HIV/AIDS人群中肺结核患者的治疗效果与细胞免疫的相关性研究

目的了解HIV/AIDS人群中肺结核(HIV(+)TB(+))患者的免疫特征及抗结核治疗的效果。方法横断面收集12例现症HIV(+)TB(+)患者、24例HIV/TB双重感染者(HIV(+)PPD(+))、74例单纯HIV/AIDS患者(HIV(+)PPD(-))、56例单纯肺结核病患者(HIV(-)TB(+))(初治涂阳)及36例正常对照者的外周血2 ml,进行淋巴细胞亚群的比较。同时前瞻性收集12例HIV(+)TB(+)患者及56例HIV(-)TB(+)患者的血常规数据、药物不良反应的发生、痰菌阴转及肺部病变的改变进行抗结核治疗的效果分析。结果(1)与正常人群相比,HIV感染或结核感染均可导致患者的淋巴细胞亚群不同程度的下降(P<0.05)。(2)在HIV与结核双重感染人群的细胞免疫中,与HIV相关的免疫改变起主要作用:不管其是否结核发病,其淋巴细胞计数都存在同等程度的下降。(3)HIV(+)TB(+)患者的抗结核治疗效果较好:与HIV(-)TB(+)患者相比,药物不良反应、痰菌阴转及肺部病变的改变无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论HIV(+)TB(+)患者的细胞免疫主要与HIV感染有关,而有效的抗结核药物治疗可提高HIV(+)TB(+)患者的细胞免疫功能,并可使其肺结核病得到良好的控制。     

Implementation of an emergency department triage procedure for the detection and isolation of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ability of an emergency department screening protocol to initiate respiratory isolation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at ED triage before chest radiography. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study with retrospective medical record review of adult patients who presented for care to an urban, university-affiliated hospital in Los Angeles County over a 4-month period. Ambulatory patients were administered a triage screening protocol that used patient-reported tuberculosis risk factors and symptoms in combination with selective chest radiography to screen patients at ED triage for active pulmonary tuberculosis. RESULTS: A total of 10,674 patients were screened; 2, 218 were isolated at triage and underwent chest radiography, and 378 were kept in isolation in the ED. The respiratory isolation of pulmonary tuberculosis (RIPT) protocol detected 17 of 27 visits made by patients with unsuspected pulmonary tuberculosis, yielding a sensitivity of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI] 42% to 81%). The estimated specificity was 78%. For each patient with tuberculosis who was detected by the RIPT protocol, 624 patients were screened at triage, 130 chest radiographs were taken, and 22 patients were placed in respiratory isolation in the ED. Patients with undetected pulmonary tuberculosis more commonly had nonpulmonary chief complaints (76% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 13, 95% CI 2.1 to 78.3), and only 60% (95% CI 26% to 88%) were ultimately isolated in the hospital. Among RIPT screen-positive patients, radiographic findings predictive of pulmonary tuberculosis were cavitary lesions (OR 84.3, 95% CI 22.6 to 315), upper lobe infiltrates (OR 24.2, 95% CI 9.1 to 64.4), pleural effusions (OR 8.9, 95% CI 2.5 to 31.8), diffuse/interstitial infiltrates (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.8 to 17.9), and non-upper lobe infiltrates (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 9.5). CONCLUSION: The RIPT screening protocol was only moderately sensitive for isolating patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at ED triage. Future studies should evaluate modified and abridged screening protocols, as well as the cost-effectiveness of triage screening.     

The Relationship between Disease Pattern and Disease Burden by Chest Radiography, <Emphasis Type="Italic">M. tuberculosis</Emphasis> Load,and HIV Status in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa

Abstract Background: We evaluated the impact of HIV coinfection on the chest radiographic pattern and extent of disease and its relation to the load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopian out-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients and Methods: A total of 168 patients with cultureverified pulmonary tuberculosis had their chest X-rays (CXR) reviewed for the site, pattern, and extent of disease and the findings were correlated to (a) the mycobacterial culture count and bacillus load after sputum concentration and (b) the HIV status of the patients. Results: HIV-positive patients were less likely to have cavitary disease (p < 0.001) and more likely to have pleural effusion (p = 0.08), miliary (p < 0.05), and interstitial (p < 0.01) patterns. A total of 15 (9.2%) patients had normal chest X-rays. HIV-infected patients had a CXR classified as normal or with minimal involvement (p = 0.059) and a reduced mycobacterial colony count (p = 0.002) compared to HIV-negative patients. Middle and lower lung involvement were more common in HIV-positive patients. Conclusion: CXR findings in the setting of an underlying HIV infection tend to be more atypical and could present as either normal or with minimal involvement. In general, HIV-positive patients had lower colony count of M. tuberculosis than HIV-negative patients. Of particular interest is the finding of a large number of normal chest X-rays in HIV-infected patients. With the rising incidence of both tuberculosis and HIV infection in Ethiopia, the finding of a normal chest X-ray and a negative smear poses a challenge for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. How often does it mimic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia?

Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended for selected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with presumed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Because corticosteroids may exacerbate undiagnosed tuberculosis, we evaluated the frequency with which tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients mimics P carinii pneumonia. Over a 12-month period, we identified 105 HIV-infected patients with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis and 84 patients with P carinii pneumonia who were sufficiently hypoxemic to warrant corticosteroid therapy. Of the 105 patients with tuberculosis, acid-fast smears of clinical samples were positive in 49 cases, and chest roentgenographic findings suggested tuberculosis in an additional 44 cases. The 12 patients with negative acid-fast smears and nonspecific chest roentgenographic findings presented a potential diagnostic dilemma between tuberculosis and P carinii pneumonia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia should not have been a presumptive diagnosis of eight of these 12 patients because of absence of pulmonary symptoms and chest roentgenographic abnormalities (four cases), a CD4 count greater than 500/cu mm (three cases), or marked lymphadenopathy suggestive of tuberculosis (one case). Thus, only 4 percent (4/105) of HIV-infected patients with pleuropulmonary tuberculosis had clinical and chest roentgenographic features mimicking P carinii pneumonia. Two of these four patients were sufficiently hypoxemic to warrant corticosteroid therapy. Thus, if corticosteroids had been routinely used during the study period, 84 patients with P carinii pneumonia would have been treated, including two patients with undiagnosed tuberculosis. We conclude that the use of corticosteroids for presumed P carinii pneumonia carries a small but acceptable risk of inadvertent exacerbation of tuberculosis, provided clinical and chest roentgenographic features do not suggest tuberculosis.     

Decreased in vitro interferon-gamma production in patients with cavitary tuberculosis on chest radiography

Interferon (IFN)-gamma expression is altered in pulmonary lesions, such as cavities and granulomas. However, the exact association between patterns on chest radiography and IFN-gamma responses are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the IFN-gamma response in patients with tuberculosis and to correlate the pulmonary lesions with the IFN-gamma responses. We enrolled 78 patients with tuberculosis, as diagnosed with initial positive results for acid-fast bacilli in the sputum and final positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell cultures of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were performed. The supernatants were analyzed for the IFN-gamma response and the results statistically analyzed. The patients' chest radiographs were examined for fibronodules, masses, pleural effusion, cavities, and the severity of parenchymal involvement. IFN-gamma responses were lower in patients with cavities on chest radiography than in those without cavities (403.306+/-397.048 vs 698.154+/-593.436 pg/ml, P<0.05). IFN-gamma responses were also lower in patients with masses on chest radiography than in those without masses (186.345+/-200.724 vs 583.950+/-528.295 pg/ml, P<0.05). After regression analysis, the presence of a cavity was the only factor predictive of a decreased IFN-gamma response. We conclude that only chest radiographic pattern correlated with the IFN-gamma response was cavity formation. The administration of pharmacological IFN-gamma in tuberculosis patients with cavity may be considered.     

Physician adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy guidelines for HIV-infected patients in Thailand

Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) has been shown to reduce the risk of active tuberculosis in tuberculin skin test (TST) positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. The World Health Organization has recommended IPT for HIV-infected patients since 1999. Physicians' non-adherence to the IPT guideline is one of the limitations to the wide spread use of IPT. A study of the extent to which physicians in Thailand adhere to this guideline will optimize the implementation of national IPT program. Three hundred physicians who provided medical care for HIV-infected patients were sampled by multistage cluster sampling of public hospitals according to the region and the level of health care service. Fifty-eight (19.3%) of the surveyed physicians provided IPT; 86.2% and 34.5% of physicians who provided IPT did not do the TST or screening chest radiography for active TB, respectively. Experience with HIV patient care was significantly associated with providing IPT.     

Symptom screening among HIV-infected pregnant women is acceptable and has high negative predictive value for active tuberculosis

We evaluated tuberculosis (TB) screening among 799 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women in India. Eleven (1.4%) had active TB. The negative predictive value of screening using cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss was 99.3%. Tuberculin skin test and targeted chest radiography provided no substantial benefit. TB symptom screening, as recommended by the World Health Organization, is effective for ruling out TB in HIV-infected pregnant women.     

Routine chest radiography for the evaluation of febrile neutropenic patients after autologous stem cell transplantation

Chest radiographs are routinely obtained for diagnostic evaluation of neutropenic febrile patients. We investigated the frequency of chest radiographic abnormalities during febrile episodes after autologous PBSC transplants and assessed the relationship of these abnormalities to past history of pulmonary disease, pre-transplant chest radiographic abnormalities, and pulmonary signs or symptoms at time of fever. We also studied the impact of chest radiographic findings on patient management. Sixty-one consecutive adult autologous PBSC transplant recipients were studied. Fifty-two (85%) developed fever, and 20 (38%) of these showed new chest radiographic abnormalities suggestive of pulmonary infection. Patients with pre-transplant chest radiographic abnormalities were more likely to develop additional abnormalities with fever post-transplant. Pulmonary symptoms or signs had low sensitivity or specificity for predicting radiographic abnormalities. Only 40% of patients with pulmonary symptoms or signs had an abnormal chest radiograph. Twenty-six percent of patients with abnormal chest radiographs had no clinical findings suggestive of pulmonary infection. The identification of chest radiographic abnormality did not change empiric antibiotic treatment in any patient. The role of routine chest radiography for diagnostic evaluation of febrile autologous PBSC transplant patients should be re-evaluated.     

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other pulmonary infections in TB smear-negative HIV-positive patients with atypical chest X-ray in Ethiopia

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has been considered a rare disease in sub-Saharan Africa. However, a rising prevalence has been noted recently. The objective of this study was to determine the relative prevalence of PCP and other pulmonary opportunistic diseases in patients infected with HIV in Ethiopia. 131 consecutive patients with respiratory symptoms and atypical chest X-ray, who were sputum smear-negative for AFB and seroreactive for HIV, underwent clinical evaluation and investigation for Pneumocystis jiroveci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and fungal and bacterial pathogens from BAL alone. Bacterial infections, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) occurred in 44 (33.6%), 39 (29.7%) and 31 (23.7%) patients, respectively. Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis occurred in 4 patients each. In a multivariate regression model, predictors of PCP were typical chest X-ray and low CD4 count while purulent sputum predicted bacterial infection. The sensitivity of physicians and chest X-ray diagnosis was particularly low for PTB and bacterial infections. We conclude that chronic bacterial infection and Pneumocystis pneumonia are important differential diagnoses in HIV-infected, smear-negative PTB patients presenting with atypical chest X-ray. We therefore need to escalate the use of preventive and highly active antiretroviral (HAART) treatment in order to prevent a PCP epidemic.     

Prediction of the duration needed to achieve culture negativity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using convolutional neural networks and chest radiography

BackgroundWe aimed to predict the duration needed to achieve culture negativity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and chest radiography.MethodsMedical records were searched for eligible patients with culture-confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis. The eligible patients were randomly assigned to the training dataset group (N = 180) and the validation dataset group (N = 59). Posteroanterior X-ray radiographs in the standing position were obtained at diagnosis. The image data were augmented by a factor of 10 by randomly shifting and rotating the original image. Thus, 1800 images (112 × 112 pixels, 8-bit grayscale) from 180 patients in the training dataset group were used for training the CNN model. The model performance was evaluated on the validation dataset.ResultsThe values predicted by the CNN model were significantly associated with the actual values (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.392, p = 0.002). The mean absolute error was 18.0. The visualization of the layer outputs suggested that the CNN model recognized some of the chest radiographic findings that were useful in predicting the duration needed to achieve culture negativity.ConclusionsThe CNN model was useful for predicting the duration needed to achieve culture negativity in active pulmonary tuberculosis, although the accuracy was unsatisfactory. This study suggests that chest radiography findings are as important as other clinical factors for prediction and could be learned by the machine.     

A case of active pulmonary tuberculosis in the right lower lung field detected by CT]

Many studies have indicated the pitfalls in detecting abnormalities on chest radiography, although radiography of the chest has been used for the screening of peripheral lung cancer. Recently, mass screening with a spiral computed tomography scanner has been performed for the detection of small peripheral lung cancers, and it has been clarified that spiral CT was superior to chest radiography in the screening and detection of peripheral lung cancer. However, there have been only a few reports on pulmonary tuberculosis that was detected by chest CT. We report a case of active pulmonary tuberculosis detected by chest CT, and invisible on plain chest radiography. 39 year old female consulted our hospital, because chest radiography at mass screening for lung cancer showed an abnormal shadow in the left upper lung field. Chest CT revealed a high density nodule with calcification compatible with old tuberculosis. However, there was another 20 mm x 10 mm sized nodule in right S9b that was invisible on plain chest radiography. The nodule had a clear margin with satellite lesion that characterize active pulmonary tuberculosis. Bronchial lavage was performed by bronchofiberscopy, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from lavage fluid. The nodular shadow disappeared after the treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for 9 months.     

Assessing the performance of overseas tuberculosis screening programs: a study among US-bound immigrants in Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis cases in foreign-born persons account for more than 50% of all tuberculosis cases in the United States. The Institute of Medicine has recommended enhancing overseas screening as one measure to support tuberculosis elimination efforts. We assessed the ability of overseas tuberculosis screening (chest radiograph followed by 3 acid-fast bacilli sputum smears for persons with abnormal chest radiographs [suggestive of active tuberculosis]) to detect pulmonary tuberculosis disease among US-bound immigrants with abnormal chest radiographs. METHODS: During October 1998 to October 1999, 14 098 US immigrant visa applicants were screened overseas in Vietnam. Adult applicants with abnormal chest radiographs were enrolled to assess screening test characteristics among this group using mycobacterial culture as the gold standard for pulmonary tuberculosis disease diagnosis. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis disease were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 1179 adult applicants with abnormal chest radiographs, 82 (7.0%) had positive acid-fast bacilli smear results, and 183 (15.5%) had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture results (pulmonary tuberculosis disease). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of serial acid-fast bacilli screening among this group were 34.4% (63/183), 98.1% (977/996), 76.8% (63/82), and 89.1% (977/1097), respectively. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis disease included younger age (18-34 years), no history of tuberculosis or treatment, reported symptoms, and cavitation or consolidation on chest radiograph. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of current overseas screening to detect tuberculosis among immigrants with abnormal chest radiographs is low. Improved diagnostic methods, enhanced screening measures, and postmigration follow-up are essential to control tuberculosis among immigrants and support US and global tuberculosis elimination.     

The prevalence of pulmonary parenchymal tuberculosis in patients with tuberculous pleuritis

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and characteristics of parenchymal tuberculous pleuritis in adult patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Three hospitals affiliated with Seoul National University in South Korea. PATIENTS: All patients > 15 years old with a diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis were enrolled prospectively between January 1, 2004, and October 31, 2004. INTERVENTIONS: Diagnostic thoracocentesis and CT of the chest were done for each patient. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears and cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were requested if patients produced any sputum. A board-certified radiologist reviewed the chest radiographs for the presence and characteristics of any lesions. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: One hundred six patients with tuberculous pleuritis were enrolled (median age, 53 years; range 16 to 89 years). Among them, 33 patients (31%) had sputum or bronchial washing findings positive for AFB smears or for M tuberculosis by culture. Lung parenchymal lesions were observed in 91 of the patients (86%) using chest CT; 39 patients (37%) with parenchymal lesions had radiographic characteristics of active pulmonary tuberculosis. In total, 62 patients (59%) had bacteriologically or radiographically active pulmonary tuberculosis. In addition, 78 patients (74%) had features of reactivated pulmonary tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: Lung parenchymal lesions were more common in this series of patients with tuberculous pleuritis than has been reported in previous studies. The patients mostly had radiographic features of reactivated, rather than primary, tuberculosis.     

Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with normal chest radiographs.

SUBJECTS: Three HIV-infected patients with active pulmonary non-disseminated tuberculosis and normal chest radiograph at clinical presentation and during follow-up are reported. Patients had cough and fever but no other specific symptoms. L?wenstein cultures of specimens from bronchoalveolar lavage in two cases and induced sputum in one yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients depends greatly on clinical suspicion by the physician, because of its atypical presentation. Failure to perform appropriate diagnostic tests in HIV-infected patients who present with suspected pulmonary disease will result in underdiagnosis and undertreatment of tuberculosis.     

Miniature chest radiograph screening for tuberculosis in jails: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Jails are an important reservoir of tuberculosis infection in the United States. Screening for active disease in these high-risk settings is difficult. We used decision analysis to assess the cost effectiveness of routine miniature chest radiography for screening for tuberculosis on admission to jail. Infection rates, probabilities, and costs associated with detecting and treating tuberculosis were derived from published studies. We calculated an average total cost of $6.60 per inmate for routine radiograph screening on admission to jail. The cost of screening for active tuberculosis with miniature chest radiography was estimated to be $9,600 per case identified, compared with $32,100 per case with tuberculin skin testing and $54,100 per case with symptom screening. Chest radiography would also identify substantially more cases than other methods of screening. Screening for tuberculosis with miniature chest radiography is cost effective even under a wide range of assumptions regarding risk factors and prevalence of disease. Miniature chest radiography should be strongly considered as an important tool in the fight to eliminate tuberculosis from the high-risk populations that may be reached through screening in jails.     

Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively studied the impact of HIV infection on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis. A total of 60 consecutive patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis were identified. RESULTS: Majority were male (88.3%) and the most common transmission category was heterosexual contact (80%). Most were in the advanced stage of HIV infection; 93% had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3. Concerning the site of tuberculosis involvement, 37% had pulmonary involvement alone, 13% had extrapulmonary disease involving one single site, 50% had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement. Fifteen (25%) patients also met the criteria of disseminated tuberculosis, who had a significantly lower mean CD4 cell count than those with pulmonary involvement alone (mean 40 vs 102; P = 0.048). Chest radiographs comprised a wide spectrum of manifestations. A considerable proportion had primary pulmonary tuberculosis pattern (38%) and normal radiographs (8.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our patients generally had advanced HIV infection; 93% of those had CD4 lymphocyte count < 200/mm3. Extrapulmonary involvement and disseminated disease were common. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis were often 'atypical' due to the greater proportion of primary tuberculosis among our patients.     

Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency with which the diagnosis of tuberculosis is delayed in patients with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and to identify reasons for such delays. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 52 consecutive HIV-infected patients with culture-proven tuberculosis seen at a 1,900-bed general hospital serving a predominantly indigent population in Los Angeles, where the prevalences of HIV infection and tuberculosis are high. The late-treatment (LT) group consisted of 25 patients in whom tuberculosis was untreated prior to death (n = 6) or treated more than 22 days after presentation (n = 19). The early-treatment (ET) group comprised 27 patients in whom antituberculous therapy was begun less than 16 days after presentation. RESULTS: Symptoms, physical and laboratory findings, chest roentgenographic abnormalities suggestive of tuberculosis (hilar adenopathy, pleural effusion, miliary pattern, cavitation, predominant upper lobe infiltrate), and frequencies of concomitant nontuberculous disease were similar in LT and ET groups. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis was attributable to errors in management in 21 (84%) of 25 LT group patients. The most common error was failure to obtain at least three sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture in patients with clinical and chest roentgenographic findings compatible with tuberculosis (15 cases). Acid-fast sputum smears were positive in 25 (61%) of 41 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Acid-fast smears of stool were positive in eight (42%) of 19 cases. Blood cultures yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 18 (38%) of 48 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed therapy of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients at our medical center was common and was not due to atypical manifestations of tuberculosis. In most cases, delays could have been avoided if adequate numbers of sputum samples for acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture had been obtained, and if empiric antituberculous therapy had been given to symptomatic patients in whom chest roentgenographic findings were suggestive of mycobacterial disease.     

The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS

We reviewed the medical records and chest radiographs of 23 adult patients with culture-proved tuberculosis and verified acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Seventeen patients, including 8 with disseminated tuberculosis, had positive sputum or bronchial washing cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Their initial pretreatment radiographs revealed hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy in 10 patients (59%), localized pulmonary infiltrates limited to the middle or lower lung fields in 5 patients (29%), localized pulmonary infiltrates involving an upper lobe in 3 patients (18%), diffuse miliary or interstitial infiltrates in 3 patients (18%), no pulmonary infiltrates in 6 patients (35%), and no abnormalities in 2 patients (12%). Pulmonary cavitation was not seen. Only 1 patient (6%) had a chest radiograph typical of adult onset reactivation tuberculosis (i.e., localized pulmonary infiltrate involving the upper lung fields without hilar or mediastinal adenopathy). Six patients (35%) had pulmonary infiltrates that may have been caused by concomitant nontuberculous infection. Six patients had positive cultures for M. tuberculosis from extrapulmonary sites only. Three (50%) of these patients had hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy. None of them had pulmonary infiltrates on their initial chest radiograph.     

2019年广东省连江口镇≥5岁常住人口肺结核主动筛查策略实施效果分析

目的 评价不同主动筛查策略对肺结核患者的发现效果。方法 2019年12月,以居委会(村)为单位,采用整群随机抽样的方法从广东省清远市英德市连江口镇11个居委会(村)抽取2个单位作为研究现场,对研究现场≥5岁的2800名常住人口进行问卷调查,收集基本信息,并进行肺结核可疑症状筛查、结核感染筛查[γ-干扰素释放试验(IGRA)]和胸部数字影像(DR)摄片检查,对上述检查任一阳性者的痰液标本开展痰涂片、培养及分子生物学检查。以临床诊断为参照标准,通过敏感度、特异度和受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)评价不同筛查策略的发现效果。结果 2800名研究对象中,有肺结核可疑症状者272例(9.71%),胸部DR异常者301例(10.75%),结核感染筛查阳性者617例(22.04%);其中,胸部DR异常者中疑似肺结核者67例(22.26%)。共发现活动性肺结核患者8例,发现率为285.71/10万,除1例为已登记并接受治疗的患者外,其他7例均为≥15岁胸部DR异常的新发现患者。以临床诊断为参照标准,胸部DR摄片筛查的敏感度和特异度最优,分别为7/8和88.28%(2207/2500),AUC值最大(0.88)。结论 不同的主动筛查策略中,胸部DR检查的诊断价值最高,可作为主动筛查策略的优先选择。