Protective effects of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) against oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo

The antioxidative effect and protective potential against diabetes of the broccoli flower were investigated both in vitro and in a diabetic rat model. Among fractions of MeOH, CH2Cl2, BuOH, and H2O, the BuOH fraction exerted the strongest inhibitory activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, radical-induced protein oxidation, and nitric oxide generation by sodium nitroprusside. The in vitro results suggest that the BuOH fraction from the broccoli flower has a protective potential against oxidative stress. The rat model with diabetes induced by streptozotocin was employed to evaluate the protective effect of the BuOH fraction in vivo. Diabetic rats showed reduced body weight gain and heavier kidney and liver weights than normal rats, while oral administration of the BuOH fraction at an oral dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight/d for 20 d attenuated the physiological changes induced by diabetes. In addition, oral administration of the BuOH fraction to diabetic rats led to significant decreases in serum glucose and glycosylated protein, while it resulted in the increase of serum albumin, implying that the BuOH fraction improves the abnormal metabolism of glucose and protein that leads to oxidative stress. Moreover, it significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in serum, hepatic and renal mitochondria. This suggests that the BuOH fraction would alleviate the oxidative stress associated with diabetes through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The present study demonstrates that the BuOH fraction has an antioxidative effect in vitro and it protects against oxidative stress induced by diabetes in an in vivo model.     

Protective effects of the BuOH fraction from mustard leaf in a renal ischemia-reperfusion model

The effects of the BuOH fraction from mustard leaf in rats subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion were examined. The elevated serum superoxide anion (O2-) level and renal xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in rats subjected to 6-h reperfusion following 1-h ischemia significantly and dose-dependently declined after oral administration of the BuOH fraction at doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg body weight/d for 10 d prior to ischemia-reperfusion. These findings indicate that this fraction might scavenge O2- or inhibit the generation of O2- through XOD activated by the ischemia-reperfusion process. In addition, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance level of the renal mitochondrial fraction of rats given the BuOH fraction orally was significantly lower than that of control rats given physiological saline (vehicle), implying that this fraction exerted protective action against lipid peroxidation caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, oral administration of the BuOH fraction reduced the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, indicators of renal function. These results suggest that the BuOH fraction has protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury, acting as an antioxidant by scavenging O2-, inhibiting O2- generation through XOD, protecting against lipid peroxidation and ameliorating renal functional impairment.     

Antioxidant activity of far-infrared radiated rice hull extracts on reactive oxygen species scavenging and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes

The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of far-infrared irradiated rice hull (FRH) and non-irradiated intact rice hull (IRH) were determined. The antioxidant effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by measuring scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide radical and capacity for chelating metals. Except for H2O2 scavenging activity, FRH showed higher scavenging activity than IRH; for example, the 50% inhibitory concentration (mg/mL) values for DPPH radical scavenging of FRH and IRH were 0.067 and 0.085, respectively, as compared with 0.362 and 0.012 for butylated hydroxytoluene and alpha-tocopherol, respectively. The effect of rice hull extract on DNA damage induced by H2O2 in human lymphocytes was also evaluated by comet assay. The protective effect of rice hull extract increased as its concentration increased from 12.5 to 50 microg/mL, as indicated by DNA strand breakage decreasing from 38% to 22% with FRH and from 49% to 28% with IRH as compared with H2O2-treated positive controls. When human lymphocytes were post-incubated with rice hull extract for 30 minutes after exposure to H2O2, the protective ability of the rice hulls remained unchanged. These results suggest that methanol extracts of rice hulls possess significant ROS scavenging and metal chelating activities and protective effect against oxidative DNA damage.     

Evaluation of antioxidant properties of a new compound, pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6'-bieckol isolated from brown algae, Ecklonia cava

In this study, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the natural antioxidative compound, pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6''-bieckol (PPB) isolated from brown algae, Ecklonia cava was assessed in vitro by measuring the radical scavenging activities (DPPH, alkyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide) using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, and DNA damage assay. According to the results of these experiments, the scavenging activity PPB against difference radicals was in the following order: DPPH, alkyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals (IC₅₀; 0.90, 2.54, 62.93 and 109.05 µM). The antioxidant activities of PPB were higher than that of the commercial antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Furthermore, PPB effectively inhibited DNA damage induced by H₂O₂. These results suggest that the natural antioxidative compound, PPB, can be used by the natural food industry.     

Corni fructus scavenges hydroxy radicals and decreases oxidative stress in endothelial cells

Corni fructus has been used as a tonic, analgesic, and diuretic in Korean herbal medicine. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidative effect of corni fructus and its capacity to protect cells against oxidative damage. The radical scavenging activity of corni fructus extracts was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the peroxide value in a linoleic acid emulsion system. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with corni fructus extracts and incubated with H(2)O(2) to investigate protection against apoptosis induction. Both ethanol and water extracts of corni fructus produced higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts. Strong antioxidative activities of both water and ethanol extracts were observed in an emulsion system containing linoleic acid and phosphate buffer. The incubation of HUVECs with the addition of ethanol extract significantly decreased H(2)O(2)-initiated damage of endothelial cells, but the water extract did not. The pretreatment with ethanol extract, but not with water extract, significantly decreased apoptotic damage of the H(2)O(2)-treated HUVECs and kept the morphological normality. This study demonstrates that corni fructus is a potent antioxidant substance, and suggests that further investigation is needed to characterize the difference between extract types and to identify its antioxidant compounds.     

Antioxidative effects of glycoprotein isolated from Solanum nigrum L

Glycoprotein from Solanum nigrum L. (SNL glycoprotein) was isolated and tested for antioxidative effects on oxygen free radicals using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging activities of the SNL glycoprotein are optimal in acidic pH and up to 60 degrees C. However, it has minimal activities in the presence of EDTA, although such activities are not dependent on M(2+) ions (Ca(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+)) in the presence of EDTA. Interestingly, when SNL glycoprotein was treated with deactivation agents (pronase E and NaIO(4)), the DPPH radical scavenging activity was decreased compared with the SNL glycoprotein treatment alone. The antioxidative effects of SNL glycoprotein on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical under optimal conditions revealed that SNL glycoprotein has remarkable scavenging effects on both radicals, but exhibited slightly higher scavenging effects on superoxide anion generated by the enzymatic hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system than on hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction. However, SNL glycoprotein was more effective against hydroxyl radials in cell cultures (NIH/3T3). Consequently, 20 microg/mL SNL glycoprotein has a scavenging ability against superoxide anion corresponding to that of ascorbic acid. On the other hand, its hydroxyl radical scavenging activity corresponds to 0.1 microg/mL catalase. From these results, we suggest that SNL glycoprotein has potent antioxidative potential.     

Effect of sprouting on antioxidant and inhibitory potential of two varieties of Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) against key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease, and the current treatment for type 2 diabetes targets oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia via the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes. In the present study, two varieties of sprouted and non-sprouted Bengal gram (white coated and brown coated) extracts were assayed for total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total antioxidative capability and the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity. Sprouting increased the total phenolic content in both the varieties of Bengal gram and exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capability compared with that of non-sprouted Bengal gram. Sprouting also increased the inhibitory potential of Bengal gram against α-glucosidase and α-amylase compared with the non-sprouted variety. The overall results suggest that increased antioxidant and inhibitory potential of sprouted Bengal gram against α-glucosidase and α-amylase makes them desirable for dietary management/prevention of diabetes. This finding also provides essential information for the development of sprouted Bengal gram-derived antidiabetic products.     

Antioxidative effects of Kimchi under different fermentation stage on radical-induced oxidative stress

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable containing several ingredients. We investigated the protective activity of methanol extract of kimchi under different fermentation stages against oxidative damage.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Fresh kimchi (Fresh), optimally ripened kimchi (OptR), and over ripened kimchi (OvR) were fermented until the pH reached pH 5.6, pH 4.3, and pH 3.8, respectively. The radical scavenging activity and protective activity from oxidative stress of kimchi during fermentation were investigated under in vitro and cellular systems using LLC-PK₁ cells.

RESULTS

Kimchi exhibited strong radical scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical. In addition, the free radical generators led to loss of cell viability and elevated lipid peroxidation, while treatment with kimchi resulted in significantly increased cell viability and decreased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the protective effect against oxidative stress was related to regulation of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-κB p65, and IκB expression. In particular, OvR showed the strongest protective effect from cellular oxidative stress among other kimchi.

CONCLUSION

The current study indicated that kimchi, particularly OptR and OvR, played a protective role against free radical-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggest that kimchi is a promising functional food with an antioxidative effect and fermentation of kimchi led to elevation of antioxidative activity.     

Allicin protects rat cardiomyoblasts (H9c2 cells) from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury through inhibiting the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species

Oxidative stress is considered an important factor that promotes cell death in response to a variety of pathophysiological conditions. This study investigated the antioxidant properties of allicin, the principle ingredient of garlic, on preventing oxidative stress-induced injury. The antioxidant capacities of allicin were measured by using 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced cell damage on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Allicin (0.3–10?μM) pre-incubation could concentration-dependently attenuate the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase induced by H₂O₂ on H9c2 cells. It could also protect H9c2 cells against H₂O₂-induced cell damage. However, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of allicin was shown to be low. Therefore, it is believed that the protective effect of allicin on H9c2 cells could inhibit intracellular ROS production instead of scavenging extracellular H₂O₂ or free radicals. For the observed protective effect on H9c2 cells, allicin might also be effective in reducing free radical-induced myocardial cell death in ischemic condition.     

A facile synthesis of novel biologically active 4-hydroxy-N'-(benzylidene)-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazine-3-carbohydrazide 1,1-dioxides

A novel series of potentially biologically active 4-hydroxy-N'-(benzylidene)-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazine-3-carbohydrazide 1,1-dioxides were synthesized starting from ultrasonic mediated N-alkylation of sodium saccharin with methyl chloroacetate. Ring expansion of methyl(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazol-2(3H)-yl)acetate followed by its hydrazinolysis afforded 4-hydroxy-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carbohydrazide 1,1-dioxide which was reacted in a straight forward manner with various benzaldehydes in an ultrasonic bath to get the title compounds. All of the synthesized compounds were subjected to preliminary evaluation for their antibacterial and DPPH radical scavenging activities.     

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of protocatechualdehyde isolated from Phellinus gilvus

Although various biological activities of Phellinus gilvus (PG) have been reported, the active compounds responsible for these effects are not known. Here, we evaluated the activity of various solvent extracts of PG, and found the ethyl acetate extract (Fd) to be the most active fraction, showing a strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibitory effects on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and COX-2 mRNA expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Six major compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate extract of PG, and protocatechualdehyde (PCA) was supposed to be the major phenolic compound of PG responsible for its DPPH free radical scavenging activity and its inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are currently underway to confirm this observation and to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the process as well as the biological activities of other fractions of Fd.     

In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus (Family Cyperaceae) is used both as a functional food and as a drug. In this study, the antioxidative potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of C. rotundus (CRE) was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method, total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid emulsion systems, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. We further evaluated the reducing potential of the extract as well as Fe(2+)/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. These various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid, and catechin. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of CRE was also determined by a colorimetric method. The extract exhibited high reduction capability and powerful free radical scavenging, especially against DPPH and superoxide anions as well as a moderate effect on NO. CRE also showed inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate induced by Fe(2+)/ascorbate and prevented deoxyribose degradation in both non-site-specific and site-specific assays showing the hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelating activity of the hydroalcoholic extract. Moreover, the peroxidation inhibiting activity of CRE was demonstrated in the linoleic acid emulsion system. These results clearly established the antioxidative potency of C. rotundus, which may account for some of the medical claims attributed to this plant.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the saponin and sapogenins obtained from the stem of Akebia quinata

The stem of Akebia quinata Decasisne (Lardizabalaceae) has been used to treat urinary tract inflammatory disease. It has been reported that saponins in medicinal plants may act as bioactive components after biodegradation to sapogenins in the gastrointestinal tract. To find the active components, we obtained the methanol (MeOH) extract from A. quinata stems and fractionated this extract into CHCl(3), butanol (BuOH), and H(2)O fractions. A saponin-containing BuOH fraction was refluxed in an acidic solution to yield the hydrolyzed fraction. Silica gel column chromatography separated kalopanaxsaponin A (1) from the BuOH fraction, and oleanolic acid (2) and hederagenin (3) were obtained from the hydrolyzed fraction. The antinociceptive effect was tested by hot plate-writhing and tail-flicks methods using mice, and the anti-inflammatory effect was assayed using carrageenan-induced rat edema against the following samples: the MeOH extract of A. quinata stems, its fractions, the isolated saponin, kalopanaxsaponin A, and the sapogenins hederagenin and oleanolic acid. The MeOH extract exhibited antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory effects by oral administration of 100 and 250 mg/kg doses, indicating that the MeOH extract has an antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory activity. The BuOH fraction (crude saponin) also significantly exhibited those bioactivities. Treatments with 10 and 30 mg/kg perorally of these two sapogenins produced significant antinociceptive/ anti-inflammatory effects in the rat, suggesting that the sapogenins may act as resultant active compounds. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited dye leakage into the peritoneal cavity induced by acetic acid, and the latter was more active than the former. The anti-inflammtory effects were further supported by the reduction of carrageenan-induced lipid peroxidation and hydroxy radical content in serum. These results suggest that the antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory properties of the stem of A. quinata can be attributed to the sapogenins oleanolic acid and hederagenin.     

Antioxidant properties of enzymatic hydrolysates from royal jelly

Enzymatic hydrolysates were prepared from royal jelly using three enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, and papain), and their antioxidative properties were evaluated. The yield of these hydrolysates was very high, about 20-26% on a raw weight basis. In comparison with the antioxidative activities of water extract and alkaline extract of royal jelly, the antioxidative activities and scavenging activities against active oxygen species such as superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical of each hydrolysate were high in the sample with a low protein concentration. These results suggest that once royal jelly is hydrolyzed using enzyme, the hydrolysate possesses much higher antioxidative activity and scavenging activity against active oxygen species. Royal jelly will act as a medicinal food in the human body.     

Radical scavenging, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of Melissa officinalis L. extracts

The aromatic herb Melissa officinalis L. can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food supplement and as a phytochemical. Radical scavenging, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water extracts of M. officinalis L. extracts were investigated. The results of antioxidative activity, obtained by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, confirmed that investigated extracts suppressed the formation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and lipid peroxyl radicals in all investigated systems in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (SA(DPPH) = SA(OH) = 100%) were achieved in the presence of n-butanol extract at concentrations of 0.4 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The highest lipid peroxyl scavenging activity (93.20%) was observed at a higher concentration (5 mg/mL) of n-butanol extract in the lipid peroxidation system. The most effective antibacterial activities were expressed by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts on Sarcina lutea. Chloroform extract showed the strongest antiproliferative effect with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.10 mg/mL for HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The present study demonstrated the high phenolic content and radical scavenging, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of extracts of M. officinalis L. originating from Serbia.     

锌对OH~·、O_2~所致红细胞膜氧化损伤的保护作用研究

目的：研究锌对红细胞膜脂、膜蛋白的抗氧化保护作用。方法：实验采用黄嘌呤／黄嘌呤氧化酶、Ｆｅ２＋／Ｈ２Ｏ２两种体系产生的Ｏ·２、ＯＨ·对红细胞膜进行氧化损伤,通过电子自旋标记（ＥＳＲ）、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）和化学发光技术从不同侧面研究锌在抗氧化方面的作用及机制。结果：ＯＨ·和Ｏ·２可以造成膜脂质的流动性降低,膜蛋白分子的交联;适量锌可以抑制自由基的产生,保护膜脂质和膜蛋白免受自由基的氧化损伤并且使膜流动性、膜蛋白的电泳图谱基本恢复正常。结论：锌对ＯＨ·,Ｏ·２自由基所引起的氧化损伤有保护作用。     

Radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in Mediterranean diet

This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activity of nine different families of greens. Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Anchusa azurea (bugloss), Daucus carota (wild carrot), Sonchus oleraceus (sowthistle), Papaver rhoeas (corn poppy), Malva sylvestris (blue mallow), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Cichorium intybus (chicory) and Salicornia europaea (jointed glasswort) are native to the Mediterranean and are commonly consumed as a salad or an ingredient in some recipes. The antioxidative activities, including the radical scavenging effects, inhibition of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and Fe(2+)-chelating activity, were studied. All samples showed antioxidant activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using the DPPH* radical. The ratio between the slopes of the kinetic model was used to compare antioxidant efficiency of different greens. Greens also possessed antioxidative activity toward H(2)O(2). Especially, greens exhibited a marked scavenging effect on H(2)O(2) at 0.2 g/ml concentration. The Fe(2+) ion-chelating activities of the samples except jointed glasswort were greater than 70%. The antioxidant activity of samples with different methods based on the inhibition of different reactions could not be compared. The current dietary guidelines include recommendations for an increase in the consumption of plant foods. Greens should provide an optimal supply of antioxidant substances in the diet.     

Antioxidative effects of fermented sesame sauce against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 porcine renal tubule cells

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This study was performed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of fermented sesame sauce (FSeS) against hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage in renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells.

MATERIALS/METHODS

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (^•OH), and H₂O₂ scavenging assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of FSeS. To investigate the cytoprotective effect of FSeS against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells, the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were measured.

RESULTS

The ability of FSeS to scavenge DPPH, ^•OH and H₂O₂ was greater than that of FSS and AHSS. FSeS also significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced (500 µM) oxidative damage in the LLC-PK1 cells compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Following treatment with 100 µg/mL of FSeS and FSS to prevent H₂O₂-induced oxidation, cell viability increased from 56.7% (control) to 83.7% and 75.6%, respectively. However, AHSS was not able to reduce H₂O₂-induced cell damage (viability of the AHSS-treated cells was 54.6%). FSeS more effectively suppressed H₂O₂-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Compared to the other sauces, FSeS also significantly increased cellular CAT, SOD, and GSH-px activities and mRNA expression (P < 0.05).

CONCULUSIONS

These results from the present study suggest that FSeS is an effective radical scavenger and protects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by reducing ROS levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.     

Study on the antioxidant activity of tea flowers (Camellia sinensis)

Major chemical compounds in different extracts from tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) were analyzed. Distilled water or 70% ethanol extracts were then fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. Each extract fraction was tested its scavenging activities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol-extract of tea flower (EEA) exhibited the highest quenching activity to hydroxyl radicals (SC50 11.6 mug/ml), followed by ethanol-extract (EE) of tea flower (SC50 19.7 microg/ml). Same tea flower extract showed big different scavenging activities on different free radicals. EEA quenched 80% of hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton's reaction, however, only 40% of DPPH radical was scavenged in the Fe (II)-H2O2 -luminol system. The contents of flavones, polyphenols and catechins in EE and EEA fractions were higher than those in other fractions. We suggest that the stronger scavenging abilities to free radicals might be due to polyphenols, EGCG, ECG and flavones. However, the water extracts of tea flower and their fractions showed lower antioxidant activity for their inhibitory effect on hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals.     

Effect of sprouting on antioxidant and inhibitory potential of two varieties of Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) against key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease, and the current treatment for type 2 diabetes targets oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia via the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes. In the present study, two varieties of sprouted and non-sprouted Bengal gram (white coated and brown coated) extracts were assayed for total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total antioxidative capability and the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity. Sprouting increased the total phenolic content in both the varieties of Bengal gram and exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capability compared with that of non-sprouted Bengal gram. Sprouting also increased the inhibitory potential of Bengal gram against α-glucosidase and α-amylase compared with the non-sprouted variety. The overall results suggest that increased antioxidant and inhibitory potential of sprouted Bengal gram against α-glucosidase and α-amylase makes them desirable for dietary management/prevention of diabetes. This finding also provides essential information for the development of sprouted Bengal gram-derived antidiabetic products.