机动卫生装备人-机-环境系统中舱室环境与人的相互作用

在机动卫生装备人-机-环境系统中，舱室环境与人相互关联、相互影响，一方面舱室环境影响人的身体健康和工作效率，甚至危及人的生命安全；另一方面人与舱室环境之间存在物质、能量和信息的交换，产生相互作用。本文从舱室环境的特性、舱室环境对人的影响、人对舱室环境的影响等方面论述了人-机-环境系统中舱室环境与人的关系与作用，旨在使机动卫生装备的研制最终实现“安全、高效、经济”的目标。     

航天器人-机-环境密闭舱试验系统构建方法研究

目的 研究载人航天器人-机-环境密闭舱试验系统的构建内容和构建方法.方法 依据相似理论试验方法,分析地面试验与空间飞行的主要差异,保证环控生保系统重力下可靠工作,确定了人-机-环境试验系统的设计内容和设计方法.结果 利用该方法构建了0套试验系统,试验系统性能良好、运行稳定,已应用于交会对接任务环控生保系统性能研究.与飞行数据比对表明,该试验系统空气流动和换热状态与微重力环境下基本一致.结论 提出的人-机-环试验系统构建方法合理有效,易于实现,满足当前任务需要,可为后续任务类似试验系统研制提供参考.     

F78-Ⅲ型X线机电源开关的改进

F78-Ⅲ型 X 线机诊视床(Ⅰ台)和摄影床(Ⅱ台)的转换分别由同一控制台上的Ⅰ、Ⅱ台的开机按钮控制。当Ⅱ台投照人员在为病人摆位置时,如Ⅰ台关机或需使用机器,Ⅱ台操作者必须到操作间机器控制台上开机或关机,这就给技术员带来诸多不便,为此,我们对新按装的一台F78-Ⅲ型 X 机的控制台电源开关进行了改     

书讯

由海军总医院李鸣皋副院长主编的我国第一部舰载航空医学的专著——《舰载航空医学》近期由军事医学科学出版社出版。本书系统论述了舰载航空特殊的"人-机-环境-任务"因素及相互影响,对舰载航空生理、生物动力学人机工效、飞行员的选拔与训练、常见病等进行了理论探索和经验总结,对舰载航空医学防护、海上生存及相关的医学保健进行了阐述。该书由俞梦孙院士作序,共计210多万字,集舰载航空医学的认识、知识、理论与实践为一体,系     

人－船（机）－环境系统工程学概述

人－船（机）－环境系统工程学概述王近中关键词系统工程，人－机器环境，船舶Ａｎｉｕｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｍａｎ－ｓｈｉｐ（ｍａｃｂｉｎｅ）－ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＷａｎｇＪｉｎｚｈｏｎｇ．ＮａｖａｌＭｅｄｉｃａ...     

第十五届国际人-机-环境系统工程学术大会征文启事

<正>在第13届和第14届《国际人-机-环境系统工程大会论文集》连续两届被EI核心检索的基础上,中国系统工程学会人-机-环境系统工程专业委员会拟定征集第15届国际人-机-环境系统工程学术大会论文。征文的八大主题是:人的特性研究、机的特性研究、环境特性的研究、人-机关系研究、人-环关系研究、机-环关系研究、人-机-环境系统总体性能研究、人-机-环境系统工程理论及应用研究。     

驾驶航资源管理中心环境的重要性

飞行事故虽是一种随机事件 ,但并不意味着不可认识和避免。只要使用一种工具活动 ,就是一个系统在运转。而系统运转就是信息输入和输出的控制过程。用系统、信息论、控制论的原理对航空领域中的“飞行员 -飞机”系统进行多学科的研究 ,构成了“人 -机 -环境 -任务”的大系统工程。驾驶舱资源管理是国外航空界近几年提出的新概念 ,也是研究飞行事故中人的因素的“人 -机 -环境”系统的新课题 ,内容涉及生物医学、心理学、工效学、工程学、信息科学和人素科学等多种学科。概括起来就是对机上设备和机组人员的管理 ,建立一个良好的机长负责 ,机…     

第七届全国人-机-环境系统工程学术会议征集论文通知

为了极大推动我国人-机-环境系统工程研究的进一步繁荣和发展,第七届全国人-机-环境系统工程学术会议定于2005年10月在浙江省舟山市(舟山群岛)召开。本次会议要广泛交流人-机-环境系统工程理论及应用方面的研究成果和实践经验,并为生产力的发展出谋划策。会议由中国系统工程学会人-机-环境系统工程专业委员会主办,北京市海淀人-机-环境系统工程     

视觉显示终端作业环境照明的调查与测定

本工作是VDT 场所的照度水平及分布,工作面上的照度,眩光,视度以及墙面、地板面、终端台面的反射系数的调查报告,结果表明,目前大多数VDT 场所的照明质量差,不同程度地存在眩光,地板、墙面、终端台等表面光学特性只从装饰方面考虑,缺乏工效学考虑,不能满足视觉作业的要求,易使操作人员产生视疲劳和视功能降低。多数操作员反映头痛、眼胀,流泪、怕光等。因此急需制定符合人-机-环境系统工程学要求的VDT 作业照明及光学环境标准,以提高工效和保障工作人员的身心健康。     

低温环境下的人—机工效问题

随着科技的进展,涉及低温作业的领域日益增多。诸如航空、航天中的高空活动,寒区的登山、军事作业,极区与深海资源的开发等等,都会遭受不同程度的低温影响。低温环境下人的生存与生理反应的研究已经做了不少工作。与之相比,有关低温环境对工作效率影响的研究显得不够充分。然而低温工效与工程设计密切相关,又是防护研究中的重要内容之一,是人-机-环     

人的最优控制数学模型的一种增广模型

本文用现代控制论的理论和技术,推广了由D.L.Kleinman等人提出的人的最优控制行为的数学模型,获得了人的最优控制数学模型的增广模型。为了进行模型的应用研究,设计了三种动力学和三种控制任务,用现有的实验室手控人-机系统,进行了补偿式手控跟踪实验和手控消除干扰实验。用模型对上述两个实验中的手控人-机系统进行了模型仿真。模型仿真响应曲线与手控实验平均响应曲线有很好的一致性。并且把现代控制论中的具有规定稳定度的调节器引入人的最优控制数学模型中,显著地提高了模型仿真的参数调整效率。     

Estimation of the human postmortem interval using an established rat mathematical model and multi-RNA markers

In our previous study, a R code-based mathematical model using RNA degradation patterns was developed for PMI determination in rat brain specimens. However, the postmortem changes of RNA are much more complicated in real cases, and there is still a huge challenge in efficiently applying information in animal data to real cases. In the present study, different RNA markers in both rat and human tissues were collected to screen valid biomarkers and the corresponding mathematical models were established and validated. With the same methodology, multi-RNA markers of myocardium and liver tissues were detected by qPCR and the Ct values of ten biomarkers generally increased with prolonged PMIs. 5S, miR-1 and miR-133a were shown to be optimum reference biomarkers that were not affected by a PMI of up to 5 or more days; however, liver-specific miR-122 began to degrade under higher temperatures and only 5S was selected as an endogenous control in the liver. Among the tested target RNAs, similar to our previous study in brain tissue, β-actin (ΔCt) was found to exhibit the best correlation coefficient with PMI and was employed to build mathematical models using R software. Following validation, the relatively low estimated error demonstrated that PMIs can be accurately predicted in human cases through comprehensive consideration of various factors and using effective biomarkers.     

The physiology of gas exchange in divers

After a short reminder of Boyle's law and the physiology of oxygen and nitrogen, a mathematical model will be discussed (without formulas). Its limitations are shown in relation to the calculation of partial gas pressures in different human organs. Such models are already used in closed circuit anesthesia delivery systems and valuable insights can be obtained by this way, which enable us to calculate better nitrogen decompression tables.     

Polyethylene wear in total hip prostheses: the influence of direction of linear wear on volumetric wear determined from radiographic data

Purpose To develop a new mathematical model for calculating the volumetric wear of polyethylene cups from known values of the radius of the prosthesis head, the extent of linear wear and the direction of linear wear determined from standard antero-posterior radiographs.Method A new mathematical model was developed. The results of this new mathematical model were compared with the results obtained using the standard, frequently used mathematical model, which takes into consideration only the radius of the prosthesis head and the extent of linear wear of the polyethylene cups. The results of both mathematical models were further compared with the results obtained by direct measurement of volumetric wear using the fluid displacement method.Results Comparison of the mathematical models shows that the average volumetric wear calculated using the new mathematical model is 8.5% smaller than the average volumetric wear determined by the fluid displacement method, while the average volumetric wear calculated by standard mathematical model is 17.5% higher. The results of the new mathematical model are, thus, notably less biased than those of the standard one.Conclusion In calculating the volumetric wear from antero-posterior radiographs, not only the radius of the prosthesis head and the extent of the linear wear but also the direction of the latter has to be considered.     

基于径向基网络的液冷服人体实验非线性模型辨识

目的建立液冷服人体实验的非线性数学模型,研究人体状态参数与液冷服入口水温的关系.方法根据人体热学特性和以前的实验数据,运用径向基（RBF）神经网络辨识建模,考察了网络对该实验系统建模的适应性.结果 RBF液冷服人体网络对人体状态和液冷服相关数据有很好的辨识能力,逼近速度快.结论 RBF网络适合本文仿真实验,有利于今后实时的自适应控制.     

BLSS中光藻反应器的模型与仿真实验研究

目的 对生物再生式生命保障系统(BLSS)中的绿藻培养单元--光藻反应器(LABR)的数学模型和计算机仿真模型进行研究.方法 运用系统动力学和化学计量学原理,在实验数据的基础上建立LA-BR系统的数学模型,进而建立其仿真模型,进行计算机实验,模拟系统在不同参数下的动态.结果 模型的有效性检验表明,本文所建立的LABR的数学模型和仿真模型是有效的,可用于LABR进一步的深入研究.结论 通过对LABR模型的仿真实验研究,可以大大减少实际研究所需时间和投入,为对BLSS中的其他子系统的类似研究提供理论和方法上的借鉴.     

Modelling in biomechanics: an overview.

The state of the art in biomechanical modelling is reviewed with specific reference being made to physical and mathematical idealizations of the human body and its segments. Scale models and anthropomorphic dummies which fall within the physical category are discussed briefly. Mathematical models which are much more prevalent and virtually synonymous with computer simulation models are then considered in two major classifications: deformable element and rigid body representations. The former include lumped parameter, discrete parameter, finite element and continuum models and are commonly used to represent the vertebral column. Examples of rigid body models of the total body response and inertial parameter variety are outlined. Finally, topics relating directly to the construction of sport and locomotion models are discussed. These include considerations for developing a static or dynamic model, utilizing Newtonian or Lagrangian equations of motion, and dealing with indeterminate systems.     

Mathematical models of cumulative effect and optimization of fractionation regimes

Different (most known) mathematical models are shortly described and basic assumptions the individual models are based on are discussed and critically examined. Advantages and shortages of individual models are mentioned. A semiphenomenological model is then used to demonstrate some possibilities how to make use of the mathematical models in attempts of optimizing the fractionation approaches in individual cases.     

中度体力负荷人体肺通气量.心率反应数学模型的辨识

本工作主要观察中度体力负荷下的肺通气量(V_2)及心率的动态变化。对8名健康男性青年施加以伪随机二位式序列型(PRBS 型,120～500kg·m·min~(-1))体力负荷,重复6次。实验数据脱机处理。所观察的生理变量有:每分吸气通气量及心率。实验结果表明:①用相关法获得生理系统的响应特性,有独特的优点和用途。②描述中度体力负荷下人体通气反应,以三阶双模型结构为较优;描述心率反应的数学模型存在个体差异。     

Mathematical modelling in nuclear medicine

Modern imaging techniques can provide sequences of images giving signals proportional to the concentrations of tracers (by emission tomography), of X-ray-absorbing contrast materials (fast CT or perhaps NMR contrast), or of native chemical substances (NMR) in tissue regions at identifiable locations in 3D space. Methods for the analysis of the concentration-time curves with mathematical models describing the physiological processes and the appropriate anatomy are now available to give a quantitative portrayal of both structure and function: such is the approach to metabolic or functional imaging. One formulates a model first by defining what it should represent: this is the hypothesis. When translated into a self-consistent set of differential equations, the model becomes a mathematical model, a quantitative version of the hypothesis. This is what one would like to test against data. However, the next step is to reduce the mathematical model to a computable form; anatomically and physiologically realistic models account of the spatial gradients in concentrations within blood-tissue exchange units, while compartmental models simplify the equations by using the average concentrations. The former are known as distributed models and the latter as lumped compartmental or mixing chamber models. Since both are derived from the same ideas, the parameters are usually the same; their differences are in their ability to represent the hypothesis correctly, quantitatively, and sometimes in their computability. In this essay we review the philosophical and practical aspects of such modelling analysis for translating image sequences into physiological terms.