山东省农村儿童代表性膳食中铁、钙吸收率分析

目的研究山东省农村学龄前儿童代表性膳食中铁、钙的吸收率,以及膳食因素对其吸收利用的影响.方法用代谢平衡法.使用原子吸收分光光度计（AAS）测定膳食与粪便的铁、钙含量,计算铁、钙的吸收率.同时测定影响铁、钙吸收的因子膳食脂肪、蛋白、植酸、纤维素和维生素C（VC）的含量,计算日平均摄入量,将其结果与我国儿童每日推荐膳食营养素摄入量（RNI）进行比较.结果铁、钙的吸收率分别为6.10%,53.09%,铁的平均日摄入量为11.80mg,占RNI的98.3%,低于推荐量;钙的平均日摄入量为295.40mg,占RNI的36.92%,低于推荐量.蛋白质和VC的日摄入量分别为31.2g与13.3mg,占RNI的56.73%和29.60%,低于推荐量.脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高.结论在蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量较低,脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高的条件下,铁吸收率较低,铁营养缺乏.钙摄入量显著低于RNI,显示钙摄入严重不足.     

山东农村儿童代表性膳食下铁、钙吸收率分析

[目的]研究山东农村代表性膳食下学龄前儿童铁、钙的吸收率,以及膳食因素对它们吸收利用的影响.[方法]用代谢平衡法,使用原子吸收分光光度计测定膳食与粪便的铁、钙含量,计算铁、钙的吸收率.同时测定影响铁、钙吸收的因子膳食脂肪、蛋白、植酸、纤维素和维生素C（vitamin C,VC）的含量,计算日平均摄入量,将其结果与我国儿童每日推荐膳食营养素摄入量（reference nutrient intakes,RNI）进行比较.[结果]铁、钙的吸收率分别为6.10%,53.09%.铁的平均日摄入量为11.80 mg,占RNI的98.3%,低于推荐量,钙的平均日摄入量为295.40mg,占RNI的3 6.92%,低于推荐量.蛋白质和VC的日摄入量分别为31.2g与13.3mg,占RNI的5 6.73%和29.60%,低于推荐量.脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高.[结论]蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量较低,脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维摄入量较高的条件下,铁吸收率较低,铁营养缺乏;钙摄入量显著低于RNI,显示钙摄入严重不足.     

山东农村典型膳食儿童人体锌吸收率研究

目的研究山东农村典型膳食锌(Zn)在农村儿童人体吸收率及Zn吸收相关营养素的日摄入量。方法受试者为4～6岁身体健康的农村儿童。标记稳定性同位素67Zn3.0mg,晚餐前一次经口给予,采用原子吸收法(AAS)和热电离质谱(TIMS)分别检测膳食和粪便中总锌含量与67Zn/68Zn比值,计算锌的吸收率,并对膳食铁、钙、脂肪、蛋白、植酸、纤维素和维生素C(VC)含量测定,将结果与我国儿童日推荐膳食营养素摄入量(RNIs)比较。结果锌的吸收率为(12.94±3.32)%,锌的平均日摄入量为11.16mg,占RNI的96.7%,蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量分别为31.2g与13.3mg,占RNI的62.4%和19.0%。结论在目前山东农村的膳食模式下,儿童体内锌的吸收率偏低,蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量不足。     

同位素示踪法测定儿童铁的吸收率

目的:研究农村代表性膳食条件下儿童铁的吸收率。方法:采用天然低丰度稳定性同位素Fe标记FeSO4,以稀土元素镝(Dy)作为排泄物回收标记物。自愿受试者为4～6岁身体健康的农57村儿童。采用山东农村代表性膳食模式。同位素标记铁与Dy以饼干为载体分两天三餐前经口给予。实验期间每日留取受试者膳食样品并收集受试者在实验期的粪便,采用原子吸收(AAS)和热电离质谱(TIMS)分别检测膳食和粪便中总铁含量与Fe/56Fe比值,计算铁的吸收率。同时对脂肪、瘦肉、57蛋白、植酸、纤维素和VC的日摄入量进行测定,并将结果与我国每日营养推荐膳食供给量(DRI)比较。结果:铁的吸收率(%)为6.06±2.24,远低于1988年我国修订推荐RDA所参考国外的10%,铁的平均日摄入量为10.29mg,占DRI的102.9%,其中血红素铁平均日摄入量占总铁日摄入量的17.49%,基本达到推荐量。蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量仅占DRI的56.73%和29.60%远低于推荐量。脂肪、植酸和膳食纤维的摄入量较高。结论:按目前山东农村的膳食模式,儿童铁日摄入量已达推荐量,但吸收率偏低,因而铁摄入量仍不足。蛋白质和抗坏血酸的日摄入量较低。     

青春前期儿童膳食中铁的吸收状况研究

目的探讨青春前期儿童膳食铁的吸收率及相关影响因素。方法选择60名北京地区青春前期儿童,男女各半,依当地饮食习惯制定食谱,进行为期11d的代谢平衡试验,收集试验期内全部粪便样品,以双份饭法收集膳食及水样。样品经冷冻干燥、粉碎、微波消解后,以原子吸收法(AAS)测定铁量,同时对膳食样品中可能影响铁吸收的因子含量进行测定,并以代谢平衡法(MB法)测定铁吸收率。结果男、女性儿童铁的吸收率(%)为8.05±0.90和9.13±0.57,女性显著高于男性,(t=2.38,P<0.05),日均铁摄入量(mg)分别为13.6±2.4和12.8±1.7,分别占推荐营养素摄入量(RNI)的85.0%和71.1%;蛋白质日摄入量(g)分别为75.5±4.1和69.3±6.2,分别占RNI的107.8%和106.6%;维生素C(VC)摄入量(mg)分别为43.2±3.6和38.9±2.1,占RNI的48.0%和43.2%,低于推荐量;膳食纤维和植酸摄入量(g)分别为16.3±3.5、15.1±2.0和1.2±0.2、1.0±0.3。结论北京地区青春前期儿童铁的吸收率仍处于较低水平,女性高于男性。建议在增加膳食中血红素铁和VC摄入的同时,适当降低植酸和纤维素的摄入,以提高铁的吸收率。     

2007年河北省部分地区城乡居民总膳食研究

目的了解河北省唐山市、廊坊市文安县、承德市双塔区城乡居民膳食质量和居民膳食营养状况,为相关部门制定政策提供科学依据。方法应用总膳食研究的方法对河北省部分城乡居民的膳食组成及15种营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、胆固醇、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、尼克酸、维生素C、钙、铁、锌、硒、钠)进行回顾性评价分析。结果食物消费总量及蔬菜、豆类消费城乡大致相当,谷类、饮水、调味品摄入量农村高于城市,其他各种食物消费量均是城市高于农村,城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主;城乡动物性食品单调,以猪肉为代表的肉类消费分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的82.5%和47.1%;城乡居民的平均豆类、乳类、饮水摄入量显著低于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量(RNI),酒类、油脂、盐摄入量明显超过RNI,农村居民豆类、肉类、水产类摄入量严重不足;城乡居民平均热能的摄入量分别达RNI的94.8%、88.7%和90.7%,蛋白质分别达到RNI的109.3%、72%和84.5%;维生素C、铁、钠摄入量充足,但也存在城乡居民平均维生素A、核黄素、硫胺素、钙、锌、硒摄入不足及城市居民脂肪摄入过量,农村居民蛋白质摄入不足和质量较差的问题。结论河北省部分地区调查点城乡居民膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡,有计划地开展人群膳食营养指导十分必要。     

中小学寄宿生与非寄宿生营养状况和膳食调查

目的　分析中、小学寄宿与非寄宿生营养状况 ,为膳食指导提供依据。　方法　随机抽取平顶山煤业集团所属中、小学 9～ 14岁学生采用 5d称重法和发放膳食调查表的方法对寄宿和非寄宿生进行膳食调查。并对其中 171人进行体格检查 ,血清钙、铁、锌含量用原子吸收光谱法测定。结果　中、小学寄宿和非寄宿生热能、蛋白质、铁、硫胺素、烟酸、抗坏血酸的摄入量均已达到或超过推荐营养素摄入量 (RNI) ;而钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素的摄入量低于RNI标准 ,尤其是钙摄入量偏低 ,均低于RNI的 5 0 %以下。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供热比 ,中学寄宿生脂肪产热比达 31.0 5 % ,略高于正常值范围 (2 5 %～ 5 0 % )。　结论　中、小学非寄宿生的膳食结构略优于寄宿生。营养素的摄入不均衡 ,钙、视黄醇、核黄素的缺乏是寄宿和非寄宿生共同存在的问题     

成都社区居民膳食营养素摄入分析

目的 了解成都市区社区居民膳食摄入情况,为制定干预策略和防治措施提供科学依据.方法 调查员经过统一培训,对成都市金牛区随机抽取的6个社区共180户居民进行入户问卷调查.结果 本次调查人群能量、蛋白质摄入为推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intakes,RNI)的80％左右,碳水化合物为RNI的56％,脂肪超过RNI约40％.VitB6、叶酸低于RNI的20％,VitC、VitA、核黄素、硫胺素低于RNI的60％,烟酸符合RNI标准,VitE超过RNI约40％.钙摄入不足RNI的52％,锌、钾、硒、镁、铁、铜摄入在RNI的75％以上,钠分别超过RNI 156％.结论 本次调查人群膳食能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质摄入不足,脂肪摄入过量；绝大部分维生素、矿物质尤其是维生素B族和钙摄入不足.     

北京市房山区164名中小学生膳食营养摄入状况分析

目的调查北京市房山区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况,为房山区学生改善营养提供科学依据。方法对北京市房山区中小学生进行膳食调查,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重法,依据中国食物成分表计算每日食物消费及营养素摄入状况。结果共调查北京市房山区中小学生164名,男生91名,女生73名,平均年龄(8.93±2.21)岁。中小学生水产品类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品、蔬菜水果类摄入不足,畜禽肉类、盐摄入过多。能量平均摄入量为1710.30 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物平均摄入量分别为61.57、72.21、211.48 g,供能比分别占14.38%、37.95%和47.68%。中小学生维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、硒平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的比例分别为34.8%、27.4%、33.5%、24.4%和47.0%。仅2.4%的学生钙摄入量达到了RNI,超过一半的学生铁、锌、铜平均摄入量达到RNI。其中,女生铁摄入量达到RNI的比例低于男生(P<0.05)。结论北京市房山区中小学生膳食结构不合理、微量营养素摄入不足,需加强学生、家长、学校食堂营养宣教,有针对性地改善学生营养状况。     

武汉某高校大学生膳食调查

目的 了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为大学生营养指导提供科学依据.方法 采取随机整群抽样的方法,采用自制大学生食物频率问卷(FFQ)于2009年10月对抽取的武汉工业学院本科生742人进行膳食调查及评价.结果 本次FFQ共调查男生341人,女生401人,平均年龄为(21.32±2.15)岁;大学生膳食结构与《膳食宝塔》相比,谷类、畜禽肉类摄入量偏高,而水果类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低,男女生谷类食品摄入量差异有统计学意义(t=26.202,P=0.000);男女生平均每日能量摄入分别为2 719和2 453 kcal,男生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为110.8,87.2,393.6 g;女生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为97.3,78.1,361.2 g;大学生维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、磷、铁、锌平均每日摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)标准,硫胺素、核黄素、钙、膳食纤维平均每日摄入量低于RNI标准(78.6%～91.7%),胆固醇超过限量标准300 mg;不同性别、不同学科大学生各种营养素摄入量差异无统计学意义.结论 武汉某高校大学生膳食营养状况较好.     

膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响

采用化学分析法测定大学生膳食中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁、磷的摄入量及各元素间的相互影响发现,大学生膳食中铝的摄入量平均为每人4.59mg/d,钙、锌、铁的摄入量分别为供给量的40~1％、81.8％、191.1％,建议应增加富含钙食品的摄入。在摄入高铝(33.88mg·Capita~(-1)·d~(-1))状态下,短期内对血清中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁含量影响不显著,多元逐步回归分析血清铝与磷摄入量存在正相关,与镁摄入量存在负相关。     

Effects of high compared with low calcium intake on calcium absorption and incorporation of iron by red blood cells in small children.

BACKGROUND: The potential benefits of increasing calcium intake in small children must be balanced with the potential risk to iron utilization from high calcium intakes. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the relation between calcium intake and calcium absorption and iron incorporation into red blood cells. DESIGN: We performed a multitracer, crossover study of the absorption of calcium and red blood cell incorporation of iron in 11 preschool children aged 3-5 y who had been adapted for 5 wk to low- (502 +/- 99 mg) and high- (1180 +/- 117 mg) calcium diets. Stable-isotope studies were performed by using 44Ca and 58Fe given orally with meals and 46Ca given intravenously. RESULTS: Iron incorporation into red blood cells 14 d postdosing was similar (6.9 +/- 4.2% compared with 7.9 +/- 5.5%; NS) with the low- and high-calcium diets, respectively. Total calcium absorption (181 +/- 50 compared with 277 +/- 91 mg/d; P = 0.002) was greater in children with the higher calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that small children may benefit from calcium intakes similar to those recommended for older children without adverse effects on dietary iron utilization.     

辽宁省≥50岁居民营养素摄入水平分析

目的 了解辽宁省≥50岁居民营养素摄入水平,为政府制定相应社会发展政策提供依据。方法 在2009年辽宁省居民膳食营养与健康调查数据中选取536名≥50岁居民资料进行分析。结果 辽宁省≥50岁居民每人每天摄入的能量平均为8 510.05 kJ(2 040.78 kCal),占推荐摄入量(RNI)的92.76%,从食物中获得的能量基本得到满足,蛋白质摄入量平均为66.83 g,占推荐摄入量的95.47%,脂肪、碳水化合物、膳食纤维的摄入量分别为68.35、274.60、13.01 g;≥50岁居民维生素A、B₁、B₂平均摄入水平严重不足,分别为557.94μg视黄醇当量、0.95 mg、0.83 mg,仅占RNI的74.39%、73.08%、59.29%,钠、铁、磷、锰的摄入量分别为4 808.03、21.27、984.14、4.14 mg,远高于适宜摄入量(AI),分别是AI的2.19、1.42、1.41、1.72倍;钙的摄入量为454.89 mg,远低于AI,仅占AI的45.49%。结论 辽宁省≥50岁居民营养素摄入不平衡,应加强营养知识的宣传教育,引导居民合理膳食,以有效预防与营养有关慢性病的发生。     

学龄儿童微量元素锌、铁膳食水平与感染易感性关系

目的了解学龄儿童铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)膳食水平及其对感染易感性的影响。方法选取1 023名1~6年级学生进行一般情况、膳食摄入和反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)患病情况调查和评价;每年级抽取1个班共262名学生经家长知情同意后采静脉血测定免疫功能指标。结果 学龄儿童Zn平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI的60%~80%,各年龄段摄入充足的仅占20%~30%,Fe的摄入量达适宜摄入量(AI)的100%~180%,但来源于血红素铁仅占9.9%;儿童免疫指标CD3⁺细胞百分比、CD4⁺/CD8⁺和IgA水平均低于参考值,患反复呼吸道感染率为13%;当Zn摄入水平分别达到80%RNI、80%RNI、60%RNI、40%RNI以上时,受其影响的CD4⁺ 、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、IgA、IgM等免疫指标水平分别达到正常值范围;当Fe摄入水平分别达到200%AI、120%AI、160%AI以上时,受其影响的CD3⁺、IgA和IgM水平分别达到正常值范围。结论 >50%学龄儿童Zn摄入不足,Fe食物来源较差;Zn、Fe摄入水平分别至少≥80%RNI和≥200%AI时,各免疫指标才能维持在正常水平。     

Nutrient intake and food consumption among pregnant women from an agricultural region of Morocco

This study aimed to assess dietary intake and nutrient adequacy in pregnant women selected from an agricultural region of Morocco. On a sample of 172 pregnant women from rural and urban area, data on socio-demographic characteristics and dietary habits by a quantified food frequency were collected using questionnaires. Mean daily intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated and compared to reference nutrient intakes (RNI). The results show that the mean daily intakes of energy (3110.9 kcal in urban; 2707.5 kcal in rural) and some nutrients were adequate. However, iron, folate, zinc and calcium intakes were inadequate for the majority of women and more markedly in rural area. Education level appeared to affect nutrient intakes while no differences were registered across pregnancy stages or according to household size. The study suggests that an education program should be conducted to improve dietary intakes in order to prevent risks for pregnancy outcome in this population.     

Dietary calcium, phytate, and zinc intakes and the calcium, phytate, and zinc molar ratios of the diets of a selected group of East African children

Dietary zinc, calcium, and phytate intakes of 66 rural Malawian children aged 4-6 y were determined during three seasons on the basis of weighed food records and analyzed food composition data. Height and weight measurements were also recorded and hair samples were collected for zinc analysis. Seasonal daily zinc, calcium, and phytate intakes of females ranged from 6.2 +/- 1.7 to 6.8 +/- 2.1 mg (mean +/- SD), from 335 +/- 170 to 401 +/- 257 mg, and from 1621 +/- 660 to 1729 +/- 592 mg, respectively and, for males, 7.0 +/- 1.7 to 8.0 +/- 2.3 mg, 342 +/- 164 to 473 +/- 310 mg, and 1857 +/- 530 to 2161 +/- 684 mg, respectively. Cereals provided greater than 42% of dietary zinc. Seasonal mean molar ratios of phytate to Zn and Ca x phytate to Zn [per 1000 kcal (4.2 MJ)] and the median Ca to phytate molar ratio ranged from 24 to 27, 151 to 188 mmol/1000 kcal (4.2 MJ), and 3.1 to 3.4, respectively. Over 78% of the children consumed diets with phytate-to-Zn and Ca x phytate.Zn-1 . 1000 kcal-1 molar ratios above values suggested to jeopardize zinc status. Correlations between hair zinc, phytate-to-Zn, and Ca x phytate.Zn-1 . 1000 kcal-1 molar ratios suggest that high phytic acid intakes may compromise zinc status in these children.     

Production of stable-isotope-labeled bovine heme and its use to measure heme-iron absorption in children

BACKGROUND: The use of stable isotopes has provided valuable insights into iron absorption in humans, but the data have been limited to nonheme iron. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to produce heme iron enriched in (58)Fe and to use it to study the absorption of heme iron and the effect of iron and zinc intakes on heme-iron absorption in children. DESIGN: Labeled bovine heme was produced in a bovine model. Forty-eight children were randomly assigned to consume identical meals containing 1 of 3 doses of labeled heme iron (2, 4, or 8 mg as hemoglobin) and 1 of 2 doses of inorganic zinc (1 or 9 mg); successful measurements of iron absorption, zinc absorption, or both were made in 40 of these subjects. We hypothesized that fractional heme-iron absorption would decrease as heme-iron intake increased and that higher zinc intakes would decrease heme-iron absorption. RESULTS: (58)Fe heme was produced with an enrichment (mass/mass) of 9.5%. Fractional iron absorption in children was significantly affected by the intake of heme iron (P = 0.0013) and of zinc (P = 0.0375), but, contrary to expectations, heme-iron absorption was higher at higher zinc intakes. Absolute heme-iron absorption was higher in the group with higher zinc intakes, but only for those with the lowest heme-iron intake (2 mg; P = 0.0147). Although fractional zinc absorption decreased as zinc intake increased (P = 0.031), absolute zinc absorption continued to increase across the intake range studied (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Heme iron intrinsically labeled with (58)Fe can be produced at sufficient enrichments for use in human studies. In children, heme iron and zinc absorption decrease as the dose of each mineral increases. Heme iron did not inhibit zinc absorption. At lower heme intakes, zinc intakes may increase heme-iron absorption.     

Nutrient intake and food consumption among pregnant women from an agricultural region of Morocco

This study aimed to assess dietary intake and nutrient adequacy in pregnant women selected from an agricultural region of Morocco. On a sample of 172 pregnant women from rural and urban area, data on socio-demographic characteristics and dietary habits by a quantified food frequency were collected using questionnaires. Mean daily intakes of energy and nutrients were estimated and compared to reference nutrient intakes (RNI).

The results show that the mean daily intakes of energy (3110.9?kcal in urban; 2707.5?kcal in rural) and some nutrients were adequate. However, iron, folate, zinc and calcium intakes were inadequate for the majority of women and more markedly in rural area. Education level appeared to affect nutrient intakes while no differences were registered across pregnancy stages or according to household size. The study suggests that an education program should be conducted to improve dietary intakes in order to prevent risks for pregnancy outcome in this population.