Incidence of Balloon Rupture and Other Complications: A Multi–Institutional Study

Abstract: The Multi–Institutional IABP Balloon Study Group in Japan (14 institutions) conducted a retrospective nonrandomized study to elucidate the incidence and type of IABP balloon–related complications relative to design and durability of five different clinically available balloons: TMP (n = 960), Kontron (n = 943). Datascope (n = 485), Mansfield (n = 226), and Aries (n = 189) balloons. A total of 2, 803 patients (1, 973 males, 830 females, mean age 62. 1 years) spent a total of 243, 856 h on the pump. Forty–nine balloons (1. 7%) ruptured as recognized by the appearance of blood in the catheter (39 cases) or console alarm (4 cases). Ten patients required surgical removal of the balloon due to entrapment. Other IABP balloon–related complications requiring surgical intervention or with a lethal outcome occurred in 89 patients (3. 2%). They included lower limb ischemia (61 cases), hematoma (11 cases), extensive dissection (6 cases), perforation (5 cases), entrapment without balloon rupture (3 cases), and mesenteric infarction (3 cases). The incidence of rupture, other major complications, and total complications, respectively, for each balloon was 0, 2. 7, and 2. 7 for TMP, 1. 6, 4. 3, and 5. 9% for Kontron, 4. 1, 1. 9, and 6. 0% for Datascope, 1. 3, 2. 7, and 4. 0% for Mansfield, and 5. 8, 3. 7, and 9. 5% for Aries. In conclusion, the TMP balloon demonstrates a significantly lower rate of rupture while the incidence of other complications for the 5 balloons is not significantly different.     

Multimodal treatment (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endourology) of complicated renal stone disease

From October 1983, (installation of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy unit) to August 1985, 207 patients presented at the Katharinenhospital Stuttgart with complicated renal stone disease (70 borderline stones, 77 partial and 60 complete staghorn calculi). 197 patients were treated with the new technology for urinary stone therapy, i.e. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCN), and ureterorenoscopy. The combination of PCN and ESWL proved to be the optimal therapeutic approach in the majority of cases (44%), particularly for partial and complete staghorns, whereas PCN or ESWL monotherapy are indicated for borderline stones (51% ESWL, 26% PCN, 20% combination, 3% surgery) and selected cases of staghorn calculi only. Based on this treatment policy (minimal invasiveness and morbidity), 75 patients with partial staghorn (21% ESWL, 28 PCN, 44% combination, 7% surgery) and 52 cases of complete staghorn stone (2% ESWL, 13% PCN, 74% combination, 11% surgery) have been treated successfully. The rate of major complications was low (2.5% septicemia, 2% major renal hemorrhage, 0.5% mortality). With this new concept of multimodal therapy (ESWL and endourology), even cases of malignant stone formation ('stone cancer') may be treatable, since these methods can be applied repeatedly without damaging the renal parenchyma.     

Endoscopic lithotripsy and the FREDDY laser: initial experience

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The frequency-doubled double-pulse neodymium:YAG (FREDDY) laser has been developed for endoscopic lithotripsy and combines the characteristics of solid and dye lasers with a thin flexible optical fiber enabling it to be used with flexible ureterorenoscopy. Furthermore, it is less expensive and easier to maintain than other lasers. Our goal was to evaluate its efficacy and role in the ureteroscopic treatment of urinary stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used a FREDDY laser in 26 patients (29 stones). For 4 stone cases, this was the first line of treatment; for the remaining cases, this was the second line of treatment, following SWL in 23 cases and nephrolithotomy in 2 cases. The mean stone size was 9 mm, with a range of 6 to 15 mm. There were 13 renal and 16 ureteral stones. The absence of residual fragments at 3-month postoperative radiography was considered to reflect successful treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-six stones were treated with satisfactory results. Within 3 months, 18 patients were stone free (69%), and 72.4% of the stones (21/29) had been treated completely. Fragments of 8 stones still remained in 8 patients. Of these stones, 5 were >10 mm and persisted at 3 months. Fragmentation was ineffective for 2 cystine stones and poor for 1 calcium oxalate monohydrate stone. Hospitalization, on average, was 1.5 days with a range of 1 to 3 days. A ureteral perforation was observed in the case of an impacted ureteral stone. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the wavelengths used, endoscopic FREDDY laser lithotripsy is an effective and harmless method. This laser can be used as a therapeutic tool because of its moderate cost and ability to be used with flexible ureterorenoscopy. However, it is important to be aware of the FREDDY laser's limited fragmentation capabilities for cystine stones and its inability to treat tissue lesions such as urinary-tract stenosis and tumors.     

超声引导经皮肾镜碎石取石术在儿童上尿路结石中的应用

目的评价完全超声引导下经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）在儿童上尿路结石治疗中的安全性和有效性（≤14周岁）。 方法回顾性分析我院自2010年1月至2019年12月采用超声引导的231例PCNL患儿资料。其中男性134例,女性97例,年龄（6±4）岁,BMI（17±4）kg/m²,结石表面积为（107±69） mm²。121例患儿行微通道PCNL,110例患者行超微通道PCNL。 结果231例患者行243例次PCNL,12例为双侧,平均手术时间为（71±34） min,术后血红蛋白下降（8.7±8.5）g/L,术后48 h清石率为：88.1%（214/243）,术后1个月净石率：89.3%（217/243）,术后总的并发症为47例,其中Clavien Ⅰ级33例,Clavien Ⅱ级11例,Clavien Ⅲ级3例,术后平均住院天数为：（6.0±3.4）d。 结论完全超声引导下PCNL治疗儿童上尿路结石安全有效。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化术后并发症及防治对策(附920例报告)

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TVP)术后并发症及其防治对策。方法:对920例良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者行TVP,分析术后并发症。结果:术后并发症包括:大出血30例(3.3%),经尿道电切综合征(TURS)6例(0.7%),下尿路感染16例(1.7%),急性附睾炎11例(1.2%),急性尿潴留34例(3.7%),尿失禁35例(3.8%),尿道狭窄26例(2.8%),复发22例(2.4%)。随机选取TVP术前性功能正常的44例患者(51~65岁),术后逆行射精占54.5%(24/44),勃起功能障碍占9.1%(4/44)。结论:TVP是治疗BPH的理想术式,但应注意其并发症。     

腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的应用体会(附62例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧及临床效果。方法:回顾分析腹膜后腹腔镜肾盂、输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石62例患者的临床资料,其中肾盂结石8例,输尿管上段结石50例,中段结石4例。术前6例行体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)无效,5例行输尿管镜取石术失败,余未行其他治疗。结石直径10～25mm。结果:62例腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均获成功,手术时间35～120min,平均50min;术中出血5～30ml,平均15ml。无输血及中转开腹,术后漏尿4例。术后5～7d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院6～8d。随访55例6～18个月,肾积水均明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开处狭窄。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为ESWL或输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,具有安全、可靠、创伤小、净石率高等优点。治疗较大的中上段输尿管结石尤其炎性包裹的结石可作为首选方法。