骨碎补总黄酮与柚皮苷干预股骨干骨缺损模型大鼠骨愈合的比较

背景：骨碎补能增强成骨细胞活性、提高骨密度、维持骨微结构的完整程度。 目的：观察中药骨碎补不同成分对于骨愈合的影响。 方法：Wistar雄性大鼠30只建立股骨干骨缺损模型,分别用提取的骨碎补成分骨碎补总黄酮及柚皮甙,以及从柑橘皮中提取的橙皮甙按20 g/kg对造模大鼠进行灌胃治疗,于治疗21 d后取血及骨标本检测大鼠骨愈合程度和血液流变学指标。 结果与结论：骨碎补不同成分均对骨愈合有益,且骨碎补中总黄酮效果优于骨碎补中柚皮甙及柑橘皮中的橙皮甙(P < 0.05),骨碎补总黄酮可有效抑制低剪切速下大鼠的血液黏度,对红细胞聚集指数具有显著降低作用,并可显著抑制大鼠血小板聚集性,降低血小板黏附性。说明骨碎补可利于骨愈合,其中总黄酮效果更佳,且对大鼠血液流变学有一定影响。     

淫羊藿及骨形态发生蛋白2与家兔的骨折愈合*

背景：淫羊藿是防治骨质疏松症的中药,但对骨折愈合的治疗尚缺乏依据。 目的：观察中药淫羊藿对家兔骨折愈合的作用。 方法：建立家兔单侧桡骨3 mm骨折动物模型,随机将其分为空白组、对照组和实验组。空白组予生理盐水灌胃加骨折局部注射生理盐水,实验组予中药淫羊藿熬制液灌胃加骨折局部注射生理盐水,对照组予生理盐水灌胃加骨折局部注射骨形态发生蛋白2。在术后2,4,8周,每组各取4只兔子通过X射线摄片、骨密度测定、生物力学测试(仅8周时)以及组织切片等评价骨折愈合的程度。 结果与结论：在各个时期段,X射线摄片显示实验组和对照组在骨痂的形成、改建及髓腔再通等均比空白组要好。实验组骨密度均优于空白组(P < 0.05),实验组和对照组之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。实验组生物力学性能优于空白组(P < 0.05),对照组数值介于两者之间。实验组和对照组在胶原纤维、软骨组织、骨小梁及骨基质的形成时期均早于空白组,实验组和对照组之间无显著性差异。提示淫羊藿能促进家兔骨折愈合。     

淫羊藿对去势雄性大鼠骨密度及骨结构性能的影响

背景：男性骨质疏松的研究起步较晚，治疗上缺乏公认有效的方法。中药淫羊藿具有补肾壮阳的功效，对免疫系统、骨骼以及生殖系统均有明显的调节作用，用于治疗骨质疏松。 目的：观察淫羊藿对去势雄性大鼠骨密度及骨结构性能的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2007-01/2008-04在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院老年病实验室完成。 材料：鼠龄15周健康雄性SD大鼠50只，体质量(340±10)g，用于制备骨质疏松模型。 方法：50只大鼠随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组以及低、中、高剂量淫羊藿治疗组，每组10只；淫羊藿治疗组大鼠自造模后第2周开始用淫羊藿治疗12周，淫羊藿治疗剂量分别为：1.0，5.0，10.0 g/(kg?d)，对照组和模型组采用等量生理盐水。 主要观察指标：12周后，行血尿生化、骨密度检查。对第4腰椎离体椎骨应用自制的SL22000骨疲劳损伤实验机进行疲劳损伤，行骨组织形态计量学检测。 结果：50只大鼠均进入结果分析。①对照组、中、高剂量淫羊藿治疗组全身骨密度均高于模型组(P < 0.05)；模型组尿钙/肌酐、尿磷/肌酐、血核因子κB受体激活因子配体、尿羟脯氨酸/肌酐均高于其他各组(P < 0.05)，而血清碱性磷酸酶均低于其他各组(P < 0.05)；治疗组护骨素高于模型组(P < 0.05)。②模型组骨小梁单位面积百分率均低于其他各组(P < 0.05)，其中对照组最高；而单位骨小梁面积百分率的微破裂长度均高于其他各组(P < 0.05)；对照组、中、高剂量淫羊藿治疗组单位骨小梁面积百分率的微破裂数目和椎体体积均高于模型组(P < 0.05)。 结论：去势后雄性大鼠应用淫羊藿可以防止骨量丢失并提高骨结构性能。     

淫羊藿总黄酮治疗原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度和骨代谢指标的变化

背景: 既往动物实验表明,淫羊藿总黄酮能有效抑制雌激素相关的骨丢失,但是相关的临床报道较少。 目的：观察淫羊藿总黄酮对原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机双盲,阳性对照临床试验,病例来自2005-06/2007-09华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院门诊。 对象：选择原发性骨质疏松症患者64例,男11例,女53例。 方法：64例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组32例,治疗组给予淫羊藿总黄酮 0.45 g/次,3次/d,口服治疗;对照组给予骨疏康颗粒10 g/次,2次/d,口服治疗,疗程均为6个月。 主要观察指标：①两组患者治疗前后腰椎(L1~L4),股骨颈,Ward’s三角,大转子和左髋的骨密度变化。②两组患者治疗前后血清钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶的变化。 结果：64例原发性骨质疏松症患者均进入结果分析。①治疗组腰椎骨密度明显高于对照组(P < 0.05),其他部位两组骨密度相比,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗组骨密度无明显改变(P > 0.05),对照组腰椎,股骨颈,大转子和髋部骨密度明显降低(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。②两组血钙水平均较治疗前明显升高(P < 0.05),两组间比较无明显差异(P > 0.05);治疗组血磷和血碱性磷酸酶水平与治疗前相比无明显变化(P > 0.05)。 结论：淫羊藿总黄酮治疗能有效抑制原发性骨质疏松症患者骨密度降低。     

纤维蛋白原对血液流变学的影响

<正> 血浆纤维蛋白原在出血性疾病、血栓性疾病的诊断及溶栓治疗中起着重要作用,本文观察了160例脑血管病患者的血浆纤维蛋白原和血液流变学的变化,以探讨血浆纤维蛋白原与血液流变学指标间的关系,为临床预防和治疗脑血管疾病提供理论依据,现报告如下。     

补肾中药血清对成骨细胞中骨形态发生蛋白2、7活性的影响

背景：课题组拟以骨形态发生蛋白作为研究靶点来认识肾虚骨质疏松症的病理机制。目的：体外观察补肾中药血清对SD大鼠成骨细胞中骨形态发生蛋白2、7活性的影响。方法：采用多次胶原酶消化法体外培养获取新生SD大鼠颅盖骨的成骨细胞;随机将28只SD大鼠分为4组,分别灌胃补肾益精壮骨中药、补中益气颗粒剂和骨疏康颗粒,正常组不灌胃。干预8 d后,通过血清药理学方法使用各组大鼠血清培养成骨细胞48 h。结果与结论：与正常组相比,补肾组和骨疏康组成骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白2、7表达水平明显增加(P < 0.01),补脾组成骨细胞骨形态发生蛋白2、7表达水平降低(P < 0.01)。结果表明补肾中药对成骨细胞保持自身功能、维持骨密度的作用上发挥重要的作用,成骨细胞中骨形态发生蛋白2、7可能有促进成骨细胞分化、增殖的功能。     

夜间生理性失水对血液流变学的影响

本文在限定条件下检测了34例成年人早、晚间的血液流变学变化及27例成年人饮水500毫升前、后间的血液流变学变化。结果表明:早上比前一天下午血液粘度普遍增高,中、老年人增高更明显。提示夜间生理性失水对血液流变学有显著影响。同时也表明饮水500毫升30分钟后能使血液粘度显著降低。这就为中、老年人在夜间进水预防脑血栓形成提供了科学依据。     

灯盏细辛注射液对脑梗死患者血液流变学的影响

我院于 2 0 0 2年 5月～ 9月期间采用灯盏细辛注射液治疗脑梗死患者 4 4例 ,观察其对血液流变学的影响。现将结果报告如下。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　本组 4 4例 ,均符合全国第四届脑血管病学术会议制订的诊断标准 ,并经颅脑CT证实。随机分成两组。灯盏细辛组 2 2例 ,男 14例 ,女 8例 ;年龄 5 9～ 85岁 ,平均 (6 8 5±8 7)岁 ;合并高血压 14例 ,糖尿病 4例 ,冠心病 10例。复方丹参组 2 2例 ,男 18例 ,女 4例 ;年龄 5 5～ 86岁 ,平均 (6 7 3± 8 7)岁 ;合并高血压 12例 ,糖尿病 7例 ,冠心病 11例。1 2　方法1 2 1　治疗方法　灯盏细辛组 :…     

疏血通对糖尿病并发脑梗死的治疗效果及血液流变学的影响

目的探讨疏血通对糖尿病并发脑梗死的治疗效果及血液流变学的影响。方法选取我院2011-05—2015-03收治的98例糖尿病并发脑梗死患者为研究对象。按照入院顺序随机均分为实验组和对照组,对照组采取盐酸丁咯地尔、胞二磷胆碱、尼膜同治疗,控制血糖。实验组在对照组的基础上采取疏血通注射液治疗。观察疗效、中医证候积分、NIHSS评分、ADL评分、血液流变学变化情况。结果实验组总有效率93.88%,高于对照组的77.55%(P0.05);实验组治疗后中医证候积分、NIHSS评分、全血黏度(低切)、全血黏度(高切)、血浆黏度低于治疗前和对照组(P0.05);对照组治疗后中医证候积分、NIHSS评分、全血黏度(低切)、全血黏度(高切)、血浆黏度低于治疗前(P0.05)。实验组治疗后ADL评分高于治疗前和对照组(P0.05);对照组治疗后ADL评分高于治疗前(P0.05)。结论疏血通对糖尿病并发脑梗死的治疗效果较好,能够有效改善患者血液流变学,临床应用价值较高。     

The Current Clinical Practice of Herbal Medicine in Psychiatry in Mainland China: A Review of Literature

Abstract: The current clinical psychiatric practice of herbal medicine in the People's Republic of China was explored by reviewing the literature. The results found in many of the articles were lacking methodological strictness. Some reliable articles reported that certain herbal medicines were effective for psychiatric conditions, and that a combination treatment of modern drugs with herbs was useful for the enhancement of the efficacy and the reduction of both recovery time and side effects. It is suggested that more sophisticated investigations are necessary to corroborate any conclusions concerning the value for herbal medicine in the psychiatric field.     

人肝癌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型建立及有效中药成分的筛选

背景：目前,复方中药、单味中药在体内降糖作用及其降糖机制研究较多,但体外尤其是中药单体成分对胰岛素抵抗细胞有何影响尚不清楚。 目的：体外建立人肝癌细胞(HepG2)胰岛素抵抗模型,并初步筛选可有效改善胰岛素抵抗的中药有效成分。 方法：用不同浓度的胰岛素对HepG2细胞进行不同时间的诱导,通过MTT法对细胞活性评价及葡萄糖氧化酶法对HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量测定,明确建立稳定的HepG2胰岛素抵抗模型的胰岛素诱导浓度及诱导时间。模型建立后,应用不同浓度的齐墩果酸、药根碱、阿魏酸、大黄酸、马钱苷、葛根素、大豆苷分别作用于胰岛素抵抗细胞24 h,用葡萄糖氧化酶法分别观察不同浓度的上述中药成分对胰岛素抵抗模型HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗的影响,MTT法对各组细胞活性进行评价。 结果与结论：HepG2细胞在10-6 mol/L浓度的胰岛素中作用24 h,葡萄糖消耗量明显减少(P < 0.01),说明实验成功诱导出稳定人肝癌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型。10-5 mol/L浓度胰岛素组的胰岛素抵抗更明显(P < 0.01)。各时间点10-5 mol/L浓度胰岛素作用的细胞成活率逐渐降低,死亡细胞增多(P < 0.05)。齐墩果酸、药根碱、阿魏酸、大黄酸、马钱苷、葛根素、大豆苷均有改善细胞胰岛素抵抗的作用。其中,质量浓度2×10-1 g/L药根碱、大黄酸、葛根素和齐墩果酸,2×10-5 g/L马钱苷和阿魏酸对改善人肝癌细胞胰岛素抵抗效果较好(P < 0.01)。     

跌创散促进兔实验性骨折愈合的作用

跌创散有活血祛瘀,消肿止痛之功,对软组织损伤疗效显著。骨折与软组织损伤同属中医“筋伤”的范畴。目的：观察跌创散对实验性骨折愈合作用的影响。方法：取兔龄为6个月左右的雄性新西兰大耳白兔36只,造成双侧桡骨中段约3 mm骨缺损模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组和跌创散组。模型组仅给予绷带包扎,跌创散组给予跌创散外敷,每2 d更换1次包扎物,分别于造模后2,4,6周观察新西兰大耳白兔桡骨骨折愈合过程中血清碱性磷酸酶、钙、磷浓度变化,骨痂病理组织学改变及不同时期X射线的变化。结果与结论：跌创散组骨缺损填充快,骨折愈合早,前4周血清碱性磷酸酶、钙、磷浓度较高(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),可以促进钙盐在骨折断端的沉积,对骨折愈合有明显的促进作用,血管较模型组数量多且内径大,骨化中心出现早。因此,推测跌创散可能通过影响血清碱性磷酸酶、钙、磷的浓度变化及促进骨折区域血液循环改善等方面而促进骨痂生长,进而达到促进骨折愈合的目的。     

Effects of Chinese herbal monomers on oxidative phosphorylation and membrane potential in cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in vitro

Mitochondrial dysfunction is the key pathogenic mechanism of cerebral injury induced by high-altitude hypoxia. Some Chinese herbal monomers may exert anti-hypoxic effects through enhancing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, effects of 10 kinds of Chinese herbal monomers on mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential of cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in vitro were investigated to screen anti-hypoxic drugs. Rats were exposed to a low-pressure environment of 405.35 mm Hg (54.04 kPa) for 3 days to establish high-altitude hypoxic models. Cerebral mitochondria were isolated and treated with different concentrations of Chinese herbal monomers (sinomenine, silymarin, glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, quercetin, ginkgolide B, saffron, piperine, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine) for 5 minutes in vitro. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential were measured using a Clark oxygen electrode and the rhodamine 123 fluorescence analysis method, respectively. Hypoxic exposure significantly decreased the state 3 respiratory rate, respiratory control rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly increased the state 4 respiratory rate. Treatment with saffron, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine increased the respiratory control rate in cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in dose-dependent manners in vitro, while ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in cerebral mitochondria from hypoxia-exposed rats. The Chinese herbal monomers saffron, ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine could thus improve cerebral mitochondrial disorders in oxidative phosphorylation induced by hypobaric hypoxia exposure in vitro.     

针刺配合中西药治疗对脑出血术后患者神经功能康复的影响

目的 探讨针刺联合中西药治疗对脑出血术后患者神经功能康复的影响.方法 收集2011-01-2013-11我院收治的脑出血术后神经功能缺损患者 118例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各59例,对照组予以常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用中药及针刺治疗.结果 2组患者治疗后脑水肿范围均显著缩小,但观察组显著小于对照组（P＆lt;0.05）;2组NIHSS评分均显著降低,但观察组显著低于对照组（P＆lt;0.05）;2组Barthel指数均显著升高,但观察组显著高于对照组（P＆lt;0.05）;观察组的ADL分级明显低于对照组（P＆lt;0.05）.结论 针刺联合中西药治疗可有效改善脑出血术后患者的神经功能缺损症状,促进患者康复,值得推广应用.     

Efficacy and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine shuganjieyu with and without adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for geriatric depression: a randomized controlled trial

Background

Pharmacological treatment of geriatric depression is often ineffective because patients cannot tolerate adequate doses of antidepressant medications.

Aim

Examine the efficacy and safety of shuganjieyu – the first Chinese herbal medicine approved for the treatment of depression by China’s drug regulatory agency -- with and without adjunctive treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of geriatric depression.

Methods

Sixty-five inpatients 60 or older who met ICD-10 criteria for depression were randomly assigned to an experimental group (shuganjieyu + rTMS) (n=36) or a control group (shuganjieyu + sham rTMS)(n=29). All participants received 4 capsules of shuganjieyu daily for 6 weeks. rTMS (or sham rTMS) was administered 20 minutes daily, five days a week for 4 weeks. Blinded raters used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale to assess clinical efficacy and safety at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after starting treatment. Over the six-week trial, there was only one dropout from the experimental group and two dropouts from the control group.

Results

None of the patients had serious side effects, but 40% in the experimental group and 50% in the control group experienced minor side effects that all resolved spontaneously. Both groups showed substantial stepwise improvement in depressive symptoms over the 6 weeks. Repeated measures ANOVA found no differences between the two groups. After 6 weeks, 97% of the experimental group had experienced a 25% or greater drop in the level of depression, but only 20% had experience a 50% or greater drop in the level of depression; the corresponding values in the control group were 96% and 19%. There were some minor, non-significant differences in the onset of the treatment effect between the different types of depressive symptoms, but by the second week of treatment all five HAMD-17 subscale scores had improved significantly in both groups

Conclusion

The Chinese herbal medicine shuganjieyu is effective and safe in the treatment of geriatric depression, but only a minority of patients have greater than 50% improvement in their depressive symptoms after 6 weeks of treatment. Adjunctive use of rTMS with shuganjieyu does not improve the overall outcome and does not significantly speed up the onset of action of shuganjieyu.     

氯氮平中药样性能的初步探讨

目的 探讨氯氮平的中药性能及意义。方法 对80例未服过抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者作中西医结合辩证分型后予以氯氮平治疗6周。并采用简明精神病量表（BPRS）评定其疗效及观察治疗前后舌质、舌苔及脉象变化,记录副反应出现频度。结果 80例患者中痰湿内阻型占40％、痰火内扰型占28．8％,治疗有效率分别为81．3％和87％,与其它各型相比有显著差异（P＜0．01）。红舌、黄腻苔疗效较好,胖舌、滑脉变化不明显。痰湿内阻型和阳虚亏损型副反应多见。结论 氯氮平叶甘、苦,性寒凉,归心、脾、肾经,具有祛痰、安神、泻火之功效,长期服用易伤脾胃,阻滞气机。     

Influence of tonifying kidney recipe on advanced glycation endproducts and lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized rats

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced estrogen levels may accelerate the formation of advanced glycation endproducts(AGE)in brain tissue,raise the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in vivo,and speed up deterioration of learning and memory.A tonifying kidney recipe is hypothesized to improve the ability of learning and memory in ovariectomized rats by downregulating AGE and lipid peroxidation products.OBJECTIVE:To simulate a postmenopausal state,bilateral ovariectomy (OVX)was performed in rats,and the effects of tonifying kidney recipe(TKR)on AGE and lipid peroxidation in the rat cerebral cortex,hippocampus,and blood serum levels was measured.In addition,the effects on learning and memory were evaluated,and the effect of AGE-specific inhibitor aminoguanidine(AG)was compared with TKR.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,in vivo,control experiment was performed at the scientific research center(Provincial Key Laboratory)in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shjiiazhuang,Hebei Province,China)from May 2005 to January 2007.MATERIALS:Forty healthy,adult,female,Sprague Dawley rats were used for this study.TKR was composed of prepared rehmannia rhizome,epimedium herb,desert-living cistanche,and Szechwan lovage rhizome,which were provided by Shijiazhuang Medical Materials Company(China).A TKR extraction was prepared for further use.AG was provided by Sigma (USA).Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups:sham,OVX,AG and TKR,with 10 rats in each group.METHODS:The rat ovaries were resected in the OVX,AG and TKR groups,whereas the same volume of fat was resected in the sham group.At four weeks after OVX,the AG group received 1% AG water solution by lavage;the TKR group was administrated by lavage once per day at a dose of 6.3 g (crude drug)/kg;OVX and sham groups received equal volumes of tap water.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Learning and memory behavior of rats was tested in a Y-electric maze 16 weeks after the OVX procedure.The contents of advanced glycation endproducts in the rat cerebral cortex,hippocampus,serum,and urine were detected by competitive ELISA and spectrofluorophotometer.The contents of lipid peroxidation in rat serum,cerebral cortex,and hippocampus were assayed using a biochemical method.RESULTS:Compared with the sham group,serum content of advanced glycation endproducts in the OVX group was significantly increased,and lipid peroxidation content increased in cerebral cortex,hippocampus,and serum(t=3.04-4.22,P<0.05-0.01).Both AG and TKR decreased the amount of AGE in cerebral cortex and serum(t=2.53,3.64,P<0.05,0.01),increased AGE urine content(t=3.25-=4.87,P<0.0 1),and decreased lipid peroxidation content in cerebral cortex,hippocampus,and serum (t=2.80-3.70,P<0.05-0.01).In comparison to the OVX and sham groups,the correct escape rate in the Y-electric maze was significantly increased(t=3.46,3.28,P<0.01),and escape latency was significantly decreased(t=3.12,2.48,P<0.05)in the AG and TKR groups,which indicated that both AG and TKR improved learning and memorv.The OVX group had a significantly lower correct escape compared with the sham group(t=4.21,P<0.01).CONCLUSION:The tonifying kidney recipe decreased deposition of advanced glycation endproducts and lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized rats,and concomitantly improved learning and memory.The effect of TKR was equal to that of AG.     

Influence of tonifying kidney recipe on advanced glycation endproducts and lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized rats☆

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced estrogen levels may accelerate the formation of advanced glycation endproducts （AGE） in brain tissue, raise the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in vivo, and speed up deterioration of learning and memory. A tonifying kidney recipe is hypothesized to improve the ability of learning and memory in ovariectomized rats by downregulating AGE and lipid peroxidation products.
OBJECTIVE： To simulate a postmenopausal state, bilateral ovariectomy （OVX） was performed in rats, and the effects of tonifying kidney recipe （TKR） on AGE and lipid peroxidation in the rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and blood serum levels was measured. In addition, the effects on learning and memory were evaluated, and the effect of AGE -specific inhibitor aminoguanidine （AG） was compared with TKR.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, in vivo, control experiment was performed at the scientific research center （Provincial Key Laboratory） in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University （Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China） from May 2005 to January 2007.
MATERIALS： Forty healthy, adult, female, Sprague Dawley rats were used for this study. TKR was composed of prepared rehmannia rhizome, epimedium herb, desert-living cistanche, and Szechwan lovage rhizome, which were provided by Shijiazhuang Medical Materials Company （China）. A TKR extraction was prepared for further use. AG was provided by Sigma （USA）. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups： sham, OVX, AG, and TKR, with 10 rats in each group.
METHODS： The rat ovaries were resected in the OVX, AG, and TKR groups, whereas the same volume of fat was resected in the sham group. At four weeks after OVX, the AG group received 1% AG water solution by lavage; the TKR group was administrated by lavage once per day at a dose of 6.3 g （crude drug）/kg; OVX and sham groups received equal volumes of tap water.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Learning and memory behavior of rat