大鼠神经元线粒体钙单向转运体对线粒体通透性转换孔的调控作用

目的研究离体大鼠神经元线粒体钙单向转运体对线粒体通透性转换孔的调控作用,初步探讨这种调控作用的可能性机制以及在脑保护中的重要意义。方法使用线粒体肿胀法测定线粒体通透性孔的开放程度,分别使用线粒体钙单向转运体抑制剂钌红、激动剂精胺和线粒体通透性转换孔抑制剂环孢菌素处理分离的线粒体,观察吸光度的连续变化。结果与对照组相比,钌红(5μmol/L)使吸光度降低程度与速率明显减小,而精胺(100μmol/L)使吸光度降低的程度与速率进一步增大,但是环孢菌素A(2μmol/L)能够减弱精胺的这种作用。结论在离体大鼠大脑皮层线粒体中,线粒体钙单向转运体可能对线粒体通透性转换孔有调控作用,这种调控机制在脑缺血再灌注脑保护过程中发挥作用。     

黄体酮对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠水通道蛋白-4表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的研究黄体酮对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑组织内水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)的表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠96只,随机分为4大组:假手术组、手术组、溶剂治疗组和黄体酮治疗组,建立大脑中动脉栓塞再灌注(MCAO/R)模型,分别在缺血2h再灌注6h、1d、3d、5d 4个时间点将大鼠麻醉后断头取脑,采用Western blot法、伊文氏蓝(EB)渗出量及干湿重法分别测定脑组织AQP4的表达、血脑屏障的通透性及脑含水量。结果手术组AQP4的表达、EB的含量及脑组织含水量明显高于假手术组;黄体酮组AQP4的表达、EB的含量及脑组织含水量较手术组及溶剂组明显降低,差异有统计学意义。结论黄体酮可以降低缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织AQP4的表达,从而降低血脑屏障的通透性,减轻脑水肿。     

线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及其机制

目的观察线粒体钙单向转运体在大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤中的作用及其机制。方法将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:A组(假手术组)、B组(脑缺血再灌注组)、C组(脑缺血再灌注+钌红组)、D组(脑缺血再灌注+精胺组),采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,各组在脑缺血2h后进行再灌注,再灌注24h后观察各组大鼠神经功能评分,检测各组血清脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(malondial-dehyde,MDA)的含量、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,免疫组化检测皮质区Caspase-3阳性细胞数的变化。结果 B、C、D组神经功能评分升高,血清MDA的含量以及LDH活性显著高于A组,SOD活性与A组相比显著降低,caspases-3表达细胞与A组相比明显增多。C组能明显改善上述结果,而D组相反。结论抑制线粒体钙单向转运体可以明显减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与减少氧自由基产生、维护线粒体功能有关。     

亚低温治疗对脑缺血大鼠AQP4基因表达及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 观察亚低温治疗对脑缺血大鼠AQP4表达和血脑屏障通透性的变化的影响,探讨亚低温减轻缺血性脑水肿的可能机制.方法 线栓法制作脑缺血大鼠模型,实验分常温组、亚低温组和假手术组,分别在缺血后6h、24h、48h、72h用干湿重法测脑组织含水量,荧光法检测血脑屏障通透性的改变,原位杂交检测AQP4的表达变化.结果 假手术组脑组织含水量、血脑屏障通透性、AQP4表达无变化.缺血组脑组织含水量和血脑屏障通透性增加,AQP4表达上调,缺血48～72h变化最显著.相同时间点常温组脑组织含水量和血脑屏障通透性增加、AQP4的表达上调比亚低温组明显,两组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 亚低温条件下AQP4表达下调、血脑屏障通透性和脑水肿程度减轻.亚低温可能通过下调AQP4表达、减轻血脑屏障通透性,减轻缺血性脑水肿.     

肢体远隔缺血适应对大鼠缺血再灌注后脑水肿的影响

目的探讨肢体远隔缺血适应对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑水肿的影响及其机制。方法利用线栓法制作脑缺血/再灌注模型,再灌注48 h后进行神经功能评分,采用干湿重法比较对照组与肢体缺血治疗组(LRIC)脑含水量、应用伊文思蓝法(Evans Blue,EB)观察血脑屏障(BBB)通透性,2,3,5氯化三苯基四氮唑蓝(2,3,5 triptriphemyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)法比较脑梗死面积。蛋白印迹法检测金属硫蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)、金属硫蛋白酶组织抑制因子1(TIMP-1)及水通道蛋白的表达。结果 LRIC治疗组的脑含水量、血脑屏障通透性、脑梗死体积、神经功能缺损程度均比对照组明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,LRIC组的MMP-9的蛋白表达明显降低,然而水通道蛋白-4及水通道蛋白-9均无变化。结论 LRIC能够降低大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿,其作用机制与抑制MMP-9相关,可能与水通道蛋白无相关性。     

厄贝沙坦预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织含水量以及IgG和水通道蛋白4表达的影响

目的 探讨厄贝沙坦预处理对脑缺血再灌注(CIR)损伤大鼠脑组织含水量以及IgG和水通道蛋白4(AQP4)表达的影响.方法 用厄贝沙坦灌胃预处理SD大鼠,连续21d后用改良Longa法建立CIR模型,分别于缺血90 min再灌注2 h和48 h后测定其脑组织含水量,并采用免疫组化法测定相应时间点IgG及AQP4的表达.结果 与假手术组及CIR对照组进行比较.结果 各组中,CIR对照组大鼠脑组织含水量最高,其次是厄贝沙坦低剂量组,然后是厄贝沙坦高剂量组,假手术组最低(P＜0.05～0.01).再灌注2 h时,各组大鼠脑组织IgG表达差异无统计学意义;再灌注48 h时,CIR对照组大鼠脑组织IgG表达最高,其次是厄贝沙坦低剂量组,然后是厄贝沙坦高剂量组,假手术组最低(P＜0.05～0.01).再灌注2 h时,各组中厄贝沙坦高剂量组大鼠脑组织AQP4表达最多,然后是厄贝沙坦低剂最组与CIR对照组,假手术组最少(均P＜0.01);再灌注48 h时,各组中厄贝沙坦高剂量组及低剂量组大鼠脑组织AQP4表达最多,其次是CIR对照组,假手术组最少(均P＜0.01).结论 厄贝沙坦预处理可能通过上调CIR大鼠脑组织AQP4的表达以减少其脑组织含水量和IgG表达,从而起到脑保护作用.     

水通道蛋白4在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的研究水通道蛋白4(AQP4)在缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑内表达及作用。方法以大脑中动脉线栓法建立大鼠缺血再灌注模型,采用干湿法测定模型的脑组织含水量及伊文氏蓝含量;免疫蛋白印记(WesternBlot)技术分析在缺血再灌注不同时程脑内AQP4的表达情况,以及AQP4与脑含水量和伊文氏蓝水平的相关性,并与对照组比较。结果与对照组相比,实验组大鼠脑组织含水量及伊文氏蓝水平在缺血再灌注后不同时间点明显高于对照组(P<0.05～0.01);AQP4蛋白表达明显增高(均P<0.05),并随着缺血再灌时间的延长,其表达量亦逐渐增加,在再灌后24～48h达到高峰。缺血再灌注后AQP4脑内的表达与脑组织含水量及伊文氏蓝水平呈正相关(r=0.38、r=0.45,均P<0.05)。结论AQP4的高表达参与了脑缺血再灌注后继发的血脑屏障的开放和脑水肿的发生,是脑水肿产生的重要分子基础。     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后血脑屏障通透性和ZO-1表达的影响

目的研究促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后血脑屏障通透性和紧密连接蛋白ZO-1的影响。方法采用大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,伊文思蓝渗透性实验检测血脑屏障通透性,免疫组化法和Western blot法测定ZO-1蛋白表达,RT-PCR法测定ZO-1 mRNA表达。结果 EPO预处理能够明显减轻脑缺血再灌注后血脑屏障的通透性(P<0.01),并显著上调缺血脑组织中ZO-1蛋白及mRNA的表达水平(P<0.01)。结论 EPO通过上调脑缺血再灌注后脑组织中ZO-1的表达,降低BBB通透性,这可能是EPO保护脑缺血再灌注后神经组织的机制之一。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的 评估阿托伐他汀对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后血脑屏障通透性的影响。方法 采用常规尼龙线栓法制备SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,并将大鼠随机分为假手术组、大脑中动脉阻断再灌注(Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion,MCAO/R)(对照)组和MCAO/R阿托伐他汀(治疗)组; 对照组和治疗组分别于脑缺血2 h再灌注24 h处死; 标准湿干法测定脑组织含水量; 实时聚合酶链反应(Real-time polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)检测基质金属蛋白酶-2(Matrix metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(Matrix metalloproteinases-9,MMP-9)的mRNA表达水平; 应用免疫组化法测定Ⅳ型胶原蛋白(Ⅳ type collagen,CoⅣ)水平; 电镜观察显示血脑屏障超微结构的改变。结果 治疗组与对照组比较,脑组织含水量减少(P<0.01); 阿托伐他汀治疗显著降低了MMP-2和MMP-9的mRNA表达水平; 治疗组脑组织CoⅣ水平高于对照组(P<0.01); 电镜观察显示治疗组血脑屏障超微结构的改变明显好于对照组。结论 阿托伐他汀可以降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障的通透性,从而减轻脑水肿。     

脑缺血再灌注后AQP4 mRNA表达及其与BBB通透性改变的关系

近年来的研究发现，水通道蛋白-4(aquaporin-4，AQP4)与脑水肿的发生有着密切关系。但关于脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemic reperfusion，CIR)后AQP4mRNA表达变化及其与血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier，BBB)通透性变化是否有关，目前尚未见报道。故我们用CIR大鼠模型，探讨AQP4mRNA表达和BBB通透性改变之间的关系，进一步证明两者与CIR后脑水肿的形成相关。     

The calcium uniporter regulates the permeability transition pore in isolated cortical mitochondria

To investigate the influence of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, the present study observed mitochondrial morphology in cortical neurons isolated from adult rats using transmission electron microscopy, and confirmed the morphology and activity of isolated mitochondria by detecting succinic dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, two mitochondrial enzymes. Isolated mitochondria were treated with either ruthenium red, an inhibitor of the uniporter, spermine, an activator of the uniporter, or in combination with cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Results showed that ruthenium red inhibited CaCl2-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, spermine enhanced opening, and cyclosporin A attenuated the effects of spermine. Results demonstrated that the mitochondrial calcium uniporter plays a role in regulating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in mitochondria isolated from the rat brain cortex.     

Inhibition of integrin alphavbeta3 reduces blood-brain barrier breakdown in focal ischemia in rats

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations. We tested the effect of postischemic treatment of cyclo-RGDfV (cRGDfV), a selective inhibitor of integrin alphavbeta3, in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke in rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation (n = 13), MCAO with no treatment (n = 18), and MCAO with cRGDfV treatment (n = 28). Focal ischemia was induced with the suture occlusion method for 2 hr, and treatment was given 1 hr after reperfusion (3 hr after ischemia). All animals were sacrificed 24 hr after reperfusion. Assessment included neurological scores, infarction volumes, brain water content, Evans blue exudation, IgG exudation, histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. Treatment with cRGDfV ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, and reduced exudation of Evans blue dye and IgG, but failed to reduce infarction volumes. Western blotting showed a reduction in phosphorylation of one subset of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors in the cRGDfV treatment group. Western blotting also demonstrated a significant reduction of fibrinogen in the cRGDfV treatment group. We conclude that poststroke treatment with cRGDfV reduces blood-brain barrier breakdown in focal ischemia, possibly through inhibition of VEGF-mediated vascular breakdown.     

Role of mitochondrial calcium uniporter in regulating mitochondrial fission in the cerebral cortexes of living rats

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) transports Ca²⁺ from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix and thus maintains Ca²⁺ homeostasis. Previous studies have reported that inhibition of MCU by ruthenium red (RR) protects the brain from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and that mitochondrial fission plays an important role in I/R injury. However, it is still not known whether MCU affects mitochondrial fission. In the present study, treatment with RR was found to decrease the concentration of free calcium in the mitochondria, calcineurin enzyme activity and dynamin-related protein 1 expression, and treatment with spermine was found to have the opposite effect in organisms subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery lasting 2 h followed by 24 h reperfusion. These results indicate that MCU may be related to mitochondrial fission via modulating mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake and this relationship between MCU and mitochondrial fission may protect the brain from I/R injury.     

Neurovascular and neuronal protection by E64d after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Calpains and cathepsins are two families of proteases that play an important role in ischemic cell death. In this study, we investigated the effect of E64d, a mu-calpain and cathepsin B inhibitor, in the prevention of neuronal and endothelial apoptotic cell death after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Rats underwent 2 hr of transient focal ischemia from middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and were sacrificed 24 hr later. E64d (5 mg/ kg intraperitoneally) was administered 30 min before MCAO. Assessment included neurological function, infarction volume, brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The E64d-treated rats had significant brain protection against ischemic damage. We observed a reduction of infarction volume, brain edema, and improved neurological scores in E64d-treated rats compared with the nontreated control. Furthermore, there was a remarkable reduction in both proteases and caspase-3 activation and apoptotic changes in both neurons and endothelial cells in E64d-treated rats. These results suggest that E64d protects the brain against ischemic/reperfusion injury by attenuating neuronal and endothelial apoptosis.     

大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤早期DWI参数和AQP4蛋白表达相关性研究

目的脑水肿是脑缺血后主要的病理表现之一,研究表明水通道蛋白4(AQP4)在脑梗死后脑水肿的形成和发展中起着重要作用,目前尚缺乏磁共振弥散加权成像(DWS)与AQP4表达在急性脑缺血-再灌注早期相关性的研究。本文旨在评估大鼠脑缺血—再灌注早期脑损伤区水通道蛋白4表达、DWI信号强度(SI)及表观扩散系数(ADC)之间的相关性以及AQP4表达与缺血性脑水肿之间的关系。方法健康成年SD雄性大鼠(n=40),随机分成4组,分别为脑缺血—再灌注12h、1d、3d组和假手术组,采用线栓法制作大鼠右侧大脑中动脉缺血—再灌注(MCAO/R)模型,Zea Longa评分评价神经功能损伤程度,Philips Achieva 3.0T MRI扫描仪对假手术组和缺血—再灌注后不同时间点大鼠脑部行冠状位DWI扫描,在工作站上重建ADC图,测量基底核层面梗死灶DWI-SI和ADC值,计算相对ADC值(rADC)和相对DWI—SI(rDWI—SI)值。2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色评价梗死体积的变化。免疫组化染色测定AQP4蛋白表达,用平均吸光度(MOD)值评价染色程度。结果假手术组动物麻醉苏醒后未见神经功能缺损,脑缺血—再灌注后12h、1d和3d组大鼠出现不同程度神经功能损伤,1d组最重。假手术组TTC染色未见梗死体积,脑缺血—再灌注后12h、1d和3d梗死体积逐渐增加,3d时最大。水肿变化规律同梗死体积相仿。假手术组海马区及皮质区AQP4免疫组化染色较浅淡,MCAO/R后12h缺血侧海马区及皮质均可见AQP4阳性细胞,12h-3d AQP4的MOD值随时间延长逐渐增高,3d时达到高峰。12h、1d和3d组大鼠脑水肿体积与相应时间点缺血侧皮质区和海马区AQP4表达均呈正相关(r=0.642,r=0.605,均P0.05);三组大鼠基底核区梗死灶rADC值与缺血侧皮质区、海马区AQP4表达均呈正相关(r=0.542,P=0.037;r=0.655,P=0.008)。结论大鼠脑缺血—再灌注早期脑水肿体积、rADC值与AQP4的表达水平存在时间上的相关性。因此结合DWI检查对脑缺血后AQP4表达部位、作用及调节机制进行更深入系统的研究,可能为临床早期治疗缺血性脑水肿提供新的思路。     

莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 探讨莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制.方法 采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻断局灶性脑缺血模型,分别于MCAO后1h腹腔注射莱菔硫烷2.5mg/kg、5mg/kg、10mg/kg.于缺血2h再灌注24h时进行神经行为缺损评分,TTC染色评价脑梗死体积,测定脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量.免疫荧光组织化学染色法检测黄核蛋白NQ01和脂质过氧化酶Prx6的表达.结果 莱菔硫烷给药组与对照组相比均能改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经行为缺损评分,减少脑梗死体积.其中5mg/kg组能显著改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经行为缺损评分,减少脑梗死体积,增强SOD活性,降低MDA含量.免疫荧光组织化学染色法提示NQ01和Prx6的表达明显增强.结论 莱菔硫烷对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有神经保护作用,其机制可能与上调内源性抗氧化蛋白NQ01和Prx6的表达有关.     

Aquaporin 4 expression and ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier following cerebral contusion injury

This study aimed to investigate aquaporin 4 expression and the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier at 2–72 hours following cerebral contusion injury, and correlate these changes to the formation of brain edema. Results revealed that at 2 hours after cerebral contusion and laceration injury, aquaporin 4 expression significantly increased, brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability increased, and the number of pinocytotic vesicles in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells increased. In addition, the mitochondrial accumulation was observed. As contusion and laceration injury became aggravated, aquaporin 4 expression continued to increase, brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability gradually increased, brain capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes swelled, and capillary basement membrane injury gradually increased. The above changes were most apparent at 12 hours after injury, after which they gradually attenuated. Aquaporin 4 expression positively correlated with brain water content and the blood-brain barrier index. Our experimental findings indicate that increasing aquaporin 4 expression and blood-brain barrier permeability after cerebral contusion and laceration injury in humans is involved in the formation of brain edema.     

灵芝甾醇对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察灵芝甾醇(GS)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤(I／R)大鼠的保护作用，并对其作用原理进行初步探讨。方法复制大鼠大脑中动脉阻断再灌注模型(MCAO／R)，分别采用TTC染色法、神经功能评分法观察GS对大鼠大脑梗死体积和行为学评分的影响，同时观察GS对脑组织形态学和MDA水平、SOD活性的影响。结果GS能够降低I／R大鼠脑梗死体积和行为学评分。减轻受损大鼠皮层脑组织的病理改变，抑制脑组织中MDA的生成，提高Mn-SOD的活性。结论GS对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤有一定保护作用，其作用机制与增强Mn-SOD活性，减轻I／R中氧化损伤有关。