小儿颅脑外伤术后院内感染的病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨小儿颅脑外伤术后院内感染的病原菌分布及耐药性。方法本研究选择的对象为2010-06—2013-04接受治疗的125例小儿颅脑外伤患者,通过采集125例小儿颅脑外伤患者的血液、尿液、痰液以及伤口分泌物进行细菌培养,采用药敏试验对致病菌的分布及其耐药性进行研究。结果检出216株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌45株(20.8%),革兰阴性菌155株(71.8%),真菌16株(7.4%)。革兰阳性菌主要包括表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌,革兰阴性菌主要包括铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌,真菌主要包括白色念珠菌与克柔念珠菌;病原菌主要感染部位在呼吸系统,占89.6%(172/192),其次为泌尿系统,占11.0%(19/192),其他部位的感染主要包括血液感染、切口的感染以及皮肤组织感染,占5.2%(10/192);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最高(56.1%),对环丙沙星在耐药性最低(17.1%);大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素的耐药性最高(50.0%),对替卡西林的耐药性最低(9.1%);肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素的耐药性最高(61.8%),对氨苄西林的耐药性最低(17.6%);鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最高(55.2%),对环丙沙星的耐药性最低(22.4%)。结论小儿多发颅脑外伤术后院内感染的致病菌主要为革兰阴性菌,致病菌的分布部位主要在呼吸系统,临床上应根据致病菌的耐药情况灵活掌握,合理选择抗生素,尽量减少耐药情况发生。     

老年阿尔茨海默病合并院内肺部感染的病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨老年阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者院内肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对2011-01—2013-10在我院神经内科住院的126例老年阿尔茨海默病患者痰培养及药物敏感试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果痰培养共检出134株病原菌,其中G-菌80株(59.7%),G+菌37株(27.6%),真菌17株(12.7%)。G-茵主要有肺炎克雷伯茵、绿脓假单胞杆菌、肝炎杆茵及大肠杆茵;G+菌46株(34.8%),G+菌主要有金黄色葡萄球菌、化脓性链球菌及表皮葡萄球菌;真菌13株(9.9%)。药物敏感试验结果显示:G-菌对泰能最为敏感,对头孢噻肟、对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、哌拉西林和环丙沙星耐药性比较高;G+菌对万古霉素最为敏感,对青霉素G、四环素药性比较高。结论老年AD患者院内肺部感染病原菌以G-菌为主,大部分出现多重耐药现象,细菌耐药性监测对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

颅脑外伤患者继发医院颅内感染的病原学分析及脑电图监测

目的探讨颅脑外伤患者继发医院颅内感染的病原学因素,总结脑电图监测意义,以期降低感染率,控制病情进展。方法回顾性分析2009—2013年1 031例颅脑外伤患者,对其中59例颅内感染者从病原菌分布、细菌耐药等方面进行总结,观察脑电图的临床价值。结果59例感染中分离出病原菌71株,其中革兰阴性菌占59.15%,革兰阳性菌占35.21%,真菌占5.64%;主要以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等为主;在耐药性上,革兰阴性菌中耐药性较低的抗菌药物有利奈唑胺、亚胺培南,余抗生素耐药性均在11.76%以上。而在革兰阳性菌中耐药性较低的抗生素为替考拉宁、万古霉素,余均在16.67%以上。脑电图上,治疗2周后颅内感染检出率为55.66%。结论颅脑外伤继发医院颅内感染以革兰阴性菌为主,脑电图有助于防治感染。     

脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染病原菌分布与耐药性研究

目的 探讨脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法 选取2015年6月～2016年1月收入本科的240例脑卒中恢复期患者为研究对象,观察并分析患者肺部感染的病原菌分布与耐药性情况; 采用全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析仪对脑卒中恢复期患者肺部感染患者痰液的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏分析。结果 240例脑卒中恢复期患者发生肺部感染14例,感染率为5.8%; 共分离出43株,革兰阴性菌24株,占55.81%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌12株,占27.9%,铜绿假单胞菌8株,占18.6%; 革兰阳性菌15株,占34.88%,其中肺炎链球菌6株,占13.95%,金黄色葡萄球菌5株,占11.62%; 真菌4株,占9.3%,白色假丝酵母菌2株,占4.65%,主要革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、阿米卡星的耐药率较低,为25%以内,主要革兰阳性菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星的耐药率为0。真菌对伏立康唑耐药率为10%以内。结论 神经康复科医师应严格根据患者痰液病原菌及耐药性来合理运用抗菌药物,有效控制患者感染症状,减少感染的发生,延缓细菌耐药的产生。     

重型颅脑外伤与肺部感染临床分析

目的研究重型颅脑外伤患者院内肺部感染原因及病原菌特点,探讨预防及控制感染措施。方法对260例重型颅脑外伤患者肺部感染危险因素及病原菌调查分析。结果根据入院后的调查研究,导致患者并发肺部感染的主要因素有年龄、住院时间、气管切开、休克、基础病变等;其中从260例肺部感染患者中分离了细菌190株,主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,占71%,其次为革兰阳性菌,占15.8%,真菌占13.2%。治愈196例,因肺部感染死亡39例,放弃治疗25例。结论导致重型颅脑损伤并发肺部感染的主要因素有年龄、住院时间、气管切开、休克、基础病变等,其主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌、其次为革兰阳性菌、真菌,针对上述危险因素采取有效措施可降低感染率。     

神经外科住院病人肺部感染病原学及细菌耐药性分析

目的探讨神经外科住院病人肺部感染的细菌分布及耐药情况,以指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法回顾性分析2014年4月至2015年3月150例入住神经外科并发肺部感染病人的细菌培养及药敏结果。结果 150例肺部感染病人共收集痰标本400份,阳性284份(71%),共检出病原菌359株,其中革兰阳性球菌57株(15.9%),革兰阴性杆菌277株(77.2%),真菌25株(6.9%)。肺部感染的致病菌多为多重耐药菌,耐药率高,尤其是革兰阴性杆菌,对碳青霉烯类如亚胺培南的耐药菌较多。结论神经外科住院病人肺部感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,呈现多药耐药、多重耐药菌和多种细菌协同感染增多趋势,建议定期监测病原菌及耐药性分析,以指导合理应用抗生素,减少耐药菌的产生。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测研究

目的调查神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学特征,对其耐药性进行监测,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法收集我院神经外科2001-01—2014-01送检的1 823份脑脊液标本的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果,进行统计性和描述性研究。结果从1 823份脑脊液标本中分离致病菌株316株,分离率17.33%,革兰阳性菌204株(65%),革兰阴性菌105株(33%),最常见的病原菌有凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性菌敏感性较高的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺,革兰阴性菌敏感性较高的药物为亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论神经外科患者脑脊液感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,尤以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。这些院内感染菌株对常用抗菌药物耐药性较社区感染严重,临床用药应根据药敏试验结果进行选择,避免不合理用药延误患者病情,加剧细菌的耐药性。     

中枢神经系统感染脑脊液标本培养与病原菌耐药性分析

目的探讨中枢神经系统感染脑脊液标本培养与耐药性。方法选取我院收治的中枢神经系统感染患者的送检脑脊液标本,通过病原菌鉴定,分析病原菌药物敏感性。结果脑脊液标本共分离得到病原菌462株,其中革兰阴性菌203株(43.94%),革兰阳性菌237株(51.30%),真菌22株(4.76%);凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对红霉素、头孢西丁、青霉素G、磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶、阿奇霉素具有较高耐药性;金黄色葡萄球菌对阿奇霉素具有较高耐药性;屎肠球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素G、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林均具有较高耐药性。鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢噻肟、氨曲南、氯霉素、头孢呋辛具有较高耐药性;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、米诺环素、磺胺甲嗯唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢呋辛具有较高耐药性;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟、哌拉西林具有较高耐药性;大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢呋辛具有较高耐药性;阴沟肠杆菌对头孢呋辛、头孢西丁具有较高耐药性。结论中枢神经系统感染病原菌主要为革兰阳性菌,了解脑脊液病原学及耐药性,对指导合理使用抗菌药物具有显著价值。     

神经内科住院病人医院感染分析

目的对神经内科住院患者医院感染发生情况及病原菌流行病学进行调查分析,提出医院感染控制措施。方法调查自2004年9月至2006年9月我院神经内科193例住院患者医院感染发生情况,分析所分离出病原菌的分布及耐药情况。结果医院感染发生率6.87%,其中肺部感染发生率59.65%。分离出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主(67.36%),其次为革兰阳性菌(26.94%)和真菌(5.70%)。革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌居首位,且呈多重耐药。结论神经内科医院感染发生率较其他科高,医院感染病原菌复杂且对抗菌药物呈多重耐药。应合理选用抗菌药物,医护人员要严格无菌技术操作和消毒隔离管理,预防交叉感染。     

老年脑梗死后假性延髓性麻痹致肺部感染的病原菌分布及干预效果观察

目的 探讨老年脑梗死后假性延髓性麻痹致肺部感染的病原菌分布及干预效果。方法 选择2012-02-2013-09我院收治的41例确诊为老年脑梗死后假性延髓性麻痹致肺部感染患者为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果41例老年脑梗死后假性延髓性麻痹致肺部感染患者共检出病原菌株43株,革兰阴性菌占72.1%,其中最为常见的病原菌有肺炎克雷伯菌(27.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(14.0%)、大肠埃希菌(14.0%)等;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌较为(9.3%)。临床进行抗生素临床干预处理后发现,亚胺培南、万古霉素可使泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌敏感,该菌株对其他抗菌药物均耐药。所有患者经临床治疗后,36例患者的感染情况在1周左右得到控制。4例患者因继发多器官衰竭而死亡,病死率为9.75%。结论 肺部感染是老年脑梗死后假性延髓性麻痹最为常见的并发症,使用敏感抗菌药物针对病原菌进行治疗时,应遵循针对感染早期、足量、联合的原则。同时,还需要积极治疗原发病,加强多频振动排痰、营养支持等对症处理。     

Satisfaction with quality of life varies with temperament types of patients with schizophrenia

We sought to explore the relationships of three temperament factors with domain-specific subjective quality of life (QOL) of patients with schizophrenia. Ninety patients with schizophrenia were evaluated using the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale, the Distress Scale for Adverse Symptoms, the Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire, the Insight Self-Report Scale, and standardized questionnaires for self-reported emotional distress and stress process-related variables. Predictors of domain-specific QOL were identified using multiple regression techniques. Temperament factors explain 6% to 16% of variability in QOL domain scores among patients with schizophrenia after controlling for the remaining variables (emotional distress, social support, self-esteem, avoidance coping, age, side effects, and depression). We found that higher levels of novelty seeking are associated with better general QOL, physical health, and more positive subjective feelings, whereas higher levels of reward dependence are related to better satisfaction from social relationships. Higher levels of harm avoidance are associated with poorer satisfaction with general activities, and medication. Thus, temperament factors, as assessed by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, substantially influence satisfaction with life quality in schizophrenia. Novelty seeking, reward dependence, and harm avoidance are associated with different domains of QOL.     

Compliance with health regimens of adolescents with epilepsy

The purpose of this paper was to describe the compliance of adolescents with epilepsy and some factors connected to it. Altogether 300 individuals with epilepsy aged 13-17 years were randomly selected from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register. Every fifth person on the list was included in the sample. Seventy-seven per cent (n= 232) of the selected adolescents with epilepsy returned a questionnaire sent to them relating to compliance. The data were analysed using the SPSS software. Twenty-two per cent of the adolescents with epilepsy felt that they complied fully with their suggested health regimens, while 44% placed themselves in the category of "satisfactory compliance", and the remaining 34% reported poor compliance. Compliance with their recommended life-style was poorest, while the highest degree of compliance was recorded for medication. Background variables, such as the duration of the disease, exercise, smoking, alcohol-intake and the number of seizures, were statistically significantly related to compliance (P< 0.001). Good motivation, a strong sense of normality, experience of results, subjective outcome, energy and will-power, support from parents, physicians and nurses, and a positive attitude towards to the disease and its treatment, no threat to social and emotional well-being and no fears of complications and no fear of seizures explained good compliance (P< 0.001).     

Treatment of patients with tardive dystonia with olanzapine

Tardive dystonia represents a complication of long-term use of neuroleptics and its treatment is often unsatisfactory. Atypical neuroleptics appear to improve tardive dystonia, and cases of tardive dystonia successfully managed with clozapine have been reported. The aim of this open-label video-blinded study was to evaluate the antidystonic efficacy of olanzapine, a new atypical neuroleptic with a low risk of agranulocytosis, in a group of four patients (one man and three women) with tardive cervical dystonia. They developed severe dystonia after several years of neuroleptic treatment. Extensive laboratory evaluations, as well as neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic investigations, were negative. Olanzapine was started at a dose of 5 mg/d and increased up to 7.5 mg/d. All patients were evaluated at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, and videotaped. At the end of the trial, the videotapes were reviewed and scored by a blind observer. A self-rating visual analog scale completed the disability evaluation.A moderate to marked improvement in dystonia was observed in all patients, and significant differences were observed in Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale scores and videotape ratings after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment compared with the basal values (p < 0.05). The average percentage of improvement in Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale score and visual analog scale was 26.4% and 42.6%, respectively. No serious side effects were reported at the maximum dosage reached (7.5 mg/d). This study warrants a larger controlled study to conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of olanzapine in tardive dystonia.     

血管内栓塞治疗未破裂脑动静脉畸形并发癫痫患者的预后分析

目的分析血管内栓塞治疗未破裂脑动静脉畸形(CAVM)并发癫痫患者的预后情况。方法选择2013年3月至2017年6月收治的符合诊断标准的CAVM并发癫痫发作患者49例为研究对象,分析血管内栓塞治疗后患者的临床症状、生活质量(QOLIE-31)改善情况。结果患者经血管内栓塞治疗后,QOLIE-31各项指标(除了药物影响)评分均明显提高,高于治疗前(P0.05);Spetzler-Martin分级与Engel分级的I~II级例数多于治疗前(P0.05),同时Spetzler-Martin分级I~II级生活质量评分(76.04±18.33)分明显高于III~V级的(65.65±16.76)分(P0.05);Engel分级I~II级的生活质量评分(75.25±17.78)分明显高于III~V级的(66.23±13.22)分(P0.05);血管内栓塞比例80%的生活质量总评分(78.37±18.87)分明显高于栓塞比例80%的(64.16±16.92)分(P0.05);术后患者的头疼症状中重度例数明显低于治疗前(P0.01);患者的NIHSS评分和MRS评分均明显低于治疗前,头疼症状的生活质量评分高于治疗前(均P0.05)。结论血管内栓塞能明显改善未破裂脑动静脉畸形并发癫痫患者的头疼症状、癫痫发作情况、神经功能缺损,提高血管内栓塞比例能够提高患者生活质量。