One-stage total repair of aortic arch anomaly using regional perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: Primary repair of aortic arch obstructions and associated cardiac anomalies is a surgical challenge in neonates and infants. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest prolongs myocardial ischemia and might induce cerebral and myocardial dysfunction. METHODS: From March 2000 to December 2005, 69 neonates or infants with aortic arch anomaly underwent one-stage biventricular repair with continuous cerebral perfusion in the presence of a nonworking beating heart using the dual perfusion technique on the innominate artery and aortic root. Preoperative diagnoses of arch anomaly comprised aortic coarctation (n=54) or an interrupted aortic arch (n=15). Combined anomalies were ventricular septal defect (n=52), anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta (n=3), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n=2), truncus arteriosus (n=2), atrioventricular septal defect (n=2), double outlet right ventricle (n=1), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (n=1), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (n=1), and aortic stenosis (n=1). RESULTS: The mean regional perfusion time was 27.8+/-9.8 min. There was no operative mortality. Postoperative low cardiac output was present in four patients (5.8%). A neurologic complication was noted in one patient (1.5%) who developed transient chorea, but recovered completely. During 32.8+/-17.5 months of follow-up, one late death (1.5%) occurred. There was neither reoperation associated with arch anomaly nor recoarctation except in one patient. One patient developed left main bronchial compression necessitating aortopexy. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage total arch repair using our regional perfusion technique is an excellent method that may minimize neurologic and myocardial complications without mortality. Our surgical strategy for arch anomaly has a low rate of residual and recurrent coarctation when performed in neonates and infants.     

Regional low-flow perfusion provides somatic circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch surgery

BACKGROUND: Regional low-flow perfusion has been shown to provide cerebral circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch operations. However, its ability to provide somatic circulatory support remains unknown. METHODS: Fifteen neonates undergoing arch reconstruction with regional perfusion were studied. Three techniques were used to assess somatic perfusion: abdominal aortic blood pressure, quadriceps blood flow (near-infrared spectroscopy), and gastric tonometry. RESULTS: Twelve patients required operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and 3 required arch reconstruction with a biventricular repair. There was one death (7%). Abdominal aortic blood pressure was higher (12+/-3 mm Hg versus 0+/-0 mm Hg), and quadriceps blood volumes (5+/-24 versus -17+/-26) and oxygen saturations (57+/-25 versus 33+/-12) were greater during regional perfusion than during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (p < 0.05). During rewarming, the arterial-gastric mucosal carbon dioxide tension difference was lower after circulatory arrest than after regional perfusion (-3.3+/-0.3 mm Hg versus 7.8+/-7.6 mm Hg, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regional low-flow perfusion provides somatic circulatory support during neonatal arch surgical procedures. Support of the subdiaphragmatic viscera should improve the ability of neonates to survive the postoperative period.     

Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch via sternotomy.

Herein we describe our experience with repair of interrupted aortic arch and coarctation plus hypoplastic aortic arch in 55 consecutive infants (1984 to 1990). Median age at operation was 6 days and median weight 3.1 kg. Associated severe intracardiac anomalies were the rule. All patients had significant congestive cardiac failure, and the majority required prostaglandin E1 resuscitation and inotropic support (with or without ventilation) before the operation. All operations were performed via sternotomy with core cooling and circulatory arrest. Isolated myocardial perfusion was used in 13 patients during arch repair. A complete intracardiac (biventricular) repair was performed except in patients expected to require a Fontan operation as definitive treatment. The operative mortality overall was 14.5% (confidence limits 10% to 22%). For arch repair plus biventricular intracardiac repair, the operative mortality was 9% (confidence limits 5% to 15%), and for arch repair plus palliative intracardiac repair, 40% (confidence limits 22% to 60%). The mortality in the isolated myocardial perfusion group was 0% (confidence limits 0% to 14%), which may be related to reduced myocardial ischemic time (p less than 0.05). Actuarial survival was 75% (confidence limits 65% to 83%) at 12 months, with no subsequent deaths over 1294 patient-months (mean 28 months) of follow-up. Actuarial freedom from recurrent arch obstruction was 69% (confidence limits 48% to 85%) at 46 months' follow-up. Primary repair of interrupted aortic arch and coarctation plus hypoplastic arch compares favorably with a staged approach and is recommended even when complex intracardiac anatomy is present.     

Single-stage repair of aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect using isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To avoid hypothermic circulatory arrest, we have repaired aortic coarctation with ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a one-stage procedure using an isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion technique, and retrospectively compared this novel approach to the conventional two-stage approach. METHODS: Between October 1991 and February 1999, 24 infants, aged 4-137 days (median, 27 days) and weighing 1.7-4.3 kg (median, 3.0 kg), underwent the repair of aortic coarctation with VSD either in one (group I, n=11) or two stages (group II, n=13). In Group I, an arterial cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass was inserted into the ascending aorta in six patients with coarctation only, or into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft which was anastomosed to the innominate artery in the remaining five who had hypoplastic arches. A cross-clamp was placed between the innominate and left carotid arteries. The bypass flow was reduced to 30-50% of full flow at 28 degrees C, thereby maintaining a radial artery pressure of 30-45 mmHg. At this point, the aortic coarctation was repaired by an end-to-end arch anastomosis, while maintaining brain perfusion and with the heart still beating. In five patients with hypoplastic aortic arches, the innominate artery proximal to the graft was then secured down and the arch anastomosis was extended to the distal ascending aorta, while providing isolated cerebral perfusion and cardioplegic arrest. After arch reconstruction was performed, the clamp was moved onto the ascending aorta, and the VSD was closed with systemic perfusion. In contrast, for group II patients, coarctation repairs were performed through a posterolateral approach, and existing VSDs were closed as secondary procedures. RESULTS: The mean isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion time for group I was 13 min (range, 7-20 min). The myocardial ischemic time did not differ between groups I and II (43+/-4 vs. 42+/-5 min, not significant). There were no hospital mortalities or neurological complications in either group, but one late death in each group. CONCLUSION: Single-stage repair of aortic coarctation with VSD does not increase myocardial ischemic time compared to the traditional two-stage approach. The isolated cerebral and myocardial perfusion technique may offer substantial brain and myocardial protection during aortic arch reconstruction.     

Operation of mid-arch coarctation.

BACKGROUND: Coarctation occurring within the aortic arch is rare and may present difficulties during surgical repair. We describe the operative technique and outcome in 6 patients with this unusual anomaly. METHODS: Five patients had antegrade perfusion with circulatory arrest. Three patients with presubclavian narrowing (one presenting with type B dissection) were operated through extended left thoracotomy. Two precarotid and paracarotid lesions were approached through a median sternotomy. All patients were perfused antegradely from the ascending aorta and operated with hypothermic circulatory arrest. One patient who had a complex presubclavian coarctation after two previous repairs received an ascending aorta to abdominal aorta bypass graft without cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: All patients survived operation and are well at a mean follow-up of 3.3 years after the procedure. None had cerebral problems or spinal cord injury. Renal function was unchanged. The mean (+/- standard error of the mean) resting gradient across the coarctation decreased from 42+/-4.0 mm Hg to 6+/-1.2 mm Hg (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Hypothermic circulatory arrest using antegrade ascending aortic perfusion allows safe and effective repair of mid-arch coarctation. Complicated reoperations can be managed safely using ascending-to-abdominal aortic bypass.     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗

目的 探讨婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗经验.方法 2000年1月至2006年12月,84例主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形患儿接受了外科手术治疗,手术年龄1个月～3岁(平均13.5个月),体重3.3～15.0 kg(平均7.3 kg).12例合并复杂心内畸形,72例合并室间隔缺损和其他简单心内畸形,23例伴有主动脉弓发育不良.一期手术62例,49例正中开胸同时矫治主动脉缩窄和心内畸形,13例左侧开胸矫治主动脉缩窄,正中开胸修补心内畸形;分期手术22例.主动脉缩窄的手术方式包括补片成形42例,切除端端吻合30例,锁骨下动脉翻转6例,血管旁路3例,球囊扩张1例.在49例正中切口一期手术中,43例应用选择性脑灌注加下半身停循环,4例应用全身低流量灌注,2例应用深低温停循环.结果 围手术期死亡8例,死亡率9.5%,其中3例为术前漏诊主动脉缩窄.结论 婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗可获得良好的近期疗效,绝大部分患儿可采取正中切口一期手术.选择性脑灌注和下半身停循环可以有效地保护脑和重要脏器.     

Regional low-flow perfusion provides cerebral circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: Because of concerns regarding the effects of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest on the neonatal brain, we have developed a technique of regional low-flow perfusion that provides cerebral circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction. METHODS: We studied the effects of regional low-flow perfusion on cerebral oxygen saturation and blood volume as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in 6 neonates who underwent aortic arch reconstruction and compared these effects with 6 children who underwent cardiac repair with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. RESULTS: All the children survived with no observed neurologic sequelae. Near-infrared spectroscopy documented significant decreases in both cerebral blood volume and oxygen saturations in children who underwent repair with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest as compared with children with regional low-flow perfusion. Reacquisition of baseline cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygen saturations were accomplished with a regional low-flow perfusion rate of 20 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1). CONCLUSIONS: Regional low-flow perfusion is a safe and simple bypass management technique that provides cerebral circulatory support during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction. The reduction of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest time required may reduce the risk of cognitive and psychomotor deficits.     

Isolated myocardial perfusion during arch repair

Repair of coarctation of the aorta with severe hypoplasia of the aortic arch or interrupted aortic arch was performed in 5 patients using a modification of the usual technique that consisted of isolated myocardial perfusion during arch repair. The aortic cross-clamp was placed on the ascending aorta distal to the aortic cannula. Cardiopulmonary bypass flow was reduced to about 10% of full flow, achieving a line pressure of 35 to 45 mm Hg to keep the heart perfused and beating during arch repair. Once the aortic arch was repaired, total body perfusion was continued as usual and intracardiac repair was performed. Isolated myocardial perfusion for aortic arch reconstruction reduces myocardial ischemic time.     

Limiting circulatory arrest using regional low flow perfusion

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is commonly used for neonatal cardiac surgery. However, prolonged exposure to DHCA is associated with neurologic morbidity. The Norwood operation and aortic arch advancement are procedures that typically require DHCA during surgical correction. Regional low flow perfusion (RLFP) can be used to limit or exclude the use of circulatory arrest. This technique involves cannulation of the innominate or subclavian artery using a Gore-Tex graft, allowing isolated cerebral perfusion. Data was collected in 34 patients undergoing either neonatal aortic arch reconstruction or the Norwood procedure using RLFP. All patients had two arterial pressure monitors using either the umbilical or femoral artery catheters and radial or brachial catheters. Adequacy of perfusion was determined using cerebral saturation, blood flow velocity, mean arterial pressures, and arterial blood gas results. Cerebral saturation and blood flow velocity were monitored using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (INVOS 5100, Somanetics Corp, Troy, MI) and a transcranial Doppler pulse-wave ultrasound (TCD) (EME Companion, Nicolet Biomedical, Madison, WI), respectively throughout the entire bypass period. Blood gases were monitored using a point of care blood gas analyzer (Gem Premier, Mallinckrodt Sensor System, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI). Data collected revealed total bypass times for repair between 69-348 min, with a mean of 180 min. Regional low flow perfusion times lasted between 6-158 min, with an average of 50 min., and DHCA times ranged from 0-66 min, with a mean of 19 min. The perfusion techniques used allowed patient clinical data to remain consistent throughout the cardiopulmonary bypass period, regardless of lower flows (Figure 1) The 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 2.9 %, with no evidence of neurologic injury during follow up. In conclusion, regional low flow cerebral perfusion might benefit patients by limiting the use of circulatory arrest during cardiac surgery. Further study is necessary to evaluate patient outcomes, comparing regional cerebral perfusion and circulatory arrest techniques.     

急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层弓部病变处理决策

目的 总结急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层弓部处理的临床经验,探讨选择手术时机、确定治疗方案和手术方式的重要性.方法 2005年8月至2010年8月对210例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层行弓部替换手术治疗.手术方式采用深低温停循环及顺行性脑灌注,半弓替换+支架象鼻手术92例;次全弓替换+支架象鼻手术50例;全弓替换+支架象鼻手术68例.术后随访,胸腹主动脉CT观察降主动脉假腔闭合情况.结果 全组体外循环(146±52)min,主动脉阻断(93±25)min,深低温停循环(35±14)min.主动脉弓部手术围手术期死亡10例(4.8%).术后18例(8.6%)发生并发症,主要包括急性肾功能不全、神经系统并发症、纵隔感染及急性呼吸功能衰竭.术后随访2～60个月,平均(27±18)个月.随访过程中无死亡,再次入院行降主动脉替换术1例.增强CT检查结果显示支架远端胸降主动脉假腔闭合率为74%.结论 主动脉弓部处理是急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层治疗的重要手段.正确的决策对于提高手术的疗效有重要意义.

Abstract：

Objective Stanford type A acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening medical condition with high rates of morbidity and mortality that requires surgical repair, on an emergency basis. The extent of aortic arch repair that should be carried out during emergency surgery of this type is controversial. This study was conducted to report clinical experience on aortic arch repair and determine surgical indication, optimal operative procedures and strategy for Stanford type A acute aortic dissection. Methods 210 consecutive patients with acute Stanford A aortic dissection who underwent aortic arch replacement combined with implantation of stented elephant trunk into the descending aorta between August 2005 and August 2010. Surgical procedures included hemi-aortic arch replacement in 92 patients, subtotal aortic arch replacement in 50 patients and total aortic arch replacement in 68 patients. All operations were performed with the aid of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP). Enhanced computed tomography scanning was performed to evaluate the postoperative outcomes, particularly the fate of the false lumen remaining in the descending thoracic aorta by aortic arch replacement combined with implantation of stented elephant trunk during follow up. Results Average cardiopulmonary bypass time was (146 ±52) min. The average cross clamp time was(93 ±25)min and average selective cerebral perfusion and circulatory arrest time was(35 ±14)min. The overall in-hospital mortality was 4. 8% (10/210) and morbidity was 8. 6% ( 18/210). Postoperative complications included acute renal failure, stroke, mediastinitis and respiratory insufficiency. During the follow-up period [mean (27 ± 18) months, ranged 2 to 60 months], 1 patient underwent reoperation due to the descending thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysm. There was no late death. Follow-up enhanced CT scanning showed about 74% false lumens obliterated at the level of the distal border of the stent graft post operation. Conclusion Open aortic arch replacement is an effective approach and provides acceptable outcomes for type A acute aortic dissection. Optimal treatment strategy is the key factor to success in emergency surgical intervention.     

Repair of interrupted aortic arch and associated malformations in infancy: indications for complete or partial repair

There is uncertainty regarding the best method of repair of interrupted aortic arch. The question is whether to perform primary definitive repair of this anomaly plus the associated defects versus arch repair only and palliation of the intracardiac defects, usually by pulmonary artery banding. Since 1976, 16 infants with interrupted aortic arch have been treated surgically. They were seen at 5.2 +/- 3 days of age and weighed 3.2 +/- 0.7 kg. The interruption occurred between the left carotid and left subclavian arteries (type B) in 9 and between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta in 7 (type A). Isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the only associated anomaly in 7 and aortopulmonary window, in 4. Two patients had truncus arteriosus type 1. Three had transposition of the great arteries: 1 with VSD and 2 with single ventricle. Prior to 1980, our policy was to palliate all patients. Between 1976 and 1980, 4 infants underwent left thoracotomy with arch repair plus pulmonary artery banding (3, VSD; 7, transposition of the great vessels and single ventricle) with only 1 (25%) survivor. Because of this high mortality, 8 patients with interrupted aortic arch and VSD or aortopulmonary window, seen since 1980, received complete repair with median sternotomy, end-to-end arch anastomosis, and closure of the VSD or aortopulmonary window utilizing profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. All 8 survived.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Continuous systemic perfusion improves outcome in one stage repair of obstructed aortic arch and associated cardiac malformation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether continuous systemic perfusion is of effective use when establishing primary repair of the aortic obstruction and associated cardiac malformations. METHODS: Since 1991, 56 infants have undergone reconstruction of interrupted (in 28) or coarctated (in 28) aorta, concomitantly with closure of ventricular septal defects in 37, and repair of other malformations in the remaining 19. Of these, total circulatory arrest (30+/-11 min) was employed in 23. In another 21 patients, perfusion was maintained for the carotid arteries with the descending aorta cross-clamped (31+/-15 min). The bodily organs were perfused throughout the operative procedures by placing dual aortic cannulae in the remaining 12 patients. RESULTS: The postoperative courses were less eventful in the non-circulatory arrest group than other groups of patients undergoing total or partial circulatory arrest, although these groups were operated in different time periods, and consequently, a general progress might be one reason for improvements in the surgical outcomes. All patients undergoing no circulatory arrest survived the primary repair, could have the sternum primarily closed, and had no episodes of cerebral bleeding. Prolonged tracheal intubation was needed just in one patient of this group. The amount of urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly greater in the non-circulatory arrest group than in the others. The maximal concentrations of urinary beta-microglobulin, serous creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were lower in this setting. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous systemic perfusion was considered less invasive when concomitantly repairing the obstructed aorta and intracardiac malformations.     

Two different techniques of retrograde cerebral perfusion for thoracic aortic surgery through a left thoracotomy

The authors used profound hypothermic circulatory arrest and continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion for aortic surgery that involved the distal arch through a left thoracotomy. For the first seven patients, oxygenated blood from cardiopulmonary bypass was perfused retrogradely through a venous cannula positioned into the right atrium. In the last 11 cases, venous blood, provided by a perfusion from the lower body, was circulated passively in the brain with the descending aorta clamped. The period of profound hypothermic circulatory arrest was 34.6 +/- 11.1 min, and continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion was 31.3 +/- 11.1 min. Seventeen patients survived, but there was one early death. Two patients with a severely atherosclerotic aneurysm developed permanent neurological dysfunction. The combination of profound hypothermic circulatory arrest, continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion and open aortic anastomosis through a left thoracotomy protects the brain adequately, and facilitates evacuation of debris and air in the aortic arch. It produces satisfactory results for aortic surgery that involves the distal arch.     

Rapid and safe establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass in repair of acute aortic dissection: improved results with double cannulation

There is no agreement at present as to which is the optimal site for artery cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in repair of acute aortic dissection (AAD). We have employed right axillary artery cannulation (RAAC) in combination with femoral artery cannulation to overcome the drawbacks of single cannulation. From January 2000 to August 2006, 88 patients underwent emergency surgical repair of the aortic arch (mean age 65+/-13 years, 37 men) for AAD. All operations were performed under hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Preoperatively, nine patients were in shock and 18 patients showed malperfusion. The average duration of circulatory arrest was 52+/-17 min and that of myocardial ischemia was 135+/-53 min. Total aortic arch replacement was done in 47 patients and hemiarch aortic replacement in 41. The hospital mortality rate was 2.3% (2 of 88); the fatal cases were among those who were in shock preoperatively. The perioperative stroke rate was 5.7% (5 of 88). The hospital mortality rate of the 25 patients with preoperative malperfusion was 4.0% (1 of 25); the fatal case had coronary malperfusion. Our approach for AAD was associated with a low mortality even in patients with malperfusion.     

Aortic arch and proximal supraaortic arterial repair under continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermia.

PURPOSE: In this prospective study the clinical and neurological outcome of continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) and moderate hypothermia was evaluated in patients undergoing ascending and aortic arch repair including reconstruction of the proximal supraaortic arteries. METHODS: In 50 consecutive patients (mean age 47 yr, range 22-70) aortic arch and supraaortic arterial repair was performed: ascending aorta and aortic arch (n=34) and aortic arch and Bentall procedure (n = 16). In 12 patients the distal anastomosis was performed using the elephant trunk technique. Test-clamping of the innominate artery for 3 min was performed under EEG-monitoring followed by the same procedure for the left carotid artery. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted and the innominate artery replaced by a polyester graft before antegrade perfusion was carried out through the graft. While cooling to 28-30 degrees C, the left carotid artery was similarly treated with subsequent antegrade cerebral perfusion. The distal anastomosis was made at or beyond the left subclavian artery under circulatory arrest. During rewarming the innominate and carotid polyester grafts as well as the subclavian artery were anastomosed to the main graft, while antegrade cerebral perfusion was continued. RESULTS: In 46 patients antegrade cerebral perfusion was achieved with a mean volume flow of 12 ml/kg/min and a mean arterial pressure of 54 mmHg. EEG-monitoring delineated stable and symmetrical recordings. In four patients antegrade flow (mean 15 ml/kg/min) and pressure (mean 65 mmHg) had to be increased to establish baseline EEG-recordings. The mean time of circulatory arrest was 18 min.The overall hospital mortality was 6%: two patients died from cerebral infarction and one patient suffered from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three patients (6%) developed a temporary neurological deficit which resolved spontaneously. Two patients (4%) developed renal failure requiring temporary hemodialysis. Pulmonary complications occurred in 12 patients (25%). CONCLUSION: Continuous antegrade cerebral perfusion via selective grafts to the innominate and carotid arteries offers adequate protection in patients undergoing replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic arch and great vessels. This technique allows radical repair and optimal vascular reconstruction without time restrains and avoids the necessity for profound hypothermia     

Should circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia be revised in aortic arch surgery?

Our experience (January 1982-May 1987) concerns 41 patients, operated upon for aortic dissection (30 patients) or aneurysm (11 patients) using circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia. There were 24 male and 17 female patients (mean age: 55 years 9 months, range 32-73 years). The mean circulatory arrest time in minutes was 41 +/- 3 (mean rectal temperature before circulatory arrest was 18.4 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C). Total (24 patients) or partial (16 patients) replacement of the aortic arch was performed. One patient with a sacciform aneurysm had the aortic wall defect closed. Hospital mortality was 22% +/- 7% (9 patients): 8 of 30 patients with aortic dissection (26.6%) and 1 of 11 patients with aortic aneurysm (9%). Neurological complications occurred in 3 patients. These data lead us to prefer circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia as the method of choice for aortic arch surgery. However, when a short circulatory arrest time (less than 30 min) for the repair is foreseeable, mild hypothermia (20 degrees C-24 degrees C) may be preferred. In patients who will not tolerate excessive cardiopulmonary bypass times, expected difficulties with the repair should suggest mild hypothermia and short circulatory arrest in easier cases or moderate hypothermia with brachiocephalic perfusion in the others.     

人工四分支血管在主动脉外科的应用

目的总结应用人工四分支血管行不同部位主动脉替换术的经验。方法自2003年8月至2005年5月,我中心采用人工四分支血管行不同部位的主动脉替换术142例。男118例、女24例,年龄(44±12)岁(22~78岁),体重(72±20)kg(49~130kg)。其中:StanfordA型主动脉夹层94例(18例为马凡综合征);StanfordB型主动脉夹层34例(6例为马凡综合征),真性动脉瘤11例,假性动脉瘤3例。在深低温停循环选择性脑灌注下,行升主动脉及全弓替换85例(83例远端加带膜支架);分段停循环下,行全胸腹主动脉替换术38例;深低温选择性脑灌注分段停循环下,行全或次全主动脉替换8例;常温非体外循环下,行全主动脉弓替换11例(3例远端加带膜支架)。结果术后早期死亡6例,病死率4·2%。术后神经并发症,较严重,严重脑功能障碍(昏迷超过3d)16例(11·3%);永久性脊髓损伤2例(1·4%);一过性脊髓损伤4例(2·8%)。结论人工四分支血管可应用于主动脉外科,能达到尽可能的缩短主动脉阻断时间和快速重建血管的目的。     

Long-term results of the operation for the aortic arch aneurysm

Between October, 1991, and October, 2001, 60 patients underwent aortic arch replacement with or without an aortic arch branched graft for atherosclerotic arch aneurysms. Their mean age was 70.1 +/- 8.6 years. Eight (13.3%) patients were operated on an emergency basis because of rupture or impending rupture of aneurysms. All operations were performed with hypothermic extracorporeal circulation. Selective cerebral perfusion for cerebral protection during aortic arch repair and systemic circulatory arrest during distal graft anastomosis was used in 56 patients. Mean selective cerebral perfusion time was 86.1 +/- 12.1 minutes. A total of 14 concomitant procedures were done. Overall in-hospital mortality was 3.3%. Postoperative temporary and permanent neurologic dysfunction were 1.6% and 1.6%. Long-term follow-up was 100% complete. There were 6 late deaths with the cumulative survival rate was 74.6 +/- 8.8%. A subsequent aortic operation was necessary for the treatment of an aortic abnormality distal to the arch in 6 patients. Reoperation free rate was 85.2 +/- 5.8%. In conclusion, cerebral protective effect of antegrade selective cerebral perfusion and total arch replacement with an aortic arch branched graft could substantially reduce in-hospital mortality and postoperative neurologic dysfunction and a satisfactory long-term results could be obtain in patients with atherosclerotic arch aneurysms.     

主动脉全弓置换加硬"象鼻"术治疗DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层

目的 总结主动脉全弓置换加硬"象鼻"术治疗DeBakey I型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 2005年6月至2008年3月,手术治疗41例DeBakey I型主动脉夹层病人,其中男32例、女9例;年龄27～76岁,平均57岁;急性主动脉夹层31例,慢性夹层10例.均在深低温停循环、低流量脑灌注下行主动脉全弓置换加硬"象鼻"手术.其中Bentall+全弓+硬象鼻术(术中支架系统直视下置入)24例,Wheat+全弓+象鼻术6例,升主动脉及全弓置换+硬象鼻术11例.结果 平均体外循环(168±32)min,平均主动脉阻断(109±24)min,选择性脑灌注(31±11)min.术后并发症14例(34.1%),12例治愈(85.8%),2例死亡.出院前均复查CT示升主动脉、主动脉弓部人工血管,术中支架系统血流通畅,位置良好,降主动脉真腔较术前明显扩大,未闭的降主动脉假腔血栓形成,无不良事件发生.随访1～12个月,死亡1例,无再次手术者.结论 主动脉全弓置换加硬"象鼻"术是治疗DeBakey I型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法.     

Separate grafts or en bloc anastomosis for arch vessels reimplantation to the aortic arch

BACKGROUND: This study compares the results of the separated graft technique and the en bloc technique as a method of arch vessels reimplantation during surgery of the aortic arch and determines the predictive risk factors associated with hospital mortality and adverse neurologic outcome during aortic arch repair. METHODS: Between October 1995 and March 2002, 352 patients (mean age 64.9 +/- 11.3 years; urgent status: 49/352 [13.9%]) underwent surgery of the aortic arch using the separated graft technique (group A: n = 230 [65.3%]) and the en bloc technique (group B: n = 122 [34.7%]) to reimplant the arch vessels. An aortic arch replacement was performed in 32 patients (9.1%), an ascending aorta and arch replacement in 222 patients (53.1%), an aortic arch and descending aorta replacement in 16 patients (4.5%), and a complete replacement of the thoracic aorta in 82 patients (23.3%). Brain protection was achieved by means of antegrade selective cerebral perfusion in all patients. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 204.8 +/- 61.9 minutes (group A: 199.7 +/- 57.0 minutes; group B: 214.5 +/- 69.4 minutes; p = 0.033), the mean myocardial ischemic time was 121.5 +/- 43.2 minutes (group A: 116.7 +/- 38.9 minutes; group B: 130.80 +/- 49.4 minutes; p = 0.003), and the mean antegrade selective cerebral perfusion time was 84.5 +/- 36.4 (group A: separated graft technique 91.3 +/- 36.3 minutes; group B: 70.6 +/- 32.7 minutes; p = 0.000). RESULTS: Overall hospital mortality was 6.8% (group A: 6.5%; group B: 7.4%; p = not significant [NS]). The permanent neurologic dysfunction rate was 3.5% (group A: 4.0%; group B: 2.5%; p = NS). The transient neurologic dysfunction rate was 5.4% (group A: 5.5%; group B: 5.2%, p = NS). Postoperative systemic morbidity was similar in the two groups. A logistic regression analysis revealed preoperative cardiac tamponade (p = 0.011; odds ratio [OR] = 5.9) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.010; OR = 1.01/min) to be independent predictors of hospital mortality. None of the analyzed preoperative variables were associated with an increased risk of permanent neurologic dysfunction. Age more than 70 years old (p = 0.029, OR = 5.7), myocardial revascularization (p = 0.001, OR = 2.9), and pump time (p = 0.013, OR = 1.01/min) were indicated as independent predictors of transient neurologic dysfunction by logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion was confirmed to be a safe method of cerebral protection allowing complex aortic arch operations to be performed with acceptable results in terms of hospital mortality and neurologic outcome. The separated graft technique had no adverse impact on hospital mortality and morbidity.