不同胆道灌洗方法对供肝胆道冷保存损伤的影响

目的 探讨不同胆道灌洗方法对供肝胆道冷保存的影响。方法 将经历相同热缺血时间的SD大鼠肝脏用4℃UW液（solution of university of siscolnsin)门静脉灌注后，分为胆道非灌洗组，4℃生理盐水灌洗组，4℃UW液灌洗组，4℃生理盐水＋UW液灌洗组，分别置于4℃UW液中保存，光镜观察胆道粘膜。结果 非灌洗组胆道损伤明显，生理盐水组存在一定程度的胆道损伤，4℃生理盐水＋UW人组胆道保护效果理想，4℃UW液逆行灌洗组次之。结论 （1）肝脏冷保存前必须进行胆道灌洗，避免残留胆汁对胆道损伤。（2）冷保存前胆道灌洗可以明显减轻胆道损伤；（3）不同胆道灌洗方法中采用4℃生理盐水灌溉＋UWV液灌注保存效果理想。     

不同胆道灌洗方法对大鼠肝内胆管冷保存再灌注损伤的影响

目的观察不同胆道灌洗方法对大鼠移植肝肝内胆管冷保存再灌注损伤的影响。方法应用大鼠原位肝移植模型，将88只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、胆道非灌洗组、UW液胆道灌洗组、生理盐水（NS）胆道灌洗＋UW液肝内胆道灌注保存组、HTK液胆道灌洗＋UW液肝内胆道灌注保存组、HTK液胆道灌洗＋HTK液肝内胆道灌注保存组。移植肝置于4℃林格液中保存2h后行原位肝移植。移植肝再灌注后24h，检测血清总胆红素（TB）、直接胆红素（DB）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、γ-谷酰转肽酶（GGT）及胆汁中GGT、葡萄糖（Glu）含量。在光镜及电镜下观察肝内胆管上皮细胞的形态学变化。结果与非灌洗组比较，胆道灌洗组术后各项指标明显改善（P〈0．01）；HTK液及NS灌洗组较UW液灌洗组术后指标改善明显（P〈0．05）。病理检测发现非灌洗组胆道损伤明显，各灌洗组胆道损伤程度明显改善，HTK液灌洗＋UW或HTK液灌注组对胆管上皮细胞的损伤较轻。结论移植肝冷保存前进行胆道灌洗可以明显减轻胆管上皮细胞的损伤，4℃HTK液灌洗＋4℃UW或HTK液灌注保存效果比较理想。     

不同器官保存液对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤时嘌呤核苷磷酸酶活性和透明质酸吸收率的影响

目的 探讨大鼠肝脏低温保存及常温缺血再灌注过程中在不同的保存液中嘌呤核苷磷酸酶(PNP)活性和透明质酸(HA)吸收率的变化.方法 将大鼠肝脏在三种不同保存液中低温保存16 h和24 h后,用37℃Krebs-Henseleit液连续循环灌注90 min,分别于不同灌注时间检测灌洗液中PNP活性和外源性透明质酸的吸收率的变化.结果 经过16 h的低温保存后,再灌注60 min前,HTK保存的肝脏中PNP明显高于uw和Celsior;60 min后HTK和Celsior保存的肝脏中PNP明显高于UW;经过24 h的低温保存后,再灌注15 min后,HTK保存的肝脏中PNP明显高于Celsior,而Celsior又明显高于UW.低温保存16 h后,再灌注时,3种保存液保存的肝脏对外源性透明质酸的吸收率均为负值,表明肝窦内皮细胞受到一定程度的损伤;保存24 h者,UW液保存肝脏外源性透明质酸的吸收率明显高于Celsior液和HTK液.结论 随着低温保存和再灌注时间的延长,大鼠肝脏中PNP活性逐渐增高,而外源性透明质酸的吸收率下降;二者可作为评价肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的指标.     

磷酸肌酸对离体大鼠肝脏冷保存的保护作用

目的探讨磷酸肌酸(CP)对大鼠离体肝脏冷保存的保护作用。方法建立大鼠肝脏单纯冷保存离体灌注模型,对照组予单纯威斯康星大学保存液(UW液)灌注肝脏,低剂量组以UW液为基液加入1 g/100 ml CP灌注肝脏,中剂量组以UW液为基液加入2 g/100 ml CP灌注肝脏;高剂量组以UW液为基液加入3 g/100 ml CP灌注肝脏。各组大鼠肝脏分别于4℃相应灌注液中冷保存后0、6、12、18、24 h共5个时间点,分别检测肝下下腔静脉内保存液的丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量,检测肝脏组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,观察肝脏组织肝细胞的凋亡指数(AI)和肝脏组织核因子-κB阳性表达率,光学显微镜下观察肝脏组织的病理学变化。结果低、中、高剂量组大鼠肝脏在冷保存12 h后,ALT及LDH含量均低于对照组(均为P0.05);冷保存18 h后低、中、高剂量组大鼠肝脏组织的MDA、MPO含量均低于对照组(均为P0.05);在冷保存12 h及18 h时,低、中、高剂量组大鼠肝脏的肝细胞AI及核因子-κB阳性表达率均低于对照组(均为P0.05);冷保存24 h后,高剂量组保存液的ALT、MDA含量均明显高于对照组及低、中剂量组(均为P0.05)。病理检查结果显示,高、中、低剂量组大鼠肝脏的损伤明显轻于对照组,各剂量组之间比较无明显差别。结论在UW液中加入CP对大鼠离体肝脏冷保存有较好的保护作用,优于单纯应用UW液保存。     

冷冻保存大鼠肝脏离体再灌注时嘌呤核苷磷酸酶活性和透明质酸吸收率的变化

目的探讨不同保存液保存大鼠肝脏后离体再灌注时嘌呤核苷磷酸酶(PNP)活性和透明质酸吸收率的变化及意义。方法分别采用UW液、HTK液和Celsior液灌洗、冷保存Wistar大鼠肝脏16及24 h,然后用37℃的Kreb-Henseleit液在常温下连续灌注90 min,分别于灌注0、15、30、60和90 min时,从灌注液中取样,测定嘌呤核苷磷酸酶活性和外源性透明质酸吸收率的变化,据此评价肝窦内皮细胞的状况。结果经过16 h的低温保存,在再灌注60 min以前,HTK液组灌注液中PNP的含量明显高于UW液组和Celsior液组(P<0.01);再灌注60 min后,HTK液组和Celsior液组灌注液中PNP的含量明显高于UW液组(P<0.01)。经过24 h的低温保存,在再灌注15 min后,HTK液组灌注液中PNP含量明显高于Celsior液组(P<0.01),而Celsior液组又明显高于UW液组(P<0.01)。透明质酸的吸收率均为负值,说明内源性透明质酸的释放大于外源性透明质酸的吸收,且随着保存时间和再灌注时间的延长,这一趋势更加明显,其中HTK液组最明显,Celsior液组次之。结论随着低温保存和再灌注时间的延长,肝脏中PNP活性逐渐升高,外源性透明质酸的吸收率下降,二者可作为评价肝脏缺血-再灌注损伤的指标。     

还原型谷胱甘肽在离体肝脏保存中应用的实验研究

目的:研究UW液中加入还原型谷胱甘肽在离体肝脏保存中对肝细胞的保护作用。方法:封闭群雄性Wistar大鼠,采用原位灌注切取肝脏,分别用UW液、改良UW液(加入谷胱甘肽0.95g/L)0～4℃保存12h、24h、36h后行Krebs-Henseleit液离体灌注,记录肝脏胆汁分泌总量,并检测灌注流出液AST、LDH含量。结果:随着保存时限延长,灌洗液中AST、LDH值升高,胆汁分泌总量呈下降趋势。12h、24h,两组之间均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。保存36h,两组差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05)。离体灌注液生化指标显示改良UW液组长时间保存时肝脏细胞损伤程度较低。结论:在离体肝脏保存过程中,UW液中加入还原型谷胱甘肽对肝脏长期保存(36h)有保护作用,但24h内对肝脏保存效果影响不大,临床需在24小时内完成肝移植手术,故保存不需要添加还原型谷胱甘肽。     

自制KYL液和UW液保存大鼠肝脏效果的比较

目的比较自制的KYL液和UW液对大鼠肝脏的保存效果。方法采用大鼠肝脏非循环离体灌注模型(noncirculatedisolatedperfusionofratliver),随机以KYL液和UW液对大鼠肝脏保存0、4、8、16、24和48h,记录胆汁流出量,测定灌注流出液天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和氧自由基代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,检测肝细胞内钙离子浓度,观察肝脏组织形态学变化。同时设生理盐水保存阴性对照组,了解器官保存液对大鼠肝脏有无保护作用。结果KYL液保存的大鼠肝脏在保存16h以内各时相胆汁流出量均较UW液保存者高(P<0.01),灌注流出液AST、ALT和LDH含量与UW液保存者相近,肝细胞内钙离子浓度较UW液保存者低(P<0.01);KYL组保存24及48h时,MDA含量低于UW组,SOD含量高于UW组(P<0.01);光、电镜观察两者形态学变化基本一致。两组所有指标均较生理盐水保存组好,提示KYL保存与UW液一样对大鼠肝脏具有保护作用。结论自制的KYL液对大鼠肝脏的保存效果总体上与UW液相当,在再灌注后肝细胞胆汁分泌方面和钙拮抗方面略优于UW液,而在防止细胞水肿方面较UW液稍差。     

自制CMU-1液保存大鼠肝脏的实验研究

目的　探讨CMU 1液保存大鼠肝脏的效果。方法　根据灌注液和保存液的种类将Wistar大鼠分为两组 :UW组和CMU 1组 ,每组分 6h、12h、2 4h 3个保存时限 ,每亚组 6只大鼠。采用离体循环灌注模型 ,研究CMU 1保存液对保存肝脏能量代谢、生化功能、胆汁分泌及形态学方面的影响。结果　随着保存时间延长 ,肝组织TAN含量及AEC逐渐降低 ,CMU 1组较UW组下降略缓慢 ,保存 2 4h后高于UW组 (P <0 0 5 )。再灌注 12 0min后CMU 1组的肝脏分泌胆汁量较UW组多 (P <0 0 5 )。相同时限相比 ,灌出液中ALT、LDH值两组之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。肝脏组织学变化两组间无明显差异。保存 6h后 ,保存液pH值无明显变化 ;保存 12h后pH值下降 ,两组无明显差异 ;保存2 4h后 ,UW组pH值下降较CMU 1组明显。结论　CMU 1保存液保存大鼠肝脏效果与UW液相似 ,在改善保存肝脏能量代谢、预防细胞内酸中毒、胆汁分泌方面略优于UW液。     

不同器官保存液对大鼠肝脏透明质酸吸收率的影响

目的　探讨不同器官保存液对大鼠肝脏透明质酸吸收率的影响 ,以评价它们对肝窦内皮细胞的保护作用。方法　大鼠肝脏原位灌洗后 ,分别在UW液、Celsior液或Histidine Tryptopan Ketoglutarate液 (HTK液 )中低温保存 16和 2 4h ,然后用含透明质酸的Kreb Henseleit液在 37℃下连续循环灌注 90min ,分别于灌注 0、15、30、6 0和 90min时检测肝脏对外源性透明质酸的吸收率。结果　低温保存 16h ,再灌注 0、15、30、6 0和 90min时 ,3种保存液保存的肝脏对外源性透明质酸的吸收率均为负值 ,表明肝窦内皮细胞受到一定程度的损伤 ,但UW液和Celsior液对肝窦内皮细胞的保护作用较HTK液为优 (P <0 .0 1) ;保存 2 4h者 ,UW液对肝窦内皮细胞的保护作用优于Celsior液和HTK液。结论　UW液对肝窦内皮细胞具有较强的保护作用     

自制KYL液对大鼠肝脏低温保存后细胞凋亡影响的研究

目的 研究自制的KYL液对大鼠肝脏低温保存后细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠肝脏非循环离体灌注模型（noncirculated isolated perfusion of ratliver，IPRL），随机以KYL液和UW液对大鼠肝脏保存0、4、8、16、24、48h，测定灌注流出液氧自由基代谢产物（丙二醛MDA和超氧化物歧化酶SOD）的含量，检测肝细胞内钙离子浓度，检测肝细胞凋亡率和凋亡相关基因表达，观察肝脏组织形态学变化。同时设生理盐水保存阴性对照组，了解器官保存液对大鼠肝脏有无保护作用。结果 KYL液保存的大鼠肝脏肝细胞内钙离子浓度较UW液保存者低，灌注流出液MDA和SOD含量与UW液保存者相近，两者肝细胞凋亡率及凋亡基因表达情况相近，光、电镜观察两者形态学变化基本一致。两组所有指标均较生理盐水保存组好，说明两种液体对大鼠肝脏均有保护作用。结论 自制的KYL液对大鼠肝脏的保存效果在钙拮抗方面略优于UW液，在抑制细胞凋亡方面与UW液相当，而在防止细胞水肿方面较UW液稍差。     

Teratoma arising from anomalous common bile ducts: a case report

Teratoma arising from extrahepatic common ducts is very rare entity. The authors found 2 teratoma cases originating from common bile duct in the literature. As a third case, the authors report on a 4-month-old girl with benign cystic teratoma arising from distal common hepatic bile duct and with anomalous common bile ducts. Surgical management of the patient also is discussed.     

Raised pressure in the bile ducts after orthotopic liver transplantation

Biliary complications are common after orthotopic liver transplantation. Bile leakage in the immediate postoperative period and on removal of the T-tube could possibly be caused by a raised bile duct pressure. In order to test this hypothesis, bile duct pressure was studied in seven consecutive liver transplant patients. During the operation, the common bile duct was anastomosed end-to-end over a T-tube. The initial bile duct pressure measurement was performed a median of 12 days (range 10–17 days) after the transplantation and on one or two more occasions during the following 3 months. Seven cholecystectomized gallstone patients with indwelling T-tubes were used as controls. The bile duct pressure at the level of the xiphoid process in the transplanted group was 7.7±1.4 cm H₂O and in the control group 0.5±0.8 cm H₂O (P<0.001). The initially increased bile duct pressure after liver transplantation decreased with time (P<0.05) towards normal during the following 3 months. The raised pressure may increase the risk of bile leakage in the postoperative period.     

纤维胆道镜观察胆管异位开口与残石

８５０例胆管结石术后患者．在因疑有残石或胆总管远端不明原因的梗阻而经Ｔ管窦道行纤胆镜检查与治疗过程中，发现５２例胆管异位开口．其中存有残石者５０例。异位开口和残石以右肝尤其是右后叶肝胆管为多见．右后叶肝胆管开口于左肝胆管，左尾叶肝胆管开口于右前叶肝胆管，这些异位开口给纤胆镜检查取石带来很大的难度和盲目性．     

Investigation of bile ducts before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been controversy about the investigation of the bile ducts and the management of common bile duct stones. Routine peroperative cholangiography (POC) in all cases has been recommended. We have adopted a policy of not performing routine POC, and the results of 700 cases are reported. METHODS: Since 1990, all patients have undergone preoperative ultrasound scan. We have performed selective preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of a clinical history of jaundice and/or pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests and ultrasound evidence of dilated bile ducts (N=78, 11.1%). The remaining 622 patients did not have a routine POC, but selective peroperative cholangiogram (POC) was performed only in 42 patients (6%) because of unsuccessful ERCP or mild alteration in the criteria for the presence of bile duct stones. The remaining 580 patients did not undergo POC. Careful dissection of Calot's triangle was performed in all cases to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries. RESULTS: The overall operative complications, postoperative morbidity and mortality was 1.71%, 2.14% and 0.43%, respectively. Bile duct injuries occurred in two patients (0.26%) and both were recognized during the operation and repaired. There was a single incidence of retained stone in this series of 700 cases (0.14%), which required postoperative ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: This policy of selective preoperative ERCP, and not routine peroperative cholangiogram, is cost effective and not associated with significant incidence of retained stones or bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Aberrant subvesical bile ducts identified during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A rare case report and review of the literature

IntroductionAberrant subvesical bile ducts are a scarce anatomical variation, consisted by a network of bile ducts located in the peri-hepatic capsule of the gallbladder fossa. These rare ducts are usually discovered intraoperatively and their presence poses the risk of bile injury and clinically significant bile leak.Presentation of caseAberrant subvesical bile ducts were unexpectedly identified in a young woman during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. These three ducts were clipped carefully for avoidance of bile duct injury and subsequent bile leak. The operation was uneventful. A meticulous review of the recent literature was conducted as well.DiscussionThis unusual anatomical variation of the biliary tract is mainly discovered during the operation. Thus, surgical injury of these ducts is nearly inevitable and it provokes the severe complication of bile leak. Bile injury represents the most crucial and life-threatening postoperative complication of cholecystectomies. Surgeons in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen should be constantly aware of this rare anatomical variation.ConclusionAberrant subvesical bile ducts are associated with a high risk of surgical bile duct injury. Nevertheless, meticulous operative technique combined with surgeons’ perpetual awareness concerning this peculiar anatomical aberration leads to a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

肝内大胆管旁射频消融治疗的安全性研究

目的 评估于犬肝内大胆管旁进行射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗的安全性,为临床预防RFA造成胆管损伤提供实验依据.方法 健康成年杂种犬40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,雌雄不限.RFA射频针统一张开直径为(20.0±0.3)mm.RFA治疗时,能量由小到大序贯使用.开始能量为5W,以后每1 min升高5W.于距肝内大胆管不同距离(1.0～2.9 mm、3.0～4.9 mm、5.0～7.9 mm、8.0～10.0 mm)肝组织行RFA,观察治疗后不良反应、并发症、胆红素变化及胆管的病理学改变.结果 距肝内大胆管1.0～2.9 mm肝组织行RFA,术后一般情况差,胆红素升高明显,大部分发生严重并发症,胆管病理见明显坏死;距离3.0～4.9 mm行RFA,术后一般情况差,胆红素升高,可发生严重并发症,胆管病理可见坏死和空泡样变性;5.0～10.0 mm时,术后一般情况好,胆红素轻微升高,未见严重并发症发生,大部分胆管病理改变仅为上皮细胞空泡样变性或正常.结论 于肝内大胆管旁进行RFA时,射频针尖距离肝内大胆管≥5 mm时有较好的安全性.     

经验值得注意——再论胆管损伤与损伤性胆管狭窄

自腹腔镜胆囊切除术普遍开展之后,胆囊切除的病例很快增多,而胆管损伤发生率也随之升高,胆管损伤与胆管狭窄又重新成为本世纪的热门话题。医源性胆管损伤重在预防,预防手术中胆管损伤的基本点仍然是强调外科手术的基本要求,认真细致地施行手术,必要时中转开放手术。在专科中心及有经验的外科医生手中,修复手术结果优良者一般可达到90％,初期修复的效果优于再次修复。恢复胆道生理功能是修复手术的最终目的,当前广泛应用的仍然是肝管Roux-en-Y空肠吻合术。     

Bile duct growing factor: An alternate technique for reconstruction of thin bile ducts after iatrogenic injury

A variant of bilioenteric anastomosis, laterolateral hepatojejunostomy, is described in which the opened anterior aspect of the common hepatic duct and left hepatic duct is anastomosed to a Roux jejunal limb. This technique is specially designed for thin, injured bile ducts in which a conventional anastomosis is difficult due to the small diameter of the ducts. A wide anastomosis is obtained, leaving the posterior wall as a conduit for bile, ensuring an adequate anastomotic diameter.     

肝内胆管乳头状瘤13例CT诊断分析

目的分析肝内胆管乳头状瘤（IPNB）的cT表现,探讨CT对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析13例经手术及病理证实的IPNB的cT和临床资料。结果13例IPNB中发生于右叶肝内胆管6例,左叶肝内胆管4例,近肝门处胆管3例。11例表现为扩张的肝内胆管内形态多变的结节或肿块,3例单发,8例多发;CT平扫呈不均匀低密度,边界欠清,动态增强呈轻～中度持续强化,强化不均匀,边界变清晰,病灶周边仍见较完整的胆管壁。另外2例CT平扫表现为中度扩张的胆管内壁毛糙如绒毛状,平扫较胆汁呈稍高密度,增强轻度强化。13例均见肝内胆管呈弥漫性或局限性不同程度扩张,5例肿瘤所在胆管呈“动脉瘤”样扩张。结论IPNB的cT表现具有一定特征,CT对其诊断有较大价值。     

腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道探查术、胆总管一期缝合术的临床疗效与可行性。方法2014年2月至2017年2月收集贵州医科大学附属医院106例胆总管结石病人,男性44例、女性62例,年龄18~75岁,平均(46.5±15.7)岁。106例胆总管结石病人,伴或不伴胆囊结石与肝内胆管结石,其中腹腔镜下胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术67例,腹腔镜下胆道探查T管引流术39例,对两组病例手术适应证、手术时间、术后恢复情况、并发症等进行比较。结果胆总管一期缝合组的手术时间、术后住院天数、腹腔引流管放置时间分别为(72.8±21.0)min、(2.8±1.9)d和(5.5±2.3)d,优于T管引流术组的(95.5±26.5)min、(5.7±1.4)d和(8.1±2.6)d(均P0.05),术后肛门排气时间两组分别为(1.9±0.8)d和(2.1±0.5)d、差异无统计学意义;两组均无肝衰竭、腹腔感染、胆管残余结石、胆道出血及穿孔,胆漏发生率T管引流术组(3例)高于胆总管一期缝合组(0例)(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石是安全、可行的,病人明显受益,值得临床推广应用。