载脂蛋白E与脑淀粉样血管病

脑淀粉样血管病是由于Aβ在脑血管壁上的沉积造成血管的损害,而导致老年人原发性脑出血的一种重要原因,可造成老年人认知功能的下降,常与阿尔茨海默病伴发。载脂蛋白E可以引起Aβ在脑实质内及血管壁上的沉积,不同载脂蛋白E的异构体对于Aβ沉积的影响是不同的。有载脂蛋白E及Aβ参与的“种植”学说是脑淀粉样血管病发病的一种可能的机制。     

脑淀粉样血管病1例尸检报道

目的 探讨脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血的临床表现和病理特点。方法 回顾性分析1例脑淀粉样血管病患者的临床表现，通过尸检观察病理改变。结果 脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血临床上呈复发性和多灶性，刚果红染色可见淀粉样物质沉积于血管壁。结论 对于临床上出现的复发性和多灶性的脑出血，尤其是脑叶出血，要警惕脑血管淀粉样变性的可能，脑活检刚果红染色可以协助诊断。     

脑淀粉样血管病发病机制的研究进展

脑淀粉样血管病（cerebral amyloid angiopathy，CAA）的主要致病物质是β淀粉样蛋白，其 产生异常、清除障碍导致异常沉积，引起管壁破坏、管腔狭窄等病理变化，最终导致CAA。目前CAA的 具体发病机制尚不清楚，涉及的成分复杂。本文介绍了β淀粉样蛋白产生及清除的三种过程及其平 衡破坏的后续效应和主要影响因素，同时从病因分类的角度阐明CAA的类型。     

手术联合重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ治疗脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血1例并文献复习

目的 观察开颅血肿清除术联合凝血因子Ⅶ治疗脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血的疗效,探讨脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血的治疗方案.方法 分析1例脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血患者的临床表现、影像学、治疗经过及预后等资料,并复习相关文献.结果 患者男性,78岁,以头晕起病,病情快速进展至左侧肢体偏瘫及嗜睡,头部CT显示右侧额叶脑出血,予开颅血肿清除术清除血肿.术后血肿脑组织病理显示脑血管壁可见淀粉样蛋白沉积,显示为脑淀粉样血管病,予重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ2 mg静脉注射1次.术后90 d患者无明显功能障碍,能完成日常工作及生活,改良Rankin量表评分1分.结论 手术联合凝血因子Ⅶ治疗可能对脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血患者有效.     

淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血的病理研究

目的 研究新疆少数民族地区自发性脑出血患者中淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血(CAAH)的比例及其病理特点.方法 经头颅CT证实为自发性脑出血的124例患者来自于有代表性的南北疆6家三级甲等医院,入组患者接受开颅手术,标本取白血肿腔周围,通过HE染色、刚果红染色偏振光显微镜观察、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)免疫组化检测明确是否存在脑血管淀粉样变性.结果124例患者中11例为CAAH,占8.9％,其中4例为嗜刚果红血管病,1例表现为斑样血管病,6例为混合型.结论 新疆少数民族地区手术治疗的自发性脑出血患者中8.9％与淀粉样脑血管病(CAA)相关,其比例随年龄增加;CAA表现为受累的血管壁增厚,血管壁正常结构消失,淀粉样物质在血管被膜中层和外膜中沉积;部分患者脑实质内可见β淀粉样蛋白沉积.     

以反复基底节区脑出血为主要临床表现的很可能脑淀粉样血管病临床分析

脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CCA)是淀粉样物质沉积在脑内血管导致症状性脑血管功能障碍的一种疾病。其临床特点是血管破裂而致反复和多灶的自发性颅内出血,部分患者伴有脑缺血和痴呆。CCA是造成血压正常的老年人自发性脑出血的重要原因[1]。CCA所引起的自发性颅内出血常见的部位是皮质及皮质下或脑叶等区     

大脑淀粉样血管病的诊断进展

大脑淀粉样血管病 (Ｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌａｍｙ ｌｏｉｄａｎｇｉｏｐａｔｈｙ ,ＣＡＡ)是一种颅内微血管病变 ,以淀粉样物在软脑膜和皮层的中小动脉中膜和外膜内沉积为主要病理特征 ,一般不伴有全身系统性淀粉样物质沉积。ＣＡＡ作为老年人非外伤非高血压性脑出血的一个重要病因一直引起各国学者的高度重视。ＣＡＡ好发于老年人 (家族性ＣＡＡ除外 ) ,其发病率和严重程度均随年龄增长而增加。轻度ＣＡＡ常存在于正常的老年人脑中而不表现出任何症状 ,重度ＣＡＡ可表现为反复和 /或多发的脑叶出血、快速进展性痴呆和发作性短暂神经功能障碍 (Ｒ…     

脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血

淀粉样脑血管病（cerebral amyloidangiopathy，CAA）在本世纪初被提出，但与脑出血的关系直到70年代才被重视。CAA好发于老年人群，其发病率随年龄增长而明显增加。65～74岁人群发生率约2％，75～84岁约8％，而85岁以上则高达12％。国内老年人中的发生率与国外报道相仿，但脑中分布范围较广。CAA相关性脑出血约占自发性脑出血的10％，是高龄老年人群自发性脑出血，尤其是复发性自发性脑出血的主要致病原因之一翻。     

复发性脑出血103例临床分析

目的 探讨复发性脑出血的临床特点和发病机制。方法 对我院经CT证实的住院脑出血病人3200例中有复发性脑出血103例患者,分析其临床表现并探讨其可能的发病机制。结果 100例为2次出血,3例为3次出血,脑出血复发率为3．2％,2次出血者以基底节－基底节型最多（60％）,3次出血者3例均同时有基底节出血。61．2％再出血病灶位于首次出血的对侧,2例出血间隔时间大多在1年内（40．7％）,基底节－基底节型预后较差。结论 复发性脑出血有其特殊的临床表现,高血压控制不良可增加再出血的危险;基底节－基底节型出血原因多考虑高血压,而脑叶－脑叶型出血很可能与淀粉样脑血管病有关。     

脑淀粉样血管病研究现状

<正>脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是由淀粉样蛋白沉积在脑皮质、皮质下及软脑膜动脉的一种常见于老年人的脑小血管病,主要累及中小动脉,很少累及静脉,临床上以反复性多发性脑叶出血、认知功能减退等为主要表现~([1])。β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在脑血管壁上过量沉积是其主要发病机制。CAA已成为老年人自发性脑出血的常见病因之一,CAA相关性脑出血至少约占自发性脑出血的20%~([2])。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.