临沂市中小学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解临沂市中小学生的膳食结构和营养状况，提出膳食营养建议。方法采用食物记录法和膳食史法进行膳食营养调查。依据《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》《中国居民膳食营养参考摄入量（DRIs）》进行营养状况评价。结果临沂市中小学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主，蔬菜、肉、禽、蛋类摄入比例适中，膳食纤维、豆类、乳类、鱼虾摄入量偏低，能量、蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足。中小学生膳食的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙摄入不足，动物性食物、摄入过多。结论临沂市中小学生膳食结构较合理，应加强中、小学生膳食营养教育，培养健康饮食行为．     

绝经后妇女膳食调查及某些因素与骨密度的关系

目的：了解绝经后妇女的膳食营养状况，为骨质疏松的预防提供科学依据。方法：以问卷调查方式对894名绝经后妇女的膳食营养状况进行调查，并对某些因素与骨密度的关系进行相关分析。结果：与《中国居民膳食指南》相比，谷类食物，奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低，能量摄入充足；蛋白质，维生素C和铁的摄入量均超过RDA的100％，维生素B1超过RDA的85％；维生素B2和钙的摄入量明显不足，经常摄食奶类，豆类食品与骨密度呈显著的正相关。结论：绝经后妇女应适当增加谷类，奶类及豆制品的摄入。     

临沂市中小学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解临沂市中小学生的膳食结构和营养状况,提出膳食营养建议。方法采用食物记录法和膳食史法进行膳食营养调查。依据《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》《中国居民膳食营养参考摄入量(DRIs)》进行营养状况评价。结果临沂市中小学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主,蔬菜、肉、禽、蛋类摄入比例适中,膳食纤维、豆类、乳类、鱼虾摄入量偏低,能量、蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足。中小学生膳食的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙摄入不足,动物性食物、摄入过多。结论临沂市中小学生膳食结构较合理,应加强中、小学生膳食营养教育,培养健康饮食行为。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

山西医科大学2011年学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解山西医科大学学生膳食营养状况及其存在的问题,为开展大学生营养宣传教育提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取山西医科大学学生429名,采用24h膳食回顾法连续记录3d膳食,计算每人每日食物摄入情况,与中国居民膳食宝塔的食物摄入推荐量进行比较;计算能量及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较.结果 在学生所有食物摄入中,谷类摄入量偏高,鱼虾类、禽畜肉类、奶类及奶制品、蔬菜水果摄入量偏低;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C摄入不足;钙摄入不足;铁摄入充足,但多来自于植物性食物.学生早餐摄入的能量较低,女生零食摄入较多.结论 山西医科大学学生的膳食营养状况不理想.应指导大学生进行合理膳食.     

1990～1998年中国食物消费与膳食结构

根据1990和1995年国家统计局七省市食物消费数据分析,居民豆类及豆制品消费减少,城市居民动物性食物消费过量,谷类消费下降,其提供热能比低于60％,农村居民食物消费以谷类为主,动物性食物、水果、植物油消费较低。1998年调查住户食物消费结果表明：城市居民动物性食物摄入量随收入增加而大,植物油消费持平,目前膳食结构相对合理,而农村居民仍需增加动物性食物、水果等的摄入量,其中贫困住户的营养状况需要注意。建议加强营养宣传教育,大力促进豆类的生产和消费以改善居民的膳食结构。     

湖南成年居民膳食结构现状分析

目的：了解湖南成年居民膳食摄入和营养状况。方法：采取多阶段整群随机抽样方法，按全国统一调查方法分剐进行居民膳食调查。结果：2004年湖南省不同地区成年居民食物摄入量有统计学意义，膳食能量主要来源于谷类，脂肪主要来源于食用油。结论：我省成年居民膳食结构不尽合理；矿物质中钙的摄入量明显不足；每日能量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入量充足。     

2007年河北省部分地区城乡居民总膳食研究

目的了解河北省唐山市、廊坊市文安县、承德市双塔区城乡居民膳食质量和居民膳食营养状况,为相关部门制定政策提供科学依据。方法应用总膳食研究的方法对河北省部分城乡居民的膳食组成及15种营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、胆固醇、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、尼克酸、维生素C、钙、铁、锌、硒、钠)进行回顾性评价分析。结果食物消费总量及蔬菜、豆类消费城乡大致相当,谷类、饮水、调味品摄入量农村高于城市,其他各种食物消费量均是城市高于农村,城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主;城乡动物性食品单调,以猪肉为代表的肉类消费分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的82.5%和47.1%;城乡居民的平均豆类、乳类、饮水摄入量显著低于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量(RNI),酒类、油脂、盐摄入量明显超过RNI,农村居民豆类、肉类、水产类摄入量严重不足;城乡居民平均热能的摄入量分别达RNI的94.8%、88.7%和90.7%,蛋白质分别达到RNI的109.3%、72%和84.5%;维生素C、铁、钠摄入量充足,但也存在城乡居民平均维生素A、核黄素、硫胺素、钙、锌、硒摄入不足及城市居民脂肪摄入过量,农村居民蛋白质摄入不足和质量较差的问题。结论河北省部分地区调查点城乡居民膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡,有计划地开展人群膳食营养指导十分必要。     

壮族和京族居民膳食结构及营养状况比较分析

目的分析广西壮族和京族居民的膳食结构及营养状况,比较膳食摄入的差异。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取壮族居民161户(405人)和京族居民93户(208人),以个人食物频率法结合家庭调味品称重获取膳食信息。结果两民族居民食用盐和油脂类摄入远远高于推荐摄入量,豆类、水果类、蛋奶类摄入量明显不足。两民族维生素C、E、B1、B2及钙的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量。壮族和京族的油、盐、酱和味精、豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类、蛋类、肉类、水产品消费量比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两民族居民平均每日膳食营养素摄入量比较除能量、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素E和钾差异无统计学意义外,其他营养素摄入差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论两民族居民膳食结构及营养素摄入方面存在较大差异,虽然包含了中国膳食指南推荐的主要食物种类,但食物摄入量并不理想,应根据不同民族居民膳食结构及饮食习惯特点改善居民的膳食模式。     

会宁县高一学生膳食营养摄入状况评价

目的了解会宁县高一学生的膳食摄入状况和膳食模式,为进一步改善和提高学生的膳食营养状况提供基础资料。方法采用24h回顾调查法结合称重法、记账法,收集被调查者连续7d的膳食摄入情况;采用膳食频率法结合称重法,收集312名被调查对象连续1年的食物消费资料。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷薯类为主,杂粮摄入量占谷薯类总量的5左右;谷薯类、水果类、豆类、奶类、蛋类食物的日平均摄入量均高于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查水平;男、女生在精米面、杂粮、谷薯类、肉类摄入量上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男生铁的摄入量基本满足需求;有80以上的学生锌、钙、维生素A、维生素B2摄入量未达到AI或者RNI。三大产能营养素供能及一日三餐能量分配不合理,膳食蛋白质、钙、铁80以上来源于植物性食物,14左右的脂肪酸来源于多不饱和脂肪酸。结论应增加会宁县高一学生蔬菜水果、动物瘦肉、奶类、豆类等食物的摄入量,提高优质蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B2的摄入量。     

北京市50岁以上中老年人膳食营养状况调查

目的为了解北京市50岁及以上中老年人的膳食营养状况，对2002年“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”北京地区的结果进行分析。方法采用连续3d的称重法和24h回顾法，收集样本人群的食物消费种类及数量，获得个体每日食物和营养素的摄入量。结果北京市中老年人群的膳食以谷类为主，城郊区在膳食比例上存在差异。虽然人群的营养素平均摄入水平已接近或超过每日营养素供给量(RNI)，但个体之间存在较大差异。人群中仍有相当比例的个体能量、蛋白质、脂溶性维生素和B组维生素以及锌、钾等营养素的摄入达不到RNI。结论北京市中老年人群膳食结构仍欠合理；应增加维生索和矿物质丰富的蔬菜、水果和豆类制品的摄入；控制脂肪和钠的摄取；并需努力减少个体之间的差异。     

Depression and Vegetarians: Association between Dietary Vitamin B6, B12 and Folate Intake and Global and Subcortical Brain Volumes

Deficiency of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, mostly in vegetarians, is found to be associated with depression and adverse neurological function. We investigated whether vitamin B6, B12, and folate have an effect on brain structure, especially among depressed people who follow a specific diet. The study sample comprised 9426 participants from the UK Biobank cohort with a mean age of 62.4 years. A generalized linear model controlling for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, town send deprivation index, educational qualification, smoking, and alcohol intake was used to test the association between study groups and structural brain volumes. Depression was more prevalent, and intake of vitamin B6 and B12 was lower among vegetarians, while non-vegetarians had a lower intake of folate. Overall, no significant association was observed between vitamin B6, B12, and folate intakes and both global and subcortical brain volumes among participants with depression. However, vitamin B12 intake was positively associated with right pallidum among non-depressed participants, and a significant interaction between vitamin B12 intake and depression status on the right pallidum was observed. Also, a significant interaction between folate intake and depression status on grey matter (GM) volume and left thalamus was observed. Upon diet stratification, folate intake is associated with total brain volume and GM volume among vegetarians with depression. Furthermore, no significant associations were observed for subcortical regions. Our findings suggest that dietary intake of vitamin B6 and B12 might have an effect on brain structure. Vegetarians, particularly those who suffer from depression may benefit from supplementing their diets with vitamins B6, B12, and folate to ensure brain health. Further studies, especially with a larger sample size and longitudinal design, are needed to confirm these findings.     

Vitamin B6 intakes and status assessment of elderly men and women in Taiwan.

Studies have indicated that vitamin B6 status decreases with age. However, little is known about vitamin B6 status of elderly people in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin B6 status of elderly Taiwanese and to examine the effect of protein on various indices of vitamin B6 status in the elderly. Thirty-nine men (mean age = 69.9 +/- 4.2 years) and 55 women (mean age = 69.5 +/- 3.9 years) completed a 24-h diet recall. The mean total vitamin B6 intake (men: 1.7 +/- 0.9 g/day; women: 1.6 +/- 1.2 g/day) was higher than the 1998 US Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and the current Taiwan Recommended Daily Nutrient Allowance (RDNA). Dietary energy and protein intakes were not related to any vitamin B6 status parameters in any sex groups and the pooled group. Vitamin B6 intake correlated only with erythrocyte aspartate transaminase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) in the pooled (r = -0.214, p < 0.05) group. There were no significant differences in plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), erythrocyte alanine transaminase activity coefficient (EALT-AC), and EAST-AC between sex groups. Although elderly subjects had adequate mean plasma PLP concentrations, 59% of men and 55% of women had plasma PLP concentrations lower than a cutoff of 20 nmol/L. The mean EALT-AC was < 1.25 in two groups with adequate vitamin B6 status. However, 23% of men and 18% of women had EALT-AC values > 1.25. The mean EAST-AC value of subjects was higher than the suggested value (< 1.8) for inadequate vitamin B6 status. The incidence of biochemical vitamin B6 deficiency in our elderly is probably more relevant from other causes than from dietary intake of protein and vitamin B6.     

大学生膳食营养状况调查

[目的]了解大学生的膳食营养状况,为指导大学生的合理膳食提供依据。[方法]采用整群随机抽样的方法,以班为单位,随机抽取55个班549名学生,进行营养知识、营养行为和连续4 d的膳食调查。[结果]大学生的热能及多种营养素摄入量均不足,甚至有的营养素严重缺乏。医学专业与非医学专业学生比较,其热能、VB1、VC、尼克酸的摄入量有统计学差异。碳水化合物的摄入量随年级升高而递减,维生素C的摄入量大三学生高于大二学生,早餐能量大一学生偏高。[结论]大学生营养状况较差,膳食结构不合理。应全面增加各种营养素的摄入量,合理搭配食物,以提高营养水平。     

Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review

Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy, eggs, poultry and fish which will be beneficial for both health and the environment. A systematic review of observational and intervention studies published between 2000 and January 2020 was conducted to assess nutrient intake and status in adult populations consuming plant-based diets (mainly vegetarian and vegan) with that of meat-eaters. Mean intake of nutrients were calculated and benchmarked to dietary reference values. For micronutrient status, mean concentrations of biomarkers were calculated and compared across diet groups. A total of 141 studies were included, mostly from Europe, South/East Asia, and North America. Protein intake was lower in people following plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters, but well within recommended intake levels. While fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), folate, vitamin C, E and magnesium intake was higher, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was lower in vegetarians and vegans as compared to meat-eaters. Intake and status of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium and bone turnover markers were generally lower in plant-based dietary patterns compared to meat-eaters. Vegans had the lowest vitamin B12, calcium and iodine intake, and also lower iodine status and lower bone mineral density. Meat-eaters were at risk of inadequate intakes of fiber, PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), folate, vitamin D, E, calcium and magnesium. There were nutrient inadequacies across all dietary patterns, including vegan, vegetarian and meat-based diets. As plant-based diets are generally better for health and the environment, public health strategies should facilitate the transition to a balanced diet with more diverse nutrient-dense plant foods through consumer education, food fortification and possibly supplementation.     

Is vitamin intake by the elderly in The Netherlands precarious?

The elderly are vulnerable to nutritional risks. The vitamin intake (assessed through dietary history) and vitamin status of 539 independently living persons aged 65-79 years and 44 lacto-(ovo)-vegetarian persons aged 65-97 years were evaluated. All respondents were apparently healthy. Compared with the Dutch recommended dietary allowances the intake of vitamins was assessed as adequate except for vitamin B6. The marginal intake of vitamin B6 is reflected in the vitamin B6 status. The prevalence of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in plasma is high among elderly people as compared with younger adults (blood donors); the concentration is negatively correlated with age. The vegetarian elderly appeared to be at risk regarding the vitamin B12 status. In conclusion, the average intake of vitamins is assessed as adequate, whereas the intakes of vitamin B6 and vitamin D of Dutch apparently healthy elderly need more attention.     

Effect of dietary fiber on the vitamin B6 status among vegetarian and nonvegetarian elderly (Dutch nutrition surveillance system)

To obtain more insight into the effect of dietary fiber on vitamin B6 status among elderly people, we studied dietary interrelationships as well as associations between dietary intake and plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and cofactor stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase in erythrocytes (EAST-AC) among 441 nonvegetarian (aged 65-79) and 32 vegetarian elderly (aged 65-94). EAST-AC was found to be inversely related with intake of vitamin B6 and dietary fiber in bivariate regression analyses. After adjustment for age, intake of energy, protein, and fiber, the intake of vitamin B6 was still inversely related with EAST-AC. The association between EAST-AC and dietary fiber disappeared in the multivariate analysis, whereas total protein intake proved to be positively related with EAST-AC in the multivariate analysis only. The differences between bi- and multivariate analyses are most likely due to the observed interrelationships between intake of vitamin B6, fiber, and protein. It is concluded that dietary fiber does not have a significant impact on the vitamin B6 status among Dutch elderly people, since only protein (positively) and vitamin B6 (inversely) intake appeared to be related with EAST-AC in the multivariate analysis.     

2000-2004年天津市城乡居民膳食状况的调查分析

目的:研究2000～2004年天津市城市和农村居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法:利用天津市统计局2000～2004年天津市城乡居民各种食物的消费量和人口资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究这一时段食物与营养消费状况、各种营养素摄入状况、营养素的食物来源情况,找出城乡居民食物与营养中存在的问题。结果:城市居民动物性食物、水果、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,维生素A、B1、B2、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,脂肪占总热量偏高(34%～35%);农村居民谷类、蔬菜和植物油摄入较合理,动物性食物、奶类和豆类食物摄入偏低,蛋白质质量有待提高,维生素A、B2、C、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,其中维生素A、B2、钙摄入严重不足。结论:天津市城乡居民膳食中仍存在着膳食不平衡,一些微量营养素摄入不足,尤其是农村,城市居民脂肪摄入偏高。     

膳食及营养因素对农村居民高血压患病影响的多因素分析

目的 :　探讨农村地区居民高血压的膳食影响因素 ,为高血压的膳食防治提供科学依据。方法 :　对河南南阳地区的 5 961名研究对象进行问卷调查和血压测量 ,采用 SPSS9.0软件分别从食物和营养素水平上进行多因素 Logistic回归分析。结果 :　进入 Logistic回归模型的食物因素中腌制蔬菜和油脂类食物是高血压的危险因素 ,新鲜水果和水产品摄入量多对高血压患病有保护作用 ;从营养素角度来看 ,总能量摄入是高血压患病的危险因素 ,抗氧化维生素 (视黄醇、维生素 E及维生素 C)、维生素 B1 、钙及钾与高血压患病明显负关联。结论 :　食物和营养素中高血压的保护因素和危险因素并存 ,合理膳食是防治高血压的重要措施之一。     

Analysis of the Diet Quality and Nutritional State of Children,Youth and Young Adults with an Intellectual Disability: A Multiple Case Study. Preliminary Polish Results

(1) Background: Considering the limited amount of available data on the diet quality of children, adolescents, and young adults with an intellectual disability (ID) in Poland, as well as the higher incidence of nutritional disorders among people with ID in comparison to the general population, a study was conducted to assess the quality of diet in community-dwelling young individuals with ID. (2) Methods: A multiple-case study was carried out to obtain data on anthropometric parameters and food records over a three-day observation period for 18 subjects with ID. The nutritional value of the products and dishes consumed by the subjects was calculated using the commercial computer program Kcalmar.pro (Hermax, Poland), which contains the Polish database of the nutritional value of food products and dishes. The results presented here are those of a pilot study of a wider research project. (3) Results: The study group consisted of seven women (38.9%) and 11 men (61.1%) with an average age of 12.94 years (range 4.00–22.00) and an average BMI of 25.2 (range 14.5–35.4). The obtained results confirmed the suboptimal pattern of nutrition in children and adolescents with ID. Regarding energy intake and dietary macronutrients, only in 27.8% of cases, energy intake exceeded the Estimated Energy Requirement corresponding to age, sex, body weight, and height. Most of the respondents were characterized by correct intake of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and 83.3% showed excessive intake of saturated fatty acids. Excessive intake of vitamins B1, B2, and B6 was observed in all subjects, and that of vitamins B3 (niacin), B12, A, and C in the vast majority of subjects, while deficiency of vitamin D was observed in all individuals and folic acid in 22.2% of individuals. Excessive intake of minerals, such as sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium was noted among most of the respondents, while the intake of calcium and iodine was found to be insufficient. Compared to people with less severe ID (grades 1 and 2), people with grade 3 ID showed significantly lower intake/reference fulfillment of dietary components such as vitamin B6, potassium, phosphorus, iron, copper, iodine, magnesium, and zinc. No significant differences were noted in the nutritional reference fulfillment for various nutrients among the groups distinguished by sex, nutritional status, or the cause of ID. (4) Conclusion: Health supervision guidelines proposed for persons with ID should take into account the dietary practices of the families caring for them, with an emphasis on the prevention and correction of irregularities that may reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation and deteriorate the health of the affected people. Caregivers/parents of each person with ID who took part in the study were given individualized dietary advice aimed at correcting the dietary abnormalities.