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1.
Sergio Ghittori Luciano Maestri Maria Lorena Fiorentino Marcello Imbriani 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1995,67(3):195-200
Urinary phenol determinations have traditionally been used to monitor high levels of occupational benzene exposure. However, urinary phenol cannot be used to monitor low-level exposures. New biological indexes for exposure to low levels of benzene are thus needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the relations between exposure to benzene (Abenzene, ppm), as measured by personal air sampling, and the excretion of benzene (U-benzene, ng/l),trans,trans-muconic acid (MA, mg/g creatinine), andS-phenylmercapturic acid (PMA, g/g creatinine) in urine. The subjects of the study were 145 workers exposed to benzene in a chemical plant. The geometric mean exposure level was 0.1 ppm (geometric standard deviation = 4.16). After logarithmic transformation of the data the following linear regressions were found: log (U-benzene, ng/l) = 0.681 log (A-benzene ppm) + 4.018; log (MA, mg/g creatinine) = 0.429 log (A-benzen ppm) – 0.304; and log (PMA, g/g creatinine) = 0.712 log (A-benzene ppm) + 1.664. The correlation coefficients were, respectively, 0.66, 0.58, and 0.74. On the basis of the equations it was possible to establish tentative biological limit values corresponding to the respective occupational exposure limit values. In conclusion, the concentrations of benzene, mercapturic acid, and muconic acid in urine proved to be good parameters for monitoring low benzene exposure at the workplace. 相似文献
2.
Perrine Hoet Erika De Smedt Massimo Ferrari Marcello Imbriani Luciano Maestri Sara Negri Peter De Wilde Dominique Lison Vincent Haufroid 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2009,82(8):985-995
Purpose
trans,trans-Muconic acid (t,t-MA) is generally considered as a useful biomarker of exposure to benzene. However, because of its lack of specificity, concerns
about its value at low level of exposure have recently been raised. The aim of this study was (a) to compare t,t-MA, S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and benzene (B-U) as urinary biomarkers of exposure to low levels of benzene in petrochemical
workers and, (b) to evaluate the influence of sorbic acid (SA) and genetic polymorphisms of biotransformation enzymes on the
excretion of these biomarkers.
Method A total of 110 workers (including 24 smokers; 2–10 cigarettes/day) accepted to take part in the study. To assess external
exposure to benzene, air samples were collected during the whole working period by a passive sampling device attached close
to the breathing zone of 98 workers. Benzene was measured in blood (B-B) samples taken at the end of the shift, and was considered
as the reference marker of internal dose. Urine was collected at the end of the shift for the determination of B-U, SPMA,
t,t-MA, SA and creatinine (cr). B-U and B-B were determined by head-space/GC–MS, SPMA and SA by LC-MS, t,t-MA by HPLC-UV.
Results Most (89%) personal measurements of airborne benzene were below the limit of detection (0.1 ppm); B-B ranged from <0.10 to
13.58 μg/l (median 0.405 μg/l). The median (range) concentrations of the urinary biomarkers were as follows: B-U 0.27 μg/l
(<0.10–5.35), t,t-MA 0.060 mg/l (<0.02–0.92), SPMA 1.40 μg/l (0.20–14.70). Urinary SA concentrations ranged between <3 and 2,211 μg/l (median
28.00). Benzene concentration in blood and in urine as well as SPMA, but not t,t-MA, were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. The best correlation between B-B and urinary biomarkers of
exposure were obtained with benzene in urine (μg/l r = 0.514, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.478, P < 0.001) and SPMA (μg/l r = 0.495, P < 0.001; μg/g cr r = 0.426, P < 0.001) followed by t,t-MA (mg/l r = 0.363, P < 0.001; mg/g cr r = 0.300, P = 0.002). SA and t,t-MA were highly correlated (r = 0.618, P < 0.001; corrected for cr r = 0.637). Multiple linear regression showed that the variation of t,t-MA was mostly explained by SA concentration in urine (30% of the explained variance) and by B-B (12%). Variations of SPMA
and B-U were explained for 18 and 29%, respectively, by B-B. About 30% of the variance of B-U and SPMA were explained by B-B
and smoking status. Genetic polymorphisms for biotransformation enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) did not significantly influence the urinary concentration of any of the three urinary biomarkers at this low level of exposure.
Conclusion At low levels of benzene exposure (<0.1 ppm), (1) t,t-MA is definitely not a reliable biomarker of benzene exposure because of the clear influence of SA originating from food,
(2) SPMA and B-U reflect the internal dose with almost similar accuracies, (3) genetically based inter-individual variability
in urinary excretion of biomarkers seems negligible. It remains to assess which biomarker is the best predictor of health
effects. 相似文献
3.
P. Ducos R. Gaudin J. Bel C. Maire J. M. Francin A. Robert P. Wild 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1992,64(5):309-313
Summary
trans,trans-Muconic acid (2,4-hexadienedioic acid) (t,t-MA) is a minor benzene metabolite which can be used as a biological indicator for benzene exposure. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the limits of use of t,t-MA for detection and quantification of occupational exposures to benzene, particularly on an individual scale, phenol being used as the metabolite of reference. A simple and sensitve method previously described by the authors was carried out to analyse t,t-MA in 105 end-of-shift urinary samples from 23 workers exposed to benzene used as an extraction solvent for concretes recovery in the perfume industry. Good correlations were found between atmospheric benzene and both metabolites (uncorrected or corrected for creatinine) or between the metabolites themselves, with correlation coefficients from 0.81 to 0.91 (P < 0.0001). Correlation-coefficients were not improved after correction for creatinine. The overall individual benzene exposure range, median, and arithmetic mean were respectively 0.1–75, 4.5, and 9.0 ppm with corresponding t,t-MA excretion of 0.1–47.9, 5.2 and 8.9 mg/l (uncorrected) and phenol excretion of 1.4–298, 30.9, and 42.2 mg/l (uncorrected). In the control group (145 determinations for t,t-MA and 76 for phenol from 79 individuals) the range, median, and arithmetic mean were respectively < 0.04–0.66, 0.08, and 0.13 mg/l (uncorrected t,t-MA) and 1.5–42.0, 9.85 and 11.3 mg/l (uncorrected phenol). t,t-MA was far more specific than phenol and could be easily and practically used to estimate with a given probability the upper or lower corresponding benzene concentrations down to around the ppm level. Biological exposure indices for benzene exposure to 10, 5, or 1 ppm could be set at 10, 5, or 1 mg t,t-MA/l (uncorrected). 相似文献
4.
B. Javelaud L. Vian R. Molle P. Allain B. Allemand B. André F. Barbier A. M. Churet J. Dupuis M. Galand F. Millet J. Talmon C. Touron M. Vaissière D. Vechambre M. Vieules D. Viver 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(4):277-283
The purpose of this study was to identify professional factors related to benzene exposure and to deduce suitable safety
measures. Atmospheric benzene, urinary muconic acid (tt-MA) and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity (LAPA) were evaluated among 66 car mechanics, 34 road tanker drivers, and
28 nonexposed workers. Professional and medical questionnaires were filled in at the same time. Atmospheric benzene was significantly
higher among road tanker drivers than among car mechanics. The arithmetic mean ± SD, median, and geometric mean values were,
respectively, 0.48 ± 1.49, 0.14, and 0.06 mg/m3 among car mechanics and 1.88 ± 4.18, 0.68, and 0.65 mg/m3 among road tanker drivers. In the latter case the increase was caused by transport of unleaded petrol and correlated with
the volume of the tank. Among car mechanics, tobacco smoking, windy conditions, dismantling of petrol filters, and handling
of petrol increased atmospheric benzene levels. Urinary muconic acid was increased significantly among car mechanics (148 ± 137,
127, and 111 μg/g) and among road tanker drivers (309 ± 420, 137, and 151 μg/g) as compared with the controls (49 ± 46, 33,
and 33 μg/g). Among road tanker drivers, alcohol intake and transportation of unleaded petrol increased the excretion of muconic
acid, which was also directly related to the volume of the tank. Among car mechanics, professional factors (dismantling of
petrol filters, handling of and washing of hands with petrol) and nonprofessional factors (tobacco smoking and damaged skin
on the hands and forearms) increased muconic acid excretion. In the control group, tobacco smoking increased its excretion.
LAPA was not significantly modified among exposed workers. There was a weak but significant linear correlation between LAPA
and muconic acid. These results suggest that to reduce exposure to benzene in unleaded petrol, individual and collective safety
measures should be imposed in both occupations.
Received: 25 November 1996 / Accepted: 25 September 1997 相似文献
5.
Violante FS Sanguinetti G Barbieri A Accorsi A Mattioli S Cesari R Fimognari C Hrelia P 《Environmental research》2003,91(3):135-142
Despite growing concern for possible carcinogenic effects associated with environmental benzene exposure in the general population, few studies exist at parts per billion (ppb) levels. We investigated the existence of a relationship between airborne/biological measurements of benzene exposure (i.e., personal/area sampling and unmodified urinary benzene/trans,trans-muconic acid; t,t-MA) and micronuclei induction (cytochalasin B technique) among exposed chemical laboratory workers (n=47) and traffic wardens (n=15). Although urinary t,t-MA (106.9+/-123.17 microg/L(urine)) correlated (R(2)=0.37) with urinary benzene (0.66+/-0.99 microg/L(urine)), neither biological measurement correlated with environmental benzene exposure (14.04+/-9.71 microg/m(3); 4.39+/-3.03ppb), suggesting that, at ppb level (1ppb=3.2 microg/m(3)), airborne benzene constitutes a fraction of the total intake. Traffic wardens and laboratory workers had comparable numbers of micronuclei (4.70+/-2.63 versus 5.76+/-3.11; n.s.), similar to levels recorded in the general population. With univariate/multivariate analysis, no association was found between micronuclei induction and air/urinary benzene exposure variables. Notably, among the personal characteristics examined (including age, gender, smoking, drinking, etc.), high body mass index correlated with micronuclei induction while, among females, use of hormonal medication was associated with less micronuclei. Thus the present study provides no evidence that ppb levels of environmental benzene exposure appreciably affect micronuclei incidence (against the background of other relevant factors). However, this should not be taken as an argument against efforts aiming to reduce environmental benzene pollution. 相似文献
6.
J. Tuakuila 《International journal of hygiene and environmental health》2013,216(4):494-498
Background and objectives
Data on human exposure to chemicals in Africa are scarce. A biomonitoring study was conducted in a representative sample of the population in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) to document exposure to benzene.Methods
S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) was measured by LC–MS/MS in spot urine samples from 220 individuals (50.5% women), aged 6–70 years living in the urban area and from 50 additional subjects from the sub-rural area of Kinshasa. Data were compiled as arithmetic means, geometric means, percentile 95th and range expressed in μg/L.Results
Overall, living in urban Kinshasa was associated with increased levels of S-PMA in urine as compared to a population living in the sub-rural area. Increased levels were also found by comparison with some date from literature.Conclusions
This study reveals the high benzene exposure of the Kinshasa population requiring the determination of benzene concentrations in ambient air of Kinshasa and limit values for the protection of human health. 相似文献7.
苯接触与尿中反-反式黏糠酸和苯巯基尿酸关系研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的探讨职业苯接触与尿中反-反式黏糠酸(ttMA)和苯巯基尿酸(SPMA)的相关性,评定两接触标志物作为生物监测指标的适用性。方法对44名制鞋厂接苯工人进行个体苯暴露水平的作业环境监测,采集当日班前与班后尿样,分别用高效液相色谱和液质联谱测定尿中ttMA和SPMA含量。结果个体苯接触浓度为2.57~146.11 mg/m3,几何平均浓度为(27.91±3.29)mg/m3。班后尿中ttMA和SPMA含量均较班前增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),班后ttMA和SPMA与空气苯浓度的相关系数分别为0.905(P0.01)和0.537(P0.01),个体苯接触代谢转化为ttMA和SPMA的相对内暴露指数(RIE)随苯接触浓度的增高而下降。结论在中、高浓度的苯接触时,班后尿ttMA与空气苯浓度的相关性优于SPMA。 相似文献
8.
P. Hotz P. Carbonnelle V. Haufroid A. Tschopp J. P. Buchet R. Lauwerys 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(1):29-40
It has been suggested that the threshold limit value (TLV) for the time-weighted average (TWA), of benzene be lowered because
of its possible leukemogenic effect at low exposure concentrations. This requires the development of new methods of biological
monitoring. In this cross-sectional study the diagnostic power of blood and breath benzene and of urinary phenol, catechol,
hydroquinone, S-phenylmercapturic acid, and muconic acid were compared in a population of 410 male workers exposed to benzene in garages,
in two coke plants, and in a by-product plant. Benzene exposure was assessed by personal air sampling (charcoal tube and passive
dosimeter). In all, 95% of the workers were exposed to less than 0.5 ppm benzene. According to the multiple regression equation,
the muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid concentrations detected in nonsmokers exposed to 0.5 ppm benzene were 0.3 mg/g and 6 μg/g, respectively
(range 0.2–0.6 mg/g and 1.2–8.5 μg/g, respectively). With muconic acid very few false-positive test results were found, and
this determination remained reliable even around a cutoff level of 0.1 ppm benzene. Moreover, the diagnostic power of this
test proved to be good even when diluted or concentrated urine samples were not excluded. S-Phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) also performed fairly well. Blood and breath benzene as well as urinary phenol (PH) and hydroquinone
(HQ) were clearly less suitable biomarkers than muconic acid (MA). Catechol (CA) was not associated with occupational benzene
exposure. According to the results of biological monitoring, the skin resorption of benzene from gasoline or other fuels seems
negligible. Correlation, multiple regression, and likelihood ratios consistently showed that MA and S-PMA concentrations were
fairly good indicators of benzene exposure in the 0.1- to 1-ppm range, even in a population comprising both smokers and nonsmokers.
PH, HQ, CA, and blood and breath benzene were less suitable, if at all, in the same exposure range.
Received: 31 July 1996/Accepted: 29 November 1996 相似文献
9.
目的研究职业性苯暴露反.反式粘糠酸(t,t—MA)生物接触限值。方法实验室建立生产环境空气中苯浓度的气相色谱检测方法及作业工人尿中t,t—MA含量的高效液相色谱检测方法,并通过检测苯暴露现场工人8h苯暴露水平及班前、班后尿中t,t.MA含量,研究其相关性。结果苯暴露者班前、班后尿中t,t—MA含量与其苯暴露水平有明显的相关关系。班前y(mg/gCr)=0.924+0.108X(me/m^3),r=0.62,P〈0.01;班后y(mg/gCr)=2.103+0.177X(mg/m^3),r=0.791,P〈0.01。结论根据我国作业场所空气中苯的国家卫生标准,按回归方程推导出职业接触苯生物接触限值,推荐职业暴露苯的生物接触限值为工作班班后尿t,t.MA含量为3.0mg/gCr,下一班班前尿t,t.MA含量为1.5mg/gGr。 相似文献
10.
目的通过对苯接触工人尿中酚和反-反式黏糠酸的监测与分析,开展低苯环境下苯接触生物标志物研究,并探讨其实际应用价值。方法选取某制鞋厂员工作为研究对象,测定其尿液中酚和反-反式黏糠酸浓度,并对作业工人工作场所中苯浓度进行监测。结果接苯工人尿酚浓度与接苯浓度无显著性相关关系,尿中反-反式黏糠酸浓度与接苯浓度存在显著正相关(P0.05),接苯工人班后尿中的反-反式黏糠酸浓度显著高于班前尿(P0.05),吸烟对尿酚浓度影响较小,吸烟者尿中反-反式黏糠酸浓度显著高于非吸烟者(P0.05)。结论低浓度苯工作环境下,尿中反-反式黏糠酸可以作为一种敏感的生物标志物替代尿酚反映机体苯暴露情况。 相似文献
11.
低苯暴露人群尿中t,t-MA及S-PMA的生物监测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的分析职业低苯和环境低苯接触与人体尿液中t,t-MA和S-PMA浓度的相关性。方法选取广州市某制鞋厂钳帮和刷胶工人等苯职业接触人员作为职业低苯暴露人群(职业组),选取非职业苯接触且家庭1年内装修过并已入住半年以上的人员作为环境低苯接触人群(环境组)。采用超高效液相串联质谱联用(UPLC—MS/MS)内标法测定尿中t,t-反式粘糠酸(t,t-MA)及苯巯基尿酸(S-PMA)含量,采用气相色谱法检测空气中苯浓度。结果职业组个体空气暴露的苯浓度(均值±标准差)为(0.16±0.06)mg/m^3,尿中t,t-MA及S-PMA含量分别为(42.7±39.2)和(0.28±0.19)μg/gCr;环境组个体空气暴露的苯浓度中位数(四分位间距)为0.01(0.02)mg/m^3,尿中t,t-MA及S-PMA含量的中位数(四分位间距)分别为20.5(16.2)和0.03(0.04)μg/gCr;经非参数Mann—WhitneyU—test检验分析发现:职业组的个体空气暴露苯浓度及尿中t,t-MA、S-PMA含量均高于环境组(均P〈0.01)。相关性分析结果显示,当空气中苯浓度为0.16mg/m^3时,尿中t,t—MA和S-PMA与空气中苯浓度存在良好的相关性(r=0.499、0.715)。结论t,t-MA及S-PMA可作为生物标记物用于职业低苯和环境低苯暴露的生物监测。 相似文献
12.
T. Ruppert Gerhard Scherer Anthony R. Tricker Franz Adlkofer 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(4):247-251
Excretion of trans,trans-muconic acid (2,4-hexadienedioic acid; t,t-MA), a potential biomarker of low-level exposure to benzene, was determined in 32 smokers and 82 nonsmokers. In smokers the
median background excretion of t,t-MA was 0.13 (0.06–0.39) mg/g creatinine and was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the value of 0.065 (0.02–0.59) mg/g creatinine in nonsmokers. For nonsmokers, the correlation between t,t-MA excretion and environmental exposure to benzene in ambient air, which was determined during the 8-day study period by personal
diffusion samplers, was not significant (r=0.164, P=0.18). Nonsmokers living in the city tended to have higher t,t-MA excretion rates than nonsmokers living in the suburbs. However, the difference was only significant for nonsmokers from
nonsmoking homes. For the same location (suburb or city), smoking at home leads to a marginal increase in t,t-MA excretion of the nonsmoking members of the household. In a further study with eight nonsmokers we found that dietary supplementation
with 500 mg sorbic acid significantly increased (P<0.001) the mean urinary t,t-MA excretion from 0.08 (0.04–0.12) to 0.88 (0.57–1.48) mg/24 h. Under study conditions 0.12% of the sorbic acid dose was excreted
in urine as t,t-MA, thereby indicating that a typical dietary intake of 6–30 mg/day sorbic acid accounts for 10–50% of the background t,t-MA excretion in nonsmokers, and for 5–25% in smokers. As a consequence, sorbic acid in the diet is a significant confounding
factor in assessing low-level benzene exposure if t,t-MA excretion in urine is used as a biomarker.
Received: 10 October 1995 / Accepted: 26 February 1996 相似文献
13.
目的观察苯动态染毒大鼠模型尿中反-反式黏糠酸(t,t-MA)的变化情况,探讨尿t,t-MA作为苯职业暴露水平生物标志物的可行性。方法48只成年Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照组、低浓度组、中浓度组和高浓度组,每组数量相同,雌雄各半;纯苯动态染毒28d(分4个时段,每时段染毒5d后停2d)。监测苯浓度,每个时段染毒后立即取5h尿,反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测法检测大鼠尿中t,t-MA浓度,并用尿肌酐校正。结果在不同染毒时段内,对照组、低、中、高浓度组间尿t,t-MA含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),鼠尿中t,t-MA浓度随着环境中苯浓度增高而升高,且没有随染毒时间延长而变化(P>0.05)。结论动物模型研究说明尿中t,t-MA是反映苯接触水平比较敏感的生物标志物。 相似文献
14.
Urinary excretion of O-cresol and hippuric acid after toluene exposure in rotogravure printing 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Gun Nise 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1992,63(6):377-381
Summary In 62 male rotogravure printers, the time-weighted average (TWA) toluene exposure during one workweek ranged from 8 to 496 mg/m3 (median 96). Post-shift urinary excretion of hippuric acid showed a poor correlation with the air toluene concentration. Level of o-cresol excretion ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 mmol/mol creatinine and was associated with the exposure (r
s = 0.57, P<0.0001), although the variation was considerable. However, this metabolite was significantly influenced by smoking habits, both in the workers (0.34 vs 0.10 mmol/mol creatinine after adjustment to zero exposure for the smokers and non-smokers, respectively; P = 0.03) and in 21 unexposed controls (0.18 vs 0.06 mmol/mot creatinine; P = 0.002). The excretion of these metabolites was followed during vacation, when the workers were unexposed. The shared one-compartment half-time was 44h (± SE 30, 82). After 2–4 weeks of vacation, the concentration of o-cresol was significantly higher for the smokers than the non-smokers (0.14 vs 0.06 mmol/mol creatinine; P = 0.02).No smoking-associated difference was found for the urinary hippuric acid concentration. However, there was an association between alcohol consumption and hippuric acid excretion (P = 0.03); no such difference was shown for o-cresol. These results demonstrate that hippuric acid excretion is unsuitable for biological monitoring of toluene exposure when the exposure level is below 200 mg/m3. Also, in spite of the favourable excretion kinetics, the impact of smoking and the large interindividual variation warrant the same conclusion for o-cresol as a means of monitoring low level exposure in an individual worker. 相似文献
15.
Identification of cis- and trans-verbenol in human urine after occupational exposure to terpenes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Kåre Eriksson Jan-Olof Levin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1990,62(5):379-383
Summary Urine from sawmill workers exposed to -pinene, -pinene and -3-carene was collected and hydrolyzed with -glucuronidase at pH 5.0 for 24h at 37°C. After hydrolysis the urine was cleaned on a SEP-PAK C18 cartridge. The cartridge was eluted with n-heptane. The eluate was injected onto a gas chromatograph equipped with a 25-m (0.32-mm ID) SP-1000 capillary column. The major peak in the chromatogram was identified by GC-MS as trans-verbenol by electron impact at 70 eV. cis-Verbenol was also identified. These metabolites could not be detected in non-hydrolyzed urine from the exposed workers or in hydrolyzed urine from an unexposed individual. The recoveries of the verbenols from hydrolyzed urine were in the range of 85 to 94% and the metabolites were stable both in urine and in n-heptane after sample cleaning at –20°C for at least 12 weeks. We suggest that these metabolites are formed from -pinene by hydroxylation. 相似文献
16.
Ducos P Berode M Francin JM Arnoux C Lefèvre C 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2008,81(3):273-284
Objective Biomonitoring of solvents using the unchanged substance in urine as exposure indicator is still relatively scarce due to some
discrepancies between the results reported in the literature. Based on the assessment of toluene exposure, the aim of this
work was to evaluate the effects of some steps likely to bias the results and to measure urinary toluene both in volunteers
experimentally exposed and in workers of rotogravure factories.
Methods Static headspace was used for toluene analysis. o-Cresol was also measured for comparison. Urine collection, storage and conservation conditions were studied to evaluate possible
loss or contamination of toluene in controlled situations applied to six volunteers in an exposure chamber according to four
scenarios with exposure at stable levels from 10 to 50 ppm. Kinetics of elimination of toluene were determined over 24 h.
A field study was then carried out in a total of 29 workers from two rotogravure printing facilities.
Results Potential contamination during urine collection in the field is confirmed to be a real problem but technical precautions for
sampling, storage and analysis can be easily followed to control the situation. In the volunteers at rest, urinary toluene
showed a rapid increase after 2 h with a steady level after about 3 h. At 47.1 ppm the mean cumulated excretion was about
0.005% of the amount of the toluene ventilated. Correlation between the toluene levels in air and in end of exposure urinary
sample was excellent (r = 0.965). In the field study, the median personal exposure to toluene was 32 ppm (range 3.6–148). According to the correlations
between environmental and biological monitoring data, the post-shift urinary toluene (r = 0.921) and o-cresol (r = 0.873) concentrations were, respectively, 75.6 μg/l and 0.76 mg/g creatinine for 50 ppm toluene personal exposure. The
corresponding urinary toluene concentration before the next shift was 11 μg/l (r = 0.883).
Conclusion Urinary toluene was shown once more time a very interesting surrogate to o-cresol and could be recommended as a biomarker of choice for solvent exposure. 相似文献
17.
Toshio Kawai Tomojiro Yasugi Kazunori Mizunuma Shun'ichi Horiguchi Yoko Uchida Okujou Iwami Hiroshi Iguchi Masayuki Ikeda 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1991,63(4):285-291
Summary The concentrations of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), an n-hexane metabolite, and 2-acetylfuran (2-AF) were measured in urine samples from 123 workers who had predominantly been exposed to n-hexane vapor and 53 workers who had experienced no exposure to solvents. The time-weighted average intensity of exposure to n-hexane vapor was determined by a diffusive sampling method. For biological monitoring of exposure, urine samples were collected late in the afternoon during the second half of a working week and were analyzed in the presence and absence of acid hydrolysis (at pH < 0.5) for 2,5-HD and 2-AF by gas chromatography on a non-polar capillary DB-1 column. The urinary 2,5-HD concentration increased as a linear function of the intensity of exposure to n-hexane, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.64–0.77 after acid hydrolysis and that of 0.730–0.83 in the absence of hydrolysis, depending on the correction for urinary density (P < 0.01 in all cases, with no improvement in the coefficient occurring after the corrections). In contrast, 2-AF levels were independent of n-hexane exposure. The geometric mean 2,5-HD concentration in urine samples from 53 nonexposed men was 0.26 mg/l as observed (i.e., with no correction), 0.19 mg/l after correction for a urinary specific gravity of 1.016, and 0.23 mg/g creatinine after correction for creatinine concentration, and the geometric standard deviation was approximately 2. 相似文献
18.
Christian H. Lindh Bo A. G. Jönsson Hans Welinder 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(2):128-132
Objective: To investigate whether methylhexahydrophthalic acid (MHHP acid) in urine and plasma can be used as a biomarker for exposure
to methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA).
Methods: MHHPA in air was sampled by Amberlite XAD-2 and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection. MHHP
acid in urine and plasma was analysed by GC with mass spectrometric detection. Workers occupationally exposed to MHHPA were
studied. Air levels of MHHPA were determined by personal sampling in the breathing zone. Urinary levels of MHHP acid, a metabolite
of MHHPA, were determined in 27 workers. In eight workers all urine was collected at intervals during 24 h. Plasma levels
of MHHP acid were determined in 20 workers.
Results: The time-weighted average (TWA) air levels ranged from 5 to 60 μg MHHPA/m3 during 8-h work-shifts. The urinary levels of MHHP acid increased during exposure and decayed after the end of exposure with
an estimated half-life of about 6 h. A correlation was found between the TWA air levels of MHHPA and creatinine-adjusted MHHP
acid levels in urine collected during the last 4 h of exposure. A correlation was also seen between the TWA air levels of
MHHPA and the plasma concentrations of MHHP acid. An exposure to 20 μg MHHPA/m3 corresponded to about 140 nmol MHHP acid/mmol creatinine and about 40 nmol MHHP acid/l plasma.
Conclusion: The results indicate that MHHP acid in urine or plasma may be used for biological monitoring of the exposure to MHHPA.
Received: 4 October 1996 / Accepted: 2 January 1997 相似文献
19.
W. Popp G. Müller B. Baltes-Schmitz B. Wehner C. Vahrenholz W. Schmieding M. Benninghoff K. Norpoth 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1992,63(6):393-395
Summary Tetrachloroethene concentrations in blood and trichloroacetic acid concentrations in urine were determined — primarily over the course of a week — for 29 persons living in the vicinity of dry-cleaning shops. The mean levels of tetrachloroethene increased during the week. In some neighbours concentrations were exceeding the German biological threshold limit value for tetrachloroethene (1000 g/l blood), persisting over the whole week in one case. The concentrations of tetrachloroethene in blood depended on the floor and the construction type of the building where these people were living, but not of the type of system used in the dry-cleaning shops. 5 of 12 drycleaners were found to have tetrachloroethene levels exceeding the German biological threshold limit value, some of them by a considerable amount. 相似文献
20.
Tadashi Sakai Hiroshi Kageyama Takaharu Araki Takayuki Yosida Takeshi Kuribayashi Yoshiaki Masuyama 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1995,67(2):125-129
Biological monitoring of workers exposed toN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was carried out by determination of the urinary metabolites,N-methylformamide (MF, mainly fromN-hydroxymethylformamide) andN-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC), which were derived from two different routes of metabolism of the solvent. The urinary levels of MF increased rapidly at the start of the work shift, and decreased almost to zero within 24 h after the beginning of the last exposure. The highest level was found between the end of the afternoon shift and bedtime. AMCC levels remained constant over the consecutive work days and increased after the cessation of exposure, with the peak concentration being observed at 16–40 h after the cessation of exposure. AMCC levels at the beginning of the next morning shift were closely correlated with personal exposure levels of DMF in air, although the correlation of MF and DMF in air was highest in the urine at the end of the shift. Hence urinary AMCC represents an index of the average exposure during several preceding work days and may indicate the internal dose. By contrast, MF represents an index of daily exposure. 相似文献