氟伐他汀对高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨氟伐他汀对高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法测定47例高胆固醇血症患者调脂治疗（氟伐他汀20mg／d，治疗8周）前后的血脂，血管内皮细胞（VEC）计数，血浆内皮素（ET-1），一氧化氮（NO），血糖（GLU），血胰岛素（INS）。结果高胆固醇血症患者经氟伐他汀治疗后血NO较治疗前显著上升（P〈0．01）。VEC计数、ET-1水平、血INS水平较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．01），胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）明显升高（P〈0．05）。血脂水平治疗后较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论氟伐他汀在降低胆固醇的同时，可改善血管内皮功能及胰岛素抵抗。     

他汀对未合并冠心病的高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀对未合并冠心病的高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮功能及动脉僵硬度的影响。方法 30例高胆固醇血症患者应用辛伐他汀20 mg/d治疗12周,治疗前后分别采集空腹静脉血,通过酶联免疫吸附实验检测血浆一氧化氮（NO）水平;应用动脉硬化测定仪测定肱踝脉搏波传导速度（PWV）,评价动脉硬化程度;应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测定肱动脉血流速度积分（VTI）,评价血管舒张功能。结果辛伐他汀治疗后患者总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显降低,PWV水平显著降低,血浆NO、肱动脉VTI值显著高于基线水平。结论辛伐他汀可改善无明确冠心病的高脂血症患者血管内皮功能及动脉硬化程度。     

静滴迈诺康对隐匿型冠心病伴高三酰甘油血症患者心电图、血脂及血管内皮功能的影响

目的了解静滴迈诺康对隐匿型冠心病伴高三酰甘油血症患者心电图、血脂及血管内皮功能的影响。方法观察58例隐匿型冠心病伴三酰甘油血症住院患者静滴迈诺康3周前、后心电图、血脂及血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）水平的变化。结果ECG总有效率91%。与治疗前比较,治疗后心电图ST段下移值显著减少（P<0.01）;血清总胆固醇[（5.6±0.8）mmol/Lvs（5.0±0.8）mmol/L,P<0.05]、三酰甘油[（3.0±0.7）mmol/Lvs（1.8±0.6）mmol/L,P<0.01]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[（2.8±0.5）mmol/Lvs（2.3±0.5）mmol/L,P<0.05]浓度均显著下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高[（1.09±0.36）mmol/Lvs（1.20±0.27）mmol/L,P<0.05];NO明显增高[（22±9）μmol/Lvs（39±11）μmol/L,P<0.01],ET-1显著下降[（103±29）ng/Lvs（82±11）ng/L,P<0.01];血浆NO与ET-1浓度呈负相关（r=-0.62,P<0.05）,ET-1与TG降低呈正相关（r=0.54,P<0.05）,NO与TG降低呈负相关（r=-0.37,P<0.05）。未发生药物不良反应。结论静滴迈诺康可调节隐匿型冠心病伴三酰甘油血症患者血脂代谢,改善其血管内皮功能及心肌缺血。     

辛伐他汀对原发性高胆固醇血症患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响

目的观察原发性高胆固醇血症患者使用两种剂量辛伐他汀的疗效与安全性及对血管内皮功能的影响。方法60例原发性高胆固醇血症患者随机分为辛伐他汀10mg组(A组,10mg/d)与20mg组(B组,20mg/d),每组30例,均治疗8周,20例正常对照,不予治疗。分别于用药前及疗程结束后查血脂并用超声测定肱动脉内皮功能,同时观察用药安全性。结果(1)原发性高胆固醇血症患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能较对照组明显减弱(P<0.01)。(2)辛伐他汀10mg与20mg剂量均能有效降低高胆固醇血症患者血清总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)水平,并显著改善肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能,其中20mg剂量组疗效明显优于10mg剂量组。结论原发性高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损,两种剂量辛伐他汀均能安全、有效地降低患者血清TC及LDL C并显著改善血管内皮依赖性舒张功能,辛伐他汀20mg剂量组的疗效明显优于10mg剂量组。     

氯沙坦对高血压病患者血管内皮功能的影响及其临床意义

目的探讨氯沙坦对高血压病患者血管内皮功能的影响及其临床意义。方法采用血浆内皮素（ET）,一氧化氮（NO）,血小板α-颗粒膜蛋白（GMP140）和血管性假血友病因子（vWF）水平作为内皮功能指标,观察45例高血压病患者氯沙坦治疗4周前后血管内皮功能的改变。结果高血压组治疗前血浆ET、vWF和GMP140均显著高于正常对照组,NO/ET较正常对照显著降低（P<0.05,P<0.01）。治疗4周,高血压组的血浆ET、vWF、GMP140较前显著降低（P<0.05,P<0.01）。血浆NO及NO/ET较前显著升高,并且NO显著高于正常对照组（P<0.05,P<0.01）。ET与血总胆固醇（TC）、SBP正相关,NO和NO/ET与空腹血糖、SBP和三酰甘油显著负相关,NO/ET还与HDL正相关,vWF、GMP140与HDL负相关,GMP140与TC正相关（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论高血压患者存在血管内皮功能减退,内皮功能与收缩压、血糖、血脂相关联。氯沙坦能够改善高血压患者的血管内皮功能。     

阿托伐他汀对高脂血症患者血脂、血清一氧化氮和血浆内皮素的影响及停药后各项指标的变化

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对高脂血症患者血脂和血清一氧化氮(NO)、血浆内皮素(ET-1)的于影响及停药后各项指标的变化。方法 40例原发性高脂血症患者每日服阿托伐他汀10mg共用8周,第9周停药。分别于服药前、8周末及停药4周末取空腹静脉血,均行血三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、NO、ET-1测定。另选本院同期健康体检者40例作为对照组,要求采血前两周未服用任何药物。结果高脂血症患者血NO水平显著低于对照组,ET-1水平明显高于对照组(均P<0.01)。治疗8周末两组血HDL-C、NO水平显著升高、TG、TC、LDL-C、ET-1水平明显降低(P<0.01)。停药4周末TG、TC、LDL-C、和ET-1均较治疗8周末明显升高,而HDL-C、NO明显下降,差异有统计意义(P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀钙能够改善高脂血症患者血脂及内皮功能,且需要长期坚持服用。     

枳实对高脂血症患者血脂和内皮功能的影响

目的探讨枳实对高脂血症患者血脂及内皮功能的影响。方法 80例高脂血症患者随机分成枳实组、常规组。所有患者分别于入选第2日、用药8周末取空腹静脉血,行血三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET-1)测定。另选本院同期健康体检40名作为正常对照组,要求采血前两周未服用任何药物。结果高脂血症患者血NO水平显著低于正常组,ET-1水平明显高于正常组(P<0.01)。治疗8周末两病例组血HDL-C、NO水平显著升高、TG、TC、LDL-C、ET-1水平明显降低,枳实组效果显著优于常规组(P<0.01),但两组的NO、ET-1水平与正常组仍有明显差别(P<0.01)。结论枳实能够改善高脂血症患者血脂含量及内皮功能。     

停用辛伐他汀对冠心病及冠心病危险因素患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 观察在冠心病及冠心病危险因素患者中,停用辛伐他汀治疗对血管内皮功能的影响,并探讨相应作用机制。方法 入选33例血清胆固醇（Tc）水平未达标的冠心病及冠心病危险因素患者,分别于基线水平、停药前（即辛伐他汀20mg治疗4周后）及停用辛伐他汀1周时,采用高分辨超声技术检测肱动脉血流介导性扩张（FMD）评估血管内皮依赖性舒张功能,并测定一氧化氮（NO）、血浆内皮素（ET）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGF1α）和血栓素B2（TXB2）的水平及主要血脂参数的变化。结果 辛伐他汀治疗4周后可有效降低冠心病及冠心病危险因素患者TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平,并明显改善患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能（FMD）。然而,停用辛伐他汀治疗1周后,所有患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能均较停药前明显下降（4．82士0．71）％与11．51±0．87％,P〈0．01）,甚至低于未服用辛伐他汀时的基线水平（4．82±0．71％与5．89±0．65％,P〈0．01）,其中冠心病患者停药后FMD下降幅度较仅有冠心病危险因素患者更显著（65．6％与56．3％,P〈0．01）。停药1周后,患者血清NO水平较停药前及基础值均明显降低,而血浆ET水平升高。血浆TXB,水平在停药前后无明显变化。此外,停药后患者血清LDL-C水平虽较治疗4周时有所升高,但仍未恢复至基线水平。停药后肱动脉FMD的变化仅与血清NO降低幅度呈正相关关系（r=0．674。P=0．004）,而与血清LDL-C水平变化无明显相关性（r=-0．414,P=0．083）。结论 在TC水平未达标的冠心病及冠心病危险因素患者中突然终止辛伐他汀治疗可在1周内完全逆转该药对血管内皮功能的改善作用,甚至还可能导致血管内皮功能进一步恶化。并且这种撤药反应随基础疾病的严重性增加。停药所致血管内皮功能损害可能与血管内皮源性的NO减少有关,是非胆固醇依赖性作用。     

辛伐他汀降脂治疗对老年人血管内皮功能及颈动脉内膜—中膜厚度的影响

了解辛伐他汀降脂治疗对老年人血管内皮依赖性舒张功能,颈动脉内膜－内膜厚度的影响,采用高分辨率超声技术检测20例对照者,20例原发性高胆固醇血症及20例冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者降脂治疗前后血管内皮依赖性舒张功能及颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度的变化。结果发现,与对照组比较,原发性高胆固醇血症患者及冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者肱动脉血流介导性舒张明显减弱,颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度明显增加,服用辛伐他汀20mg/d,治疗3－4月后,原发性高胆固醇血症患者及冠心病伴高胆固醇血症患者血浆总胆固醇明显下降,肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善,但仍低于对照组,治疗前后颈动脉内膜－中膜厚度无显著性改变,提示老年单纯高胆固醇血症及合并冠心病患者存在内皮功能障碍,经辛伐他汀降脂治疗后,血管内皮依赖性舒张功能明显改善,但颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度无明显改善。     

辛伐他汀对扩张型心肌病患者内皮素、一氧化氮的影响

应用放免法和硝酸还原酶法测定50例扩张型心肌病（DCM组）患者和33例正常人（对照组）的血浆内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮（NO）水平,并进行比较。将DCM患者随机分为A组和B组治疗,A组服用辛伐他汀,B组服用安慰剂,均治疗12周。结果与对照组比较,DCM组血浆ET明显升高,NO明显降低（P〈0．01,〈0．05）。与B组比较,A组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白降低,心功能改善,左室射血分数提高（P〈0．叭）,血浆ET明显降低,NO明显升高（P〈0．01）。提示辛伐他汀可显著改善DCM患者的心功能和血管内皮功能。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.