脑室腹腔分流术在新型隐球菌脑膜炎中的应用

目的分析脑室腹腔分流术(Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt,VPS)对伴有明显颅内高压新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的治疗效果。方法回顾性收集2014年1月-2016年11月中山大学附属第三医院22例确诊为新型隐球菌性脑膜炎并伴有明显颅内高压接受VPS的患者,通过分析比较VPS术前后颅内压力、主要临床症状、手术后并发症发生情况,评价VPS对伴有明显颅内高压新型隐球菌性脑膜炎的治疗效果。结果 22例患者术后脑脊液压力明显下降(P0.001);患者主要症状如意识障碍、头痛、视力、听力障碍等明显好转。手术后并发症少,无隐球菌感染扩散现象发生,有少量导管相关并发症,与其他脑积水行VPS者无明显差异。结论 VPS可以有效降低颅内高压,改善临床症状,手术不良反应少。     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎

新型隐球菌系具有荚膜结构的酵母真菌,因其嗜中枢性而使中枢神经系统成为主要攻击部位,可通过跨细胞途径、细胞旁途径或"木马机制"突破血脑脊液屏障,引起致命性新型隐球菌性脑膜炎。获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并新型隐球菌性脑膜炎病死率可达10%～25%,至少有约1/3的患者经历抗菌药物治疗失败。因此了解其致病机制、尽快明确诊断、探索更为有效合理的治疗方案至关重要。     

脑室腹腔分流术在儿童新型隐球菌性脑膜炎合并脑积水治疗中应用

目的探讨脑室腹腔分流术(ventricular peritoneal shunt,VPS)在新型隐球菌性脑膜炎合并脑积水患儿中的治疗效果。方法收集郑州大学第一附属医院自2012年1月至2018年1月收治的5例新型隐球菌性脑膜炎合并脑积水患儿资料,对VPS术前术后患儿临床表现、脑脊液结果、甘露醇用量、并发症等情况进行分析比较,全部患者随访3～24个月。结果除1例术后病情较重死亡外,余4例头痛、呕吐均消失,1例腹痛者术后消失,2例意识障碍者恢复正常,3例抽搐者得到控制,4例脑积水术后均减轻,1例视力下降者恢复正常。所有患儿脱水药物用量均明显减少。5例患儿术后脑脊液压力、隐球菌数量较术前明显下降。术后并发症少,无隐球菌感染扩散及过度分流发生。随访时3例患儿已完全恢复正常生活,1例遗留轻度肢体活动障碍。结论早期VPS治疗儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎可有效减轻脑积水,改善临床症状。     

腰大池和脑室外引流术在艾滋病合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者颅内高压治疗中的应用

目的探讨腰大池和脑室外引流术对获得性免疫缺陷综合征(亦称艾滋病)合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者颅内高压的治疗效果。方法共138例隐球菌性脑膜炎合并颅内高压患者[人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性36例、HIV阴性102例],抗隐球菌治疗的同时,76例行腰大池引流术、改良腰大池引流术或脑室外引流术(HIV阳性17例、HIV阴性59例),62例行腰椎穿刺鞘内给药(HIV阳性19例、HIV阴性43例),比较引流组与鞘内给药组以及两组HIV阳性亚组与HIV阴性亚组患者引流管留置时间、脑脊液隐球菌培养转阴时间、并发症情况,并进行疗效评价。结果引流组患者治疗1周内颅内高压症状即明显改善。首次引流管置管中位时间30(17,35)d,其中HIV阳性者与HIV阴性者差异无统计学意义[28(15,32)d对30(18,35)d;U=-1.459,P=0.144]。引流组脑脊液隐球菌培养转阴中位时间41(26,58)d,其中HIV阳性者与HIV阴性者差异无统计学意义[46(28,66)d对36(21,45)d;U=-1.608,P=0.108];鞘内给药组脑脊液隐球菌培养转阴中位时间42(32,65)d,其中HIV阳性者与HIV阴性者差异无统计学意义[52(38,68)d对39(30,62)d;U=-0.401,P=0.688];而引流组与鞘内给药组差异有统计学意义(U=-2.117,P=0.034)。引流组治疗总有效率为86.84%(66/76),其中HIV阳性者与HIV阴性者差异无统计学意义[14/17对89.83%(53/59);χ~2=0.172,P=0.678];鞘内给药组为72.58%(45/62),其中HIV阳性者与HIV阴性者差异无统计学意义[8/19对86.05%(37/43);χ~2=0.023,P=0.880];而引流组与鞘内给药组差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.413,P=0.036)。结论早期采用腰大池或脑室外引流术治疗艾滋病合并隐球菌性脑膜炎患者能够有效控制颅内高压、缩短有症状病程、提高临床疗效。     

腰大池持续引流治疗隐球菌脑膜炎的临床体会

目的探讨腰大池持续引流治疗艾滋病继发隐球菌脑膜炎的疗效,总结穿刺材料优劣、手术并发症。方法对13例隐球菌性脑膜炎高颅压患者采用腰大池置管持续引流后,观察颅内压所致的临床症状改善情况及可能的并发症。结果经腰大池置管持续引流后,患者头痛、呕吐、头晕等症状逐渐减轻,1例出现马尾神经损伤,2例出现引流不畅。结论腰大池置管持续引流是安全和有效的,适合基层开展。     

腰大池置管治疗艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎疗效评价

目的 观察与评价腰大池置管持续引流治疗艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的疗效.方法 对12例艾滋病合并新生隐球菌性脑膜炎顽固性高颅压患者采用腰大池置管持续引流同时给予两性霉素-B、氟康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶等抗真菌治疗,定期复查脑脊液常规、生化,脑脊液墨汁染色查隐球菌,观察临床症状改善情况,记录拔管时间.结果 经腰大池置管持...     

持续腰池脑脊液引流治疗隐球菌性脑膜炎一例报告

患者，男，２６岁。因剧烈头痛、低热伴呕吐２０天入院。既往身体健康。查体：Ｔ３７０Ｃ、Ｐ８０次／分、ＢＰ１７／１１ｋＰａ，心肺无异常，神志清楚，双眼球外展部分受限，双眼底视乳头水肿，双侧查多克征（＋），颈抵抗，克、布氏征（＋），余神经系统检查正常。化验...     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎1例报告

<正>新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(cryptococcal neoformans meningitis,CNM)是新型隐球菌侵犯中枢神经系统引起的感染性疾病,临床表现复杂,早期易误诊和漏诊,且病死率高[1],现报告如下。1病例资料患者,男,34岁。因"发热、头痛7d,发作性四肢抽搐1d"入院。患者于7d前上呼吸道感染后出现头痛,呈阵发性胀痛,伴发热,体温37.8℃,在当地医院查头颅CT:未见异     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎9例报告

新型隐球菌(Cryptoccus neoformans)脑膜炎是中枢神经系统的真菌感染之一。现将我们遇到的九例报告如下:     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎18例分析

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎（隐脑）临床表现不典型，病程长，对原治疗的反应差异颇大，病死率较高。现就我院近十几年间收治的经病原学证实的１８例隐脑病例，报道分析如下。一般资料：本组１８例，男１１例，女７例。年龄在１６～６８岁，平均年龄２６岁。其中学生６例，工人４...     

右美托咪定在小儿脑室-腹腔分流术中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定在小儿脑室-腹腔分流术中对血流动力学、术毕苏醒期躁动的影响以及脑保护作用。方法74例行脑室-腹腔分流术的先天性脑积水患儿,通过随机数表法分为观察组D组(37例)和对照组N组(37例)。观察组先给予1μg/kg的右美托咪定负荷量静脉泵入后再以0.5μg/(kg·h)速度维持给药,对照组使用同容量的生理盐水。比较2组术中MAP和HR的变化,比较2组拔管时间和苏醒时间,测定不同时间点血清中S100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的浓度,根据Ramsay评分和FLACC评分评价患儿术后躁动和镇痛情况。结果 D组术中、术后MAP和HR变化均小于对照组N组(P0.05);2组拔管时间、苏醒时间无明显差异(P0.05));N组NSE和S100β蛋白浓度在术后各时间点均高于D组(P0.05);D组Ramsay评分高于N组而FLACC评分低于N组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定在小儿脑室-腹腔分流术中的应用,可较好地稳定术中患儿的生命体征,减少苏醒期躁动,提高苏醒质量,且有一定的脑保护作用。     

Complete migration of peritoneal shunt tubing to the scalp

The entire length of distal tubing from a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was found to have migrated into the subgaleal space, and resulted in a shunt obstruction. Upward migration of distal shunt catheters has rarely been reported, but probably involves patient motion that creates a windlass effect. Cephaled migration requires a potential space (subgaleal or ventricular) and no resistance to movement of the tubing. This complication can be prevented by securing the shunt near the site of motion.     

经皮髓核钳夹术联合臭氧治疗腰椎间盘突出症的应用研究

目的 探讨经皮髓核钳夹术(PLD)联合医用臭氧(O3)注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症后O3在椎间盘内外弥散、突出物回缩情况以及临床效果、不良反应、并发症等.方法 选择通过影像检查(CT或MR)结合临床确诊为腰椎间盘突出症的120例患者,按随机数字表法分为3组(PLD组、O3注射组、PLD+O3注射组),每组各40例,分别按方案实施治疗.结果 PLD+O3注射组腰痛发生率最低,O3在椎间盘内外弥散最好;突出物回缩率3组间无明显差异;PLD+O3注射组术后立即有效率为86%,PLD组为83%,O3注射组为35%;随访6～18个月,PLD+O3注射组总有效率为92.5%,PLD组为87.5%,O3注射组为77.5%;3组均未发生并发症.结论 PLD联合O3注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症是一种较好的综合治疗方案,安全、有效,可提高治疗效果,减少不良反应.     

Prediction of shunt response in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus by combined lumbar infusion test and preoperative imaging scoring

Background and purpose

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a potentially treatable disorder, but prognostic tests or biomarkers are lacking. The aim was to study the predictive power of clinical, neuroimaging and lumbar infusion test parameters (resistance to outflow R_out, cardiac-related pulse amplitude PA and the PA to intracranial pressure ICP ratio).

Methods

In all, 127 patients diagnosed with iNPH who had a lumbar infusion test, a subsequent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation and at least 2 months of postoperative follow-up were retrospectively included. Preoperative magnetic resonance images were visually scored for NPH features using the iNPH Radscale. Preoperative and postoperative assessment was performed using cognitive testing, as well as gait and incontinence scales.

Results

At follow-up (7.4 months, range 2–20 months), an overall positive response was seen in 82% of the patients. Gait was more severely impaired at baseline in responders compared to non-responders. The iNPH Radscale score was borderline significantly higher in responders compared with non-responders, whereas no significant differences in infusion test parameters were seen between responders and non-responders. Infusion test parameters performed modestly with high positive (75%–92%) but low negative (17%–23%) predictive values. Although not significant, PA and PA/ICP seemed to perform better than R_out, and the odds ratio for shunt response seemed to increase in patients with higher PA/ICP, especially in patients with lower iNPH Radscale scores.

Conclusion

Although only indicative, lumbar infusion test results increased the likelihood of a positive shunt outcome. Pulse amplitude measures showed promising results that should be further explored in prospective studies.     

A new technique of placing the peritoneal end of syringoperitoneal shunt

Objective

Syringoperitoneal shunt is an established method of treating syringomyelia. Syringeal end of the shunt is usually inserted to the patient in prone position, and the peritoneal end is inserted in supine position. This necessitates intraoperative repositioning of patient. To avoid this inconvenience, a new technique of placing the peritoneal end through posterior approach is described in this paper.

Methods and materials

In the new technique, peritoneal cavity is approached through posterior route lateral to erector spinae at the level of L3–L4. An infant who presented with sacral meningocele, tethered cord, and syringomyelia was treated using this new technique along with excision of meningocele and de-tethering of the cord.

Results

There were no complications, and the short-term results at 3-year follow-up are encouraging. Theoretical advantages of the new technique include reduced risk of shunt migration and improved cosmesis of surgical scar.

Conclusion

Posterior approach of placing the peritoneal end of syringoperitoneal shunt is technically feasible, and it appears to have advantages over the traditional method of anterior approach.     

Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in a spina bifida patient by a concurrent ventricular and cisterna magna-to-peritoneal shunt

Case report A 20-year-old female born with a thoracic level myelomeningocele, Chiari II malformation, and hydrocephalus treated at birth developed clinical features of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to shunt malfunction. The patient became comatose. Her ICP remained high despite a functioning shunt and even after the ventricular catheter was exteriorized. Diagnostic imaging consistently demonstrated slit-like ventricles, a Chiari II malformation, and a tethered spinal cord. We attributed her neurological condition either to brainstem compression or increased ICP related to venous outlet obstruction at the foramen magnum.Outcome The patient improved rapidly after undergoing a Chiari II decompression and placement of a shunt from the cisterna magna and upper cervical subarachnoid space to the peritoneum connected by a Y connector to the ventricular catheter.Conclusion The complex hydrocephalus was effectively treated by this concurrent ventricular and cisterna magna-to-peritoneum shunt.     

腹腔分流术治疗儿童外伤性硬膜下积液25例报告

颅内外伤性硬脑膜下腔积液是儿童颅脑外伤的常见疾病,通常出现颅高压症状、癫痫和部分神经功能障碍时需要手术治疗。以往的外科治疗方法以钻孔引流术为主,但是相当一部分患者引流效果不佳,复发率很高,临床症状不易消失。自2002年8月至2005年5月我科共实施硬脑膜下腔积液-腹腔分     

隐球菌性脑膜炎患者抗原及抗体检测的临床评价

目的:评价隐脑患者血液、脑脊液中抗原抗体检测的临床意义。方法:应用乳胶凝集试验和试管凝集法检测28例隐脑患者脑脊液和血液中的抗体和抗原并对部分患者的抗原抗体进行动态监测。结果:应用乳胶凝集试验检测,28例隐脑患者脑脊液和血液中的抗原全部阳性,15位患者血液中抗体12例阳性,3例阴性。结论:应用乳胶凝集法检测脑脊液和血液中的抗原对隐脑的早期诊断有重要临床诊断意义。动态监测抗原可对隐脑的治疗效果进行评价