血液透析中应用低钙透析液的临床观察

目的探讨低钙透析透液用于血液透析的有效性及安全性。方法采用稀解释后浓度为1.25 mmol/L碳酸低钙透析液,常规透析治疗20例高钙血症血液透析患者的规律。观察高钙血症血液透析患者在应用碳酸低钙透析液3个月和6个月后,血钙、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)的指标变化及不良反应。结果发现血钙下降水平与低钙透析液使用前比较有明显差异(P<0.05)乘积也有显著性差异(P<0.05)血磷无显著性差异(P>0.05);iPTH无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论高钙血症的血液透析患者在使用低钙透析液后,血钙下降明显,可有效降低钙磷乘积,可能有益于减轻血液透板患者骨外转移性钙化的发生。     

低甲状旁腺激素水平的血液透析患者应用1.25mmol/L钙浓度透析液的临床观察

目的探讨应用1.25mmol/L钙浓度透析液对于低甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)水平的血液透析(HD)患者钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺功能的影响。方法选择北京医院血液净化中心26例血清全段iPTH水平低于100pg/ml的HD患者,应用1.25mmol/L钙浓度透析液,同时停用活性维生素D治疗。观察12个月,比较观察前与3个月、6个月和12个月后血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及iPTH的变化。结果应用低钙透析液3个月后患者血钙显著下降[(2.63±0.29)mmol/Lvs(2.38±0.13)mmol/L,P<0.05],此后保持稳定,不再继续下降。血磷浓度呈逐渐下降趋势,但差异无显著性。钙磷乘积在进入观察后3个月时已有显著下降[(53.14±13.6)mg2/dl2vs(46.74±9.47)mg2/dl2,P<0.05],此后仍呈下降趋势,但较3个月时差异无显著性。6个月时血清iPTH由观察前的(57.79±36.61)pg/ml升高至(131.12±76.17)pg/ml(P<0.05),此后继续保持此水平。结论1.25mmol/L钙浓度透析液可以降低血钙和钙磷乘积水平,改善被过度抑制的甲状旁腺功能;在维持血钙正常的情况下,较少发生甲状旁腺的过度刺激,适合应用于有高血钙倾向、且钙化危险性增加的低iPTH水平的透析患者。     

低钙透析液对钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺素的影响

目的：探讨应用低钙透析液对血液透析患者钙磷代谢及甲状旁腺功能的影响。方法：15例有高磷血症的血液透析患者，应用1．25mmol／L钙浓度透析液透析8个月，比较透析前与4个月、8个月后血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及甲状旁腺激素的变化。结果：应用低钙透析液4个月后，患者血钙、血磷及钙磷乘积均明显下降，甲状旁腺激素下降，但差异无统计学意义。8个月后，与实验前比较，血钙及钙磷乘积明显下降，血磷下降，甲状旁腺激素升高。与透析4个月比较，血钙无明显下降，血磷升高，甲状旁腺激素明显升高。结论：短期使用低钙透析液可降低血钙和钙磷乘积水平，降低甲状旁腺激素，长期应用，可能加重继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。     

长期使用Ca~+1.25mmol/L透析液对维持性血液透析患者矿物质代谢的影响

目的观察长期应用钙离子浓度为1.25mmol/L的低钙透析液(low calcium dialysate,LCa D)对维持性血液透析患者(maintained hemodialysis,MHD)矿物质代谢的影响。方法选择进行血液透析治疗3个月以上的慢性肾衰竭患者50例,分别观察应用低钙透析液3,6,9个月后钙磷,甲状旁腺激素的变化。结果应用1.25mmol/L的低钙透析液透析后不同血钙水平的组别及不同i PTH水平的组别血钙浓度均有明显下降。整体观察血磷在低钙透析3,6个月时无明显改变,9个月时有明显下降(P0.05)。血i PTH多在低钙透析3个月时无明显改变,应用至6,9个月后有明显升高(P0.05)。结论低钙透析可降低部分血液透析患者血钙水平,使得血磷更易控制;但同时可能加重SHPT,需同时合理使用钙剂及活性维生素D。     

比较血液透析患者在不同PTH状态下低钙透析液的疗效

目的通过观察不同甲状旁腺激素(PTH)状态下合并高钙血症的血液透析患者应用低钙透析液的疗效,以肯定其实用性。方法选择27例维持性血液透析合并高钙血症患者,根据iPTH水平分为三组:I组血iPTH<120pg/ml,考虑低转运骨病(lowturnoverbonediease,LTBD),共6例;II组血iPTH不相识120～600pg/ml,即PTH合适或轻度甲状旁腺功能亢进组,共13例;III组血iPTH600～1000pg/ml,重度继发甲旁亢需活性维生素D冲击治疗组,共8例;三组患者应用低钙透析液(1.25mmol/L)三个月后比较血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积及血iPTH的变化。结果应用低钙透析液后,三组患者透析前、后血钙都有明显下降(P<0.05),尤其透析后血钙下降更明显(P<0.01);透析前、后血磷变化不大;透析前、后钙磷乘积全部下降(P<0.05);LTBD组iPTH明显升高(P<0.05),其余二组iPTH虽有所升高,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。观察中不良反应的发生率为6/27(22.2%),主要有肌痉挛、低血压和心律失常,除1例肌痉挛不能耐受而退出以外,余5例经对症处理后尚能坚持完成3个月的观察。结论对不同原因导致的血液透析患者高钙血症,包括活性维生素D冲击治疗及LTBD患者,都适宜个体化的低钙透析液进行透析,可以降低高钙血症及钙磷乘积,但要定期监测血清钙、磷及PTH的变化。     

低钙透析液在无动力性骨病中的应用

目的观察低钙透析液对维持性血液透析患者无动力性骨病的临床效果。方法选择该院治疗的24例无动力性骨病血液透析患者,在血液透析过程中采用低钙透析液(钙离子浓度为1.25mmol/L),疗程为6个月,对比观察在低钙透析前后血钙、磷、钙磷乘积、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)等指标的变化、达标率及不良反应发生情况。结果观察结束时,患者血钙、钙磷乘积降低,iPTH升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血磷较低钙透析前有所下降,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低钙透析液能改善无动力性骨病被过度抑制的甲状旁腺功能,降低血清高钙负荷。     

不同透析液钙浓度对血液透析患者血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素 水平的影响

目的：分析不同透析液钙浓度对血液透析患者血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺激素水平的影响。 方法：纳入 90 例血液透析患者, 随机分为研究组与对照组,各 45 例。 对照组采用 1.50%mmol/L 钙浓度透析液,研究组采用 1.25%mmol/L 钙浓度透析液。 分析透析前 及透析 3 个月后,两组患者血钙磷代谢（血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积）、全段甲状旁腺素及碱性磷酸酶水平变化;记录透析 3 个月内两组 患者不良事件发生情况。 结果：透析 3 个月后,研究组患者血钙及钙磷乘积水平均较透析前降低（ P ＜0.05 ）,且低于对照组（ P ＜ 0.05 ）,两组患者血磷水平组间组内比较无显著差异（ P ＞0.05 ）;透析 3 个月后两组患者全段甲状旁腺素、碱性磷酸酶水平均较透析 前升高（ P ＜0.05 ）,且研究组高于对照组（ P ＜0.05 ）;透析 3 个月内,两组患者头痛、呕吐、心律失常发生率比较,差异无统计学意义 （ P ＞0.05 ）。 结论：血液透析患者采用较低钙浓     

低分子肝素钙对维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的影响

目的:探讨低分子肝素对尿毒症患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的影响.方法:选择郑州大学第一附属医院血液净化中心长期透析的患者88例,随机分为普通肝素钠治疗组(A组45例)和低分子肝素钙治疗组(B组43例),周期为6个月,治疗前及6个月后分别于透析前抽血化验血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)、高级蛋白质氧化产物(AOPP)水平.结果:(1)两组患者治疗前血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、PTH、AKP、AGEs、AOPP水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)A组试验6个月后血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积、AKP无明显变化,iPTH、AOPP、AGEs、轻度升高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组试验6个月后血清钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、AKP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),AOPP、AGEs、iPTH明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:长期透析的患者普遍存在氧化应激状态,长期使用低分子肝素钙抗凝,可使透析患者的氧化应激状态得到缓解,iPTH降低,抑制透析患者SHPT.     

醋酸钙联合低钙透析治疗透析患者高磷血症及对冠状动脉钙化的影响

【】目的 观察应用口服醋酸钙联合低钙透析液对维持性血液透析患者高磷血症的治疗及对冠状动脉钙化的影响。方法 选择本院血液净化中心90例有高磷血症、血钙正常伴不同程度冠状动脉钙化的维持性血液透析(MHD)患者,随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用低钙透析液(钙浓度为1.25mmol/L,透析期间口服醋酸钙),对照组采用常规透析液(钙浓度为1.75mmol/L,透析期间口服醋酸钙),所有患者透析12个月。在透析初始、3个月、6个月、12个月时检测患者血钙、血磷、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、观察前后血压及不良反应,同时用64层MSCT检查患者冠状动脉钙化积分。结果 透析12个月后,治疗组患者血钙水平有所下降,血磷及钙磷乘积显著下降(P＜0.05),iPTH有所上升(P＞0.05);对照组血钙、钙磷乘积和血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)均不同程度上升(P＞0.05),观察低钙透析不良反应的发生率为7/90(7.8%),主要为肌痉挛、低血压。治疗组在透析3个月、6个月、12个月冠脉钙化积分(CACS)轻微增高,而对照组患者冠脉钙化积分随透析时间延长持续增高。结论 对有高磷血症合并冠状动脉钙化的MHD患者,阶段性采用低钙透析液联合口服醋酸钙的方法,可以有效降低血磷、钙磷乘积,延缓冠状动脉钙化进展速度,值得临床广泛使用。     

醋酸钙联合低钙透析液治疗透析患者高磷血症及对冠状动脉钙化的影响

目的:观察应用口服醋酸钙联合低钙透析液对维持性血液透析患者高磷血症的治疗及对冠状动脉钙化的影响。方法:选择2013年10月~2014年10月本院血液净化中心90例有高磷血症、血钙正常伴不同程度冠状动脉钙化的维持性血液透析(MHD)患者,随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用低钙透析液(钙浓度为1.25 mmol/L,透析期间口服醋酸钙),对照组采用常规透析液(钙浓度为1.75 mmol/L,透析期间口服醋酸钙),所有患者透析12个月。在透析初始、3个月、6个月、12个月时检测患者血钙、血磷、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、观察前后血压及不良反应,同时用64层MSCT检查患者冠状动脉钙化积分。结果:透析12个月后,治疗组患者血钙水平有所下降,血磷及钙磷乘积显著下降(P0.05),血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)有所上升(P0.05);对照组血钙、钙磷乘积和iPTH均不同程度上升(P0.05)。全部患者低钙透析不良反应的发生率为7/90(7.8%),主要为肌痉挛、低血压。治疗组在透析3个月、6个月、12个月冠脉钙化积分(CACS)轻微增高,而对照组患者冠脉钙化积分随透析时间延长持续增高。结论:对有高磷血症合并冠状动脉钙化的MHD患者,阶段性采用低钙透析液联合口服醋酸钙的方法,可以有效降低血磷、钙磷乘积,延缓冠状动脉钙化进展速度,值得临床广泛使用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.