骨形态发生蛋白2对14 d胎鼠端脑神经干细胞分化为胆碱能神经元的影响*☆

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2可能是参与胆碱能神经元前体细胞分化的细胞外调控因子。 目的：观察骨形态发生蛋白2在孕14 d胎鼠端脑神经干细胞诱导成胆碱能神经元过程中的作用。 方法：取孕14 d胎鼠端脑,用含EDTA的胰酶和Ⅰ型胶原酶消化,无血清培养基培养细胞,种植于涂有多聚赖氨酸的培养板,细胞原代培养24 h后半量换液,加入10 μg/L骨形态发生蛋白2继续培养。 结果与结论：胶原酶消化得到的神经干细胞呈单层贴壁生长;Nestin免疫荧光鉴定细胞为阳性,获取的神经干细胞纯度大于99%;ChAT免疫荧光鉴定骨形态发生蛋白2可以将孕14 d胎鼠端脑神经干细胞诱导成胆碱能神经元,细胞纯度大于97%。     

兔主动脉内皮细胞培养及鉴定：内皮细胞分离方式及培养条件的改良

背景：获取内皮细胞的方法有机械刮取、组织块移植和酶消化法3种。一直以来，内皮细胞的培养方法也在不断的更新。 目的：探讨兔主动脉内皮细胞的培养和鉴定方法。 方法：取1周龄新西兰大耳白兔主动脉，剥去外膜，内膜面向下铺入2 g/LⅠ型胶原酶、2 g/LⅢ型胶原酶，2 g/L Ⅳ型胶原酶和2 g/L Ⅴ型胶原酶混合消化液中(按1∶1∶1∶1∶1混合)消化20 min，按1∶1加入培养基以终止消化。轻轻刮下内膜层细胞，将细胞悬液离心，用DMEM培养液(含胎牛血清20%、VEGF 1 μg/L、bFGF 2 μg/L，庆大霉素6 U/L)混匀沉淀细胞，吹打分散至单个细胞培养，48 h后用首次换液。再按1∶2分瓶传代培养。采用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞培养结果。免疫组织化学及免疫荧光鉴定Ⅷ因子相关抗原。电镜观察Weibel-Paladed小体。 结果与结论：体外获得并培养5代内皮细胞。Ⅷ因子相关抗原及电镜观察W-P小体均证实实验成功的培养了原代及传代内皮细胞。提示兔主动脉内皮细胞可从主动脉获得并通过培养成为细胞系，Ⅷ因子相关抗原及电镜观察W-P小体联合鉴定是确定内皮细胞的良好方法。     

构建原代分离培养与鉴定小鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的方法及模型

背景：肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞在肺发育和肺功能调节中起重要作用,它与肺纤维化和肺癌等疾病的发生发展有密切联系,为了对这些疾病进行体外实验研究,必须对肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞进行分离、原代培养与鉴定以建立一个稳定高效的细胞模型。 目的：建立一套可靠的小鼠肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞分离、纯化、原代培养与鉴定的方法,为肺纤维化及肺癌等疾病的进一步研究奠定基础。 方法：①用低浓度胰酶联合Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法,分离小鼠肺组织细胞成分。取出小鼠肺组织,剪成小块,加入胰蛋白酶,移出细胞悬液,加入含胎牛血清的DMEM中止消化;同法用胰蛋白酶再消化1次,中止消化后加入Ⅰ型胶原酶,再中止消化。②经差速离心差速贴壁和免疫黏附法纯化肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞,进行原代培养。将肺细胞悬液接种入包被小鼠IgG的培养皿中培养,吸出含未黏附细胞的液体接种于另一包被小鼠IgG的培养皿中培养,吸出未黏附细胞,去上清,重悬沉淀,将细胞接种于培养皿和培养板中培养。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态及生长特点,测定肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞产量、纯度及活力,免疫细胞化学染色鉴定肺泡表面活性蛋白A和肺泡表面活性蛋白C的表达,透射电镜鉴定肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞特异性细胞结构。 结果与结论：用此方法,每只小鼠获得肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(4.8±1.2)×106,纯度达到(85.0±2.4)%,细胞活力为(92.0±2.4)%,倒置显微镜下原代肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞呈圆形或立方形,细胞质内有大量反差明显的细小颗粒,细胞为岛状生长方式;免疫细胞化学鉴定,肺泡表面活性蛋白A呈棕黄色,肺泡表面活性蛋白C呈绿色,均定位表达于细胞浆;透射电镜见特征性板层小体和细胞游离面大量微绒毛。证实利用胰酶联合胶原酶消化,差速离心差速贴壁和免疫黏附纯化的方法可获得高产量高纯度的AECⅡ,能满足一般的体外实验要求。     

兔膝关节软骨细胞的分离培养及形态学特征**☆

背景：软骨细胞是软骨破坏过程中的靶细胞,也是分泌炎性细胞因子的主要细胞之一,体外分离培养骨关节炎软骨细胞存在难度。 目的：对兔膝关节软骨细胞进行分离和培养,观察兔软骨细胞的形态学特性。 方法：4周龄新西兰白兔采用机械-酶消化法,通过调整胰蛋白酶和Ⅱ型胶原酶的浓度及消化时间来获得较纯的关节软骨细胞,传代培养。通过倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态、绘制生长曲线、苏木精-伊红染色、阿利新蓝染色及Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光染色对细胞进行鉴定。 结果与结论：原代培养的软骨细胞以多角形或三角形为主,传代3次后出现反分化。形态学、免疫荧光染色显示细胞培养3代以内可以保持表型的稳定,90%以上的软骨细胞维持多角形或三角形,核为圆形或椭圆形。苏木精-伊红阳性染色为细胞核呈紫蓝色,软骨细胞基质红染,胞浆及细胞周围有紫红色、阿利新蓝染色可见细胞浆和胞膜呈深蓝色、Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光染色可见胞浆和胞膜清晰绿色荧光,细胞核区域未见明显绿色荧光。结果提示,实验成功建立了软骨细胞分离、培养体系,且3代以内90%以上的软骨细胞生长良好。 关键词：兔;关节软骨;软骨细胞;细胞分离;细胞培养;组织构建     

兔脂肪干细胞的体外分离培养特性

背景：现有国内外文献报道的脂肪干细胞分离、培养方法并不完全一致，所应用的消化酶、消化方法、培养基等均存在差异。 目的：观察体外分离培养的兔脂肪干细胞生物学特性。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察，于2007-04/2008-03在昆明医学院生物医学中心干细胞所完成。 材料：健康成年新西兰大白兔6只，由昆明医学院实验动物中心提供。Ⅰ型胶原酶为美国Gibco公司产品，胰蛋白酶为美国Sigma公司产品。 方法：无菌切取兔腹股沟皮下脂肪垫，采用Ⅰ型胶原酶搅拌消化法分离培养原代脂肪干细胞，待细胞生长至80%融合时传代。 主要观察指标：倒置显微镜和苏木精-伊红染色观察细胞形态及生长情况，免疫荧光细胞化学染色检测细胞表面抗原的表达，MTT比色法绘制细胞生长曲线，流式细胞仪测定细胞增殖指数。 结果：自兔皮下脂肪分离培养获得的脂肪干细胞增殖迅速，低密度生长时呈三角形或短梭形，核/浆比例较大，接近融合时呈成纤维细胞样外观，长期传代形态无明显改变。第3代脂肪干细胞表面抗原CD44呈阳性表达，CD34为阴性；细胞生长曲线呈“S”形，在对数生长期其细胞倍增时间为59 h。随传代次数的增加，来自同一供体的兔源性脂肪干细胞增殖指数逐渐升高，至第8代达到最高，以后逐渐降低。 结论：兔皮下脂肪组织中含有丰富的间充质干细胞，兔源性脂肪干细胞体外以成纤维细胞样形态贴壁生长，表达CD44表面标志物，具有较强的体外增殖能力。 关键词：脂肪干细胞；生物学特性；组织工程；兔     

骨关节炎软骨细胞的体外分离培养

背景：由于体外分离培养骨关节炎患者软骨细胞存在难度，同时软骨组织中因富含大量的基质, 且软骨细胞分布于其中的软骨陷窝中, 因此与其他细胞相比, 软骨细胞的分离更为困难。 目的：从骨关节炎行人工膝关节置换者的关节软骨中分离软骨细胞，并改良其酶消化法分离软骨组织，观察软骨细胞的生物学特性。 设计、时间及地点：对比观察，实验于2007-04/2008-03在解放军第三军医大学烧伤研究所实验室完成。 对象：标本取材于解放军第三军医大学西南医院关节外科中心同期收治的10例人工膝关节置换患者软骨组织（> 3 cm）。 方法：切取原发性骨关节炎患者关节软骨，将软骨剪成1 mm×1 mm×1 mm左右的碎块，以Ⅱ型胶原酶顺序消化联合胰蛋白酶消化分离关节软骨细胞,同期对比用Ⅱ型胶原酶加胰蛋白酶消化法消化软骨后的收获细胞数及细胞成活率，分离细胞进行原代和传代培养。 主要观察指标：以倒置相差显微镜观察体外培养软骨细胞形态；以甲苯胺蓝染色以及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色进行软骨细胞鉴定；四甲基偶氮唑盐法测定骨关节炎细胞增殖情况。 结果：改良的Ⅱ型胶原酶顺序消化联合胰蛋白酶法，对原代关节软骨细胞的分离取得了优良而稳定的效果，与传统的胰蛋白酶消化法相比，收获细胞数为3.72×106，细胞存活率为97.5%，二者相比有显著性差异（P < 0.05）。体外培养观察软骨细胞贴壁和生长均较缓慢。原代和传代后细胞Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学和甲苯胺蓝异染反应均较弱。软骨细胞增殖和生长缓慢。 结论：Ⅱ型胶原酶顺序消化联合胰蛋白酶分离骨关节炎患者软骨细胞的技术简单且易操作, 分离培养的软骨细胞符合骨关节炎时软骨退变的表现, 可为骨关节炎的病因研究及软骨细胞移植治疗骨性关节炎提供实验基础。     

小鼠睾丸间质细胞体外原代培养方法的建立

背景：组织块培养睾丸生殖细胞对污染不容易控制,胰蛋白酶消化接种培养睾丸生殖细胞可能损伤细胞。 目的：建立一种切实可行的小鼠睾丸间质细胞体外原代培养方法。 方法：小鼠睾丸间质细胞的分离采用胶原酶消化法,纯化采用Percoll等密度梯度离心法,活率鉴定采用锥虫蓝拒染法,纯度鉴定采用3β-羟基固醇脱氢酶染色方法。 结果与结论：小鼠睾丸间质细胞纯度达可达90%以上;体外培养的细胞形态完整、增殖速度快、贴壁生长状态良好。说明实验成功建立了小鼠睾丸间质细胞的体外原代培养模型。     

成年 SD 大鼠海马齿状回神经干细胞分离培养和鉴定的改良

目的：改良成年SD大鼠神经干细胞分离、培养及鉴定方法,观察神经干细胞的生长、增殖及分化特点,为后续实验提供细胞。方法从成年SD大鼠分离出完整海马齿状回,采用机械吹打法获得原代细胞,用accutase消化传代,利用cck-8法检测神经干细胞的增殖情况,利用多重免疫荧光细胞化学方法鉴定神经干细胞及其分化细胞。结果机械吹打法可高效获得原代神经干细胞,accutase消化传代更有利于神经干细胞的传代培养,cck-8法简单高效的测定了神经干细胞的增殖,多重免疫荧光创新性的动态展示了神经干细胞经诱导分化后的分化过程。结论改良后的方法可更简单高效的获得和培养出大量细胞,经多重免疫荧光鉴定所分离和培养的细胞是神经干细胞。     

体外定向诱导鹿茸间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的分化**☆

目的：间充质干细胞的诱导分化的研究多见于骨髓、脐血等组织,而在鹿茸组织中分离的间充质干细胞是否能诱导为软骨细胞目前尚不清楚。实验拟建立梅花鹿鹿茸生长中心间充质干细胞体外培养方法,观察转化生长因子β1体外诱导鹿茸间充质细胞分化为软骨细胞的可行性。 方法：实验于2006-03/2007-06在吉林大学畜牧兽医学院基础兽医研究室完成。①实验材料：4岁龄健康雄性梅花鹿由中国农科院左家特产研究所提供,实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：于生长早期锯取梅花鹿鹿茸,在解剖显微镜下定位和切取间质层（突起部）,即为鹿茸间充质干细胞所在的组织层。Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法原代分离培养鹿茸生长中心间充质干细胞,锥虫蓝染色显示细胞活性达90%以上,将活性确定后的细胞液氮冻存。取第3代细胞,用含10%胎牛血清以及10 μg/L转化生长因子β1的条件培养基诱导培养。③实验评估：培养12 d 后于倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,采用细胞化学及免疫细胞化学鉴定细胞。 结果：①鹿茸生长中心间充质干细胞的分离与培养：Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法培养可以获得均一的间充质干细胞,贴壁的间充质干细胞形态均匀,呈长梭形,克隆样生长,增殖迅速。②转化生长因子β1体外定向诱导鹿茸间充质细胞分化为软骨细胞：转化生长因子β1诱导分化的鹿茸间充质细胞生长迅速,诱导后细胞形态明显改变,呈典型的软骨细胞形态,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性,Ⅱ型胶原表达阳性。 结论：采用酶消化法可以从鹿茸生长中心间充质层中分离出间充质干细胞,在体外转化生长因子β1具有促进鹿茸生长中心间充质干细胞分化为软骨细胞的能力。     

小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞磁珠分选法分离和原代培养*☆

背景：肺组织的功能依赖于肺微血管内皮细胞的活性,因此肺微血管内皮细胞是相关研究的重要细胞模型,但目前国内多采用的组织块贴壁法培养所得的肺微血管内皮细胞常有其他细胞混杂。 目的：建立一种有效分离、培养、扩增小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞的方法。 方法：采用酶消化、免疫磁珠二次分选法分离纯化小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞,贴壁培养法体外扩增,CCK-8法测定细胞的生长情况,相差显微镜观察培养细胞的形态,透射电子显微镜观察细胞的超微结构,流式细胞仪对其表型进行鉴定。 结果与结论：培养所得小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞具有典型的铺路石样形态学特征,含有大量内皮细胞特有的杆状细胞器Weibel-Palade小体,较稳定地表达内皮细胞特异性表面标记CD105,不表达淋巴管内皮细胞特异性表面标记血管内皮生长因子受体3。说明免疫磁珠二次分选法可成功分离纯化小鼠肺微血管内皮细胞,体外培养所获细胞纯度高、自我更新能力强,并保留了包括构成、表面抗原表达等特性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.