深圳市糖尿病流行特征研究

采用分层整群抽样方法,对深圳市５个行政区在深圳居住５年及以上,年龄在２０岁及以上的８２００名社区人群进行了糖尿病流行病学调查。结果表明,深圳居民糖尿病（ＤＭ）标化患病率为４３１％,糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）标化患病率为１１９３％,两者之比为１∶２７８;其中女性糖尿病（ＤＭ）和耐糖量低减（ＩＧＴ）标化患病率分别为４３１％和１１９３％,明显高于男性,后者分别为３７１％和１０２８％。研究结果还表明糖尿病和糖耐量低减率随年龄的升高而升高,离退休人员和家庭妇女明显高于其他职业人群,末发现来自不同地区人群糖尿病和ＩＧＴ患病率间差异。     

平顶山煤矿区人群糖尿病流行病学研究

对平顶山煤矿区２０～７４岁人群进行了糖尿病（ＤＭ）流行病学抽样调查，共调查３３８０人，发现ＤＭ１３７人，患病率为４．０５％，糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）１４３人，患病率为４．２３％，经１９９０年全国人口年龄标化后，ＤＭ患病率为４．８２％，ＩＧＴ患病率为３．８７％。ＤＭ、ＩＧＴ的患病率随年龄增加明显上升。男性ＤＭ年龄标化患病率为５．１１％，与女性（４．８９％）相比，无统计学差异；男性ＩＧＴ标化率为３．３０％，显著低于女性（５．０７％）。ＤＭ、ＩＧＴ的患病率在工人中最低，分别为２．０２％、２．６４％；离退休者最高，分别为２３．５７％、１１．４６％；井上工作人员５．３５％，６．１３％显著高于井下工作人员２．０９％，１．３４％；文盲者ＤＭ、ＩＧＴ的患病率最高，分别为７．１１％、８．８２％；人均收入不同者，ＤＭ及ＩＧＴ的患病率无明显差异；按体重不同分析显示，随着体重增加ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率呈明显上升趋势     

平顶山煤矿区人群糖尿病流行病学研究

１９９６年５－８月对平顶山煤矿区２０－７４岁人群进行了糖尿病（ＤＭ）流行病学抽样调查，共调查３３８０人，发现ＤＭ１３７人，患病率为４．０５％，糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）１４３人，患病率为４．２３％，经１９９０年全国人口年龄标化后，ＤＭ患病率为４．８２％，ＩＧＴ患病率为３．８７％。ＤＭ、ＩＧＴ的患病率随年龄增加明显上升。男性ＤＭ年龄标化患病率为５．１１％，与女性（４．８９％）相比，无统计学差异，男性ＩＧＴ     

包头地区电力系统职工糖尿病流行病学调查

为了解包头地区电力系统糖尿病患病情况，按照ＷＨＯ规定的标准，于１９９６年８月至１９９７年８月对包头市电力系统１０８６７名职工进行了糖尿病的流行病学调查，结果发现糖尿病（ＤＭ）和糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）标化患病率分别为３．１５％和２．８３％；ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率均随年龄和标准体重百分比的增加而增高（Ｐ均〈０．０１），ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ组的收缩压、舒张压及血浆总胆固醇明显高于对照组（Ｐ均〈０．０１），这种情况可能     

玉环县海岛居民饮酒量与２型糖尿病及 糖调节受损的关系研究

摘要：目的　探索海岛居民饮酒情况与２型糖尿病（ｔｙｐｅ２ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ,Ｔ２ＤＭ）及糖调节受损（ｉｍ ｐａｉｒｅｄｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＩＧＲ）的关系。方法　２０１２年６～１２月,本研究采用整群随机抽样方法抽取浙江 省玉环县３个乡镇,利用流行病学调查问卷进行面对面调查。结果　２６４５０人中,轻度、中度和重度饮酒 率分别为７．３３％、２．８２％和４．８８％。饮酒量与ＩＧＲ 和Ｔ２ＤＭ 患病率呈Ｊ型关系, 轻度饮酒者的ＩＧＲ 和 Ｔ２ＤＭ 患病率最低,分别为１６．１４％和１１．９１％。在调整其他可能的影响因素后,不饮酒、中度和重度饮酒 患Ｔ２ＤＭ 风险分别是轻度饮酒的１．００ （０．８４～１．１８）、１．１２ （０．８６～１．４５） 和１．１７ （０．９４～１．４５） 倍,患 ＩＧＲ 风险分别是轻度饮酒的０．９４ （０．８２～１．０９）、１．１６ （０．９３～１．４６） 和１．２９ （１．０７～１．５６） 倍。结论　 饮酒量与ＩＧＲ 和Ｔ２ＤＭ 患病率之间存在Ｊ型关系,重度饮酒可能增加ＩＧＲ 的患病风险。 关键词：糖尿病,２型;糖调节受损;饮酒量;成人;患病率 中图分类号：Ｒ５８７．１　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１７）０６ ０４０１ ０５     

郑州市中老年糖尿病和糖耐量减低的流行病学调查

郑州市中老年糖尿病流行病学抽样调查结果显示：糖尿病（ＤＭ）和糖耐量减低（ＩＧＴ）患病率分别为６２８％和１３０８％,而且随年龄增大而升高;女性ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率均高于男性;肥胖、体力劳动减少、高血压均与ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率增高密切相关;ＤＭ家族史是ＤＭ的重要危险因素;婚姻状况亦对ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率有影响。     

高血压,年龄与Ⅱ型糖尿病患病率的关系研究

对湖北省部分地区２５岁及以上的９４５０名居民进行了高血压、年龄与Ⅱ型糖尿病——非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）及糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）患病率关系的流行病学研究。结果表明：２５岁及以上的ＮＩＤＤＭ患病率为２．６２％，ＩＧＴ患病率为４．４８％，男女性的ＮＩＤＤＭ与ＩＧＴ患病率差别无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），高血压患者中，ＮＩＤＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率分别为６．７５３％和９．６３３％，非高血压者ＮＩＤＤＭ和ＩＧＴ患病率仅为２．３４８％和３．７９０％，前者分别为后者的２．９倍和２．５倍，二者的标准化患病率差别仍有统计学意义。     

湖州市1435名机关工作人员糖尿病调查情况

为了解湖州市机关工作人员糖尿病患病情况,于１９９８年对湖州市机关１４３５名工作人员进行了糖尿病的流行病学调查。结果显示：糖尿病（ＤＭ）发病率５．８５％,糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）发病率６．９７％,ＤＭ与ＩＧＴ之比为１∶１．１９;ＤＭ和ＩＧＴ发病率随年龄和体质指数（ＢＭＩ）增大而上升（Ｐ均〈０．０１）,男女间无显著性差异。结论提示机关工作人员要进一步加强糖尿病防治知识的教育。     

深圳市居民体质指数,腰臀围比与糖尿病的关系研究

采用分层整群抽样方法,研究了深圳市５ 个行政区年龄在２０ 岁以上,在深圳居住５ 年及以上８２００ 名常住社区居民肥胖与糖尿病的关系结果表明,深圳居民体质指数（ＢＭＩ） ≥２５ 的人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 患病率明显高于体质指数（ＢＭＩ） ＜２５ 的人群,肥胖人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 患病率分别是非肥胖人群的２．６ 倍和２３ 倍。随腰围、臀围及两者之比的升高,糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ患病率升高;腰臀围比≥１ 和＜１人群糖尿病患病率和ＩＧＴ 率之比分别为１：５ 和１：２５。研究结果还表明,随腰围的增加两率增加更加明显,腰围平均每增加１ｃｍ 糖尿病患病率增加０５％ ,ＩＧＴ 患病率增加１０％     

煤工尘肺死亡的回顾性队列研究

为探索煤工尘肺病人的主要死因以及煤工尘肺与恶性肿瘤死亡之间的关系，采用流行病学回顾性队列研究方法对开滦矿务局１９５２～１９９５年诊断的３２２８例煤工尘肺患者（全部为男性）的结局进行了调查。队列观察从１９７０年１月１日开始，至死亡病例的死亡日期或１９９５年１２月３１日终止，以全国男性人群为参照。用标化死亡比（ＳＭＲ）作为统计指标，并计算９５％可信区间（９５％ＣＩ）。结果：全死因ＳＭＲ较全国人群高１１％（ＳＭＲ＝１．１１，９５％ＣＩ：１．０４～１．１８）。其中肺心病死亡（ＳＭＲ＝５．９７，９５％ＣＩ：５．２３～６．７７）、肺结核死亡（ＳＭＲ＝３．６８，９５％ＣＩ：３．０１～４．４６）均高于全国人群。全癌死亡低于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝０．８１，９５％ＣＩ：０．７１～０．９２），但肺癌死亡高于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝１．３６，９５％ＣＩ：１．１０～１．６６）。按不同死亡年代及粉尘种类进一步分析，均发现肺癌高发。结果表明：煤工尘肺病人的全死因死亡比稍高于全国人群，其中，肺心病和肺结核有明显的超额死亡。煤工尘肺病人中肺癌死亡超高。提示：煤工尘肺与肺癌的发生有关。     

Sorption of Phosphate and Cr(VI) by Fe(III) and Cr(III) Hydroxides

Understanding the chemical behavior and interactions of Cr(VI) (e.g., HCrO₄ ⁻) and other anions, such as orthophosphate (P) with insoluble metal hydroxides (i.e., Cr[III] and Fe[III]) in disposal landfills or in chromite ore processing residue (CORP)–enriched soil is very important in predicting the movement and the fate of Cr(VI). This study evaluates the sorption behavior of P and Cr(VI) by Fe(III) (i.e., ferrihydrite), Cr(III) (i.e., Cr[OH]₃), and coprecipitated Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxides. These metal hydroxide sorbents were synthesized, and sorption of P and Cr(VI) were conducted at different pH using a batch technology. Our results show that P and Cr(VI) sorption by metal hydroxides decreased with increasing suspension pH. Greater decrease in P sorption was observed when Cr(III) was present in the structures of hydroxides. Following the sorption of low concentration of P (i.e., 0.5 mM), the sorption of subsequently added Cr(VI) by hydroxides was less influenced. However, Cr(VI) sorption was greatly inhibited when high concentration of P (i.e., 10 mM) prereacted with hydroxides, particularly in Fe(III) hydroxide system. Results also indicated that high concentration of Cr(VI) (10 mM) could dissolve Cr(III) hydroxide at pH 3 and reprecipitate as an amorphous form of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compound at pH about 6.5. Although coprecipitation of Cr(VI) with Cr(III) can inhibit Cr(VI) movement through soil profiles, the inhibition seems to be low due to the gradual release of Cr(VI) with increasing pH. Received: 16 April 2002/Accepted: 29 October 2002     

Cytotoxic activity and chemical reactivity of cis-platinum(II) and trans-palladium(II) complexes with diethyl (pyridinylmethyl)phosphates

A series of square-planar platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of the formula cis-[PtCl2L2] and trans-[PdCl2L2] [L stands for diethyl (pyridin-2-ylmethyl)phosphate (2-pmOpe) or diethyl (pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phosphate (3-pmOpe) or diethyl (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)phosphate (4-pmOpe)] have been synthesized and tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells. The results indicated that the cis-platinum complexes showed superior activity than trans-palladium complexes, but lower in comparison to cisplatin. The chemical reactivity of the tested complexes has been determined in an in vitro NBP test. The platinum complexes exhibited very high chemical reactivity in NBP test, higher than cisplatin. The results showed no correlation between cytotoxicity and chemical reactivity for platinum complexes. Two platinum(II) complexes {cis-[PtCl2(2-pmOpe)2], cis-[PtCl2(3-pmOpe)2]} have been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and elemental analysis.     

Survey of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides

Ethylenethiourea (ETU) has been recognized as a compound with adverse toxicological properties. It may occur in ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides as a by-product and/or a degradation product. Restrictions have been issued by the Italian Health Authority to keep the level of ETU in EBDC formulations under 0.5% (on an EBDC technical product basis). A survey was carried out on 85 samples of commercial formulations from the Italian market to verify compliance with the above limitation. ETU was extracted by methanol and determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Three of the 85 samples (3.5%) exceeded the limit of 0.5% established by the Italian legislation for ETU.     

The two PM(2.5) (fine) and PM(2.5-10) (coarse) fractions: evidence of different biological activity.

Recent studies have shown that an increased concentration of environmental particulate matter (PM(10)) is related to many respiratory diseases. One major issue is whether the toxicity of the particles resides in some particular fraction as defined by chemical composition and size. The overall purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro toxicity of coarse (PM(2.5-10)) and fine (PM(2.5)) particulate matter, collected in an urban area of Rome, in relation to their physicochemical composition as assessed by analytic electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. In particular, our aim was to evaluate the importance of particle physicochemical components in the induced toxicity. The in vitro toxicity assays used included human red blood cell hemolysis, cell viability, and nitric oxide (NO) release in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The hemolytic potential has been widely used as an in vitro toxicity screen and as a useful indicator of oxidative damage to biomembranes. We found that human erythrocytes underwent dose-dependent hemolysis when they were incubated with varying concentrations of fine and coarse particles. The hemolytic potential was greater for the fine particles than for the coarse particles in equal mass concentration. However, when data were expressed in terms of PM surface per volume unit of suspension, the two fractions did not show any significant hemolytic differences. This result suggested that the oxidative stress induced by PM on the cell membranes could be due mainly to the interaction between the particle surfaces and the cell membranes. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells challenged with particles showed decreased viability and an increased release of NO, a key inflammatory mediator, and both effects were not dose dependent in the tested concentration range. The fine particles were the most effective and the differences between the two size fractions in inducing these biological effects remained unchanged when the basis of comparison was changed from weight to surface measures. It seemed therefore that these differences relied on the different physicochemical nature of the particles. The main chemical difference between the two fractions resided in a greater abundance of C-rich particles with S traces in the fine fraction. Therefore, we cautiously suggest a role for these particles in the induction of toxicity.