正交试验优选强脊壮督颗粒的提取工艺

目的：优选强脊壮督颗粒的提取工艺。方法：采用L9（3^4）正交试验，以淫羊藿苷含量为指标，以醇质量分数、醇用量、提取时间和提取次数为考察因素，筛选强脊壮督颗粒的最佳醇提取工艺条件；以出膏率为指标，以加水量、煎煮时间和煎煮次数为考察因素，筛选强脊壮督颗粒的最佳水提取工艺条件。结果：最佳醇提取工艺条件为加8倍药材量60％乙醇，回流提取2次，每次2h；最佳水提取工艺条件为加10倍药材量水，煎煮3次，每次煎煮2h。结论：优选得到的提取工艺稳定、可行。     

均匀设计法优选栀子半仿生提取工艺条件

目的:优选栀子半仿生提取工艺条件。方法:以栀子苷得率、总环烯醚萜得率和干浸膏收率为指标,采用均匀设计优选栀子半仿生提取工艺条件。结果:优化条件为三煎用水的p H依次为2.0、6.5、9.0;煎煮时间依次为2.0,1.0,1.0 h。结论:采用均匀设计优选的半仿生提取条件科学、合理。     

中药栀子提取方法的比较和工艺条件优化

目的:优选栀子中栀子苷的提取工艺.方法:比较多种提取工艺,如水煎法,乙醇回流法,渗漉法,应用正交设计筛选栀子苷的提取工艺,采用高效液相色谱法测定该成分含量,作为评价指标.结果:最佳工艺为渗漉法,最佳条件是加10倍量55%乙醇浸泡24 h后渗漉,流速为5 mL*min-1.栀子苷含量与提取率均较高.结论:优选得到的工艺简便易行、稳定性好.     

正交试验法优选柴黄清胰活血颗粒水提工艺

目的优选柴黄清胰活血颗粒的水提工艺。方法以栀子苷的转移率为评价指标,采用L9(34)正交试验法,考察煎煮时间、浸泡时间、煎煮次数、加水量4个因素对水提工艺的影响,并进行验证试验。结果最佳水提工艺为加10倍量水,浸泡30 min,煎煮3次,每次1.0 h。结论优选的提取工艺合理可行,稳定客观。     

高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法研究栀子提取工艺

目的优选栀子药材的提取工艺。方法采用高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法,以干膏量和栀子苷含量为评价指标,综合比较水提法、醇提法、超声提取法的提取效果后,应用正交试验优化水提工艺。结果最佳提取方法为水提法,最佳提取条件为药材加8倍量水,浸泡0.5h,提取3次,每次2.0h。结论优化工艺简便可行、稳定性好。     

理中汤配方颗粒提取工艺研究

目的 优选理中汤配方颗粒的提取工艺。方法 以甘草酸提取率、浸膏得率为指标，采用L9（3^4）正交试验设计筛选最佳工艺条件。结果 最佳提取工艺条件为加入6倍量水，煎煮3次，每次1.5h。结论 该工艺提取充分，稳定可行。     

止咳宁软胶囊制备工艺的研究

目的优选止咳宁软胶囊最佳制备工艺。方法以橙皮苷含量为考察指标,应用正交试验设计筛选止咳宁软胶囊最佳制备工艺条件。结果处方药材加水煎煮提取2次,第一次加12倍量水,煎煮3h;第二次加10倍量水,煎煮3h。结论优选的最佳制备工艺稳定可行。     

Box-Behnken设计-效应面法优化调脾和中颗粒的提取工艺

目的：优选调脾和中颗粒的最佳水提取工艺参数,为现代工业化生产提供依据。方法：以总多糖、总黄酮及栀子苷含量为指标,运用Box-Behnken设计（BBD）-效应面法（RSM）优选影响水提工艺的主要因素,采用UV-Vis法测定各实验样品中总多糖和总黄酮含量,采用HPLC法测定栀子苷含量,对各指标进行归一化处理,以OD值为响应变量建立二阶多项式模型。结果：经Design Expert 8.0.6软件分析,三个影响因素中提取次数对评价指标的影响最显著,加水量次之。最终确定其最佳提取工艺为加10倍量水煎煮3次,每次1 h。结论：优选的提取工艺经放大验证,重复性良好,能够为工业化生产提供参考。     

痤疮灵丸水提工艺的正交实验研究

目的优选痤疮灵丸的水提取工艺。方法以连翘苷为指标,再结合干膏率,以煎煮时间、加水量、煎煮次数为考察因素,应用正交实验法筛选最佳的水提工艺条件。结果最佳提取工艺为:加水10倍量,煎煮2次,每次1.5h。结论实验证明最佳提取工艺的浸膏得率和连翘苷含量均较高。     

栀子药材提取工艺的优选

本品为茜草科植物栀子Gardenia jasminoides Ellis的干燥成熟果实。具有泻火除烦、清热利尿、凉血解毒之功效，在中成药制剂的处方中，栀子的使用频率较高。本工作以栀子药材为研究对象，以其主要成分栀子甙为考察指标，采用正交实验设计方法对栀子提取工艺进行系统研究，为优选最佳工艺条件提供实验依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.