邹城市人群艾滋病感染分布及传播危险因素分析

目的：了解邹城市艾滋病病毒（HIV）在人群中的感染情况,评估艾滋病流行传播的高危人群,分析其传播危险性,为防治艾滋病（AIDS）提供科学依据。方法：2005—2009年对普通人群艾滋病感染情况筛查和高危人群多项次艾滋病感染情况的专题调查。结果：普通人群中未检出HIV感染者,外来妇女、羁押人员和供血员HIV感染率分别为0．43％、0．12％、0．44％．外来妇女、羁押人员、供血员、性服务人员、MSM人群、性病病人梅毒抗体阳性率分别为1．42％、0．92％、0．33％、3．88％、4．76％、8．22％。结论：HIV感染者主要集中在外来妇女和羁押人员中,外来妇女成为本地人感染HIV主要因素;HIV感染者流窜盗窃犯罪,吸毒与性乱行为同时存在,将成为传播艾滋病性病最危险的人群;性服务人员、男性同性恋者、性病病人有较高的梅毒感染率,将会成为艾滋病向一般人群传播的中介人群。     

The HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the Amsterdam region (1988–1991)

The objective of the study was to monitor the HIV prevalence in the years 1988–1991 among pregnant women in the Amsterdam region, visitors to an abortion clinic and 3 outpatient infertility clinics. All women attending these clinics were asked to participate in the study on a voluntary basis and were tested with informed consent. The women were questioned about risk-bearing behaviour of themselves and their sexual partner(s). In the period 1988–1991, of the 23,827 eligible pregnant women, 22,165 women participated (93.0%). Twenty-seven women were found to be positive for HIV antibodies (0.12%, 95% CI: 0.08%–0.17%), of whom twenty belonged to a known HIV risk group or had a partner who belonged to one of these groups and 7 women had no known HIV risk. Seventeen of the 27 women had a foreign nationality. The annual HIV prevalence among pregnant women was: 1988: 0.28%; 1989: 0.10%; 1990: 0.10%; 1991: 0.11%. In the years 1990 and 1991, of the 1,128 eligible women visiting the abortion clinic 953 (84.5%) were tested. Eleven women were HIV-seropositive (1.15%, 95% CI: 0.6%–2.0%), of whom 9 were from an AIDS endemic region, 1 woman had a partner from this region and 1 woman had no known HIV risk. Four African women had HIV-2 antibodies. At the 3 outpatient infertility clinics 1 woman was found to be HIV-positive (0.13%; 95% CI: 0.02–0.9). She had no other risk than a partner from an AIDS endemic area. In the Amsterdam region there was a steady and low HIV prevalence (0.1%) among pregnant women through the years 1988–1991. The prevalence in the abortion clinic was ten times higher. The program was able to detect possible high risk groups within the population. Migration and travelling can play an important role in the spread of HIV in the general heterosexual population.     

1989～2003年云南省艾滋病流行态势分析

目的　了解云南省不同地区和不同人群艾滋病流行特点和变化趋势。方法　 1989～2 0 0 3年对注射吸毒人群、女性性工作者、嫖客、性病患者、结核病患者、孕妇、献血员采用哨点监测、专题调查和常规资料收集等方法进行血清学流行病学调查。结果　 1989年首先在边境注射吸毒人群中发现较高水平的艾滋病流行 ,截止到 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,全省共发现人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染者 14 90 5例 ,分布于全省 16个地州的 12 1个县 (市 ) ;注射吸毒人群HIV感染率为 2 1 2 %～ 2 7 8% ,6个地区注射吸毒人群HIV感染率超过 4 0 % ;女性性工作者、嫖客HIV感染率分别为 1 2 3%～ 6 6 7%和 0 3%～1 8% ;男性性病患者HIV感染率为 2 1%～ 2 7% ,个别地区达 10 8% ;孕妇HIV感染率 1993～ 2 0 0 2年为 0 14 %～ 0 2 5 % ,2 0 0 3年上升到 0 37% ;结核病患者的HIV感染率为 1 5 %～ 1 6 % ;1999～ 2 0 0 0年献血员的HIV感染率为 0 0 1% ,2 0 0 3年上升到 0 0 7%。结论　云南省艾滋病流行始于 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,经注射吸毒人群从边境地区向内地传播 ,注射吸毒人群感染率维持在较高水平 ,性传播途径呈上升趋势 ,并在一般人群中呈现低水平流行 ,局部地区进入广泛流行阶段。     

宜昌市孕产妇艾滋病知识调查及HIV、HCV和梅毒监测结果

目的:了解宜昌市孕产妇艾滋病知识知晓水平以及艾滋病病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)利梅毒的感染状况,为阻断艾滋病母婴传播提供科学依据。方法:对宜昌市400名孕产妇进行问卷调查,采集血样进行HIV、HCV和梅毒的血清学检测。结果:400名调查对象的艾滋病知识总知晓率为92.75%,高危行为少,HCV和梅毒感染率各为0.50%,未发现HIV抗体阳性。结论:HIV、HCV和梅毒在宜昌市孕产妇人群呈低流行状态,今后应继续加强艾滋病知识的宣传教育,开展产前常规HIV和梅毒检测,阻断艾滋病母婴传播途径。     

天津市2005-2009年部分人群HIV监测分析

目的了解天津市2005-2009年艾滋病监测结果,探索天津市艾滋病流行特征与趋势,为制定艾滋病防治策略提供依据。方法对2005-2009年天津市部分人群的监测结果进行统计分析。结果本组3 373 026份样本中检出阳性905例,男男性接触人群(MSM)、性传播疾病(STD)门诊就诊者等人群中阳性检出率较高,MSM每年检出率都在1 600/10万以上,STD门诊就诊者阳性检出率除2005年以外其余各年都在200/10万以上;阳性病例中同性传播所占比例呈现上升趋势。结论天津市一般人群艾滋病感染率较低,但MSM、STD门诊就诊者等人群感染率较高。在继续开展一般人群防治工作的同时应加强对MSM、STD门诊就诊者等人群的艾滋病防治工作。     

山东省既往有偿供血员HIV感染状况及相关因素分析

目的：为了解我省既往有偿供血（浆）人群艾滋病感染情况及影响因素，探究既往采供血途径而射发的艾滋病流行潜在的危险因素，为艾滋病防治措施和决策的制定提供依据。方法：按普查法的原理，对重点市、县、乡、村所有有偿献血员人员的数量进行计数。采取随机整群抽样方法对既往有偿献血员比较集中的县、区年龄在20～60岁的人群进行问卷调查，并采集静脉血做HIV抗体检测。结果：调查有偿献血员900人，共检出HIV抗体阳性者29人，阳性检出率为3．18％，其中男性阳性检出率高于女性阳性检出率。HIV抗体检出率最高的地区达8．86％，最低的为0％。900名被调查者中单采血浆者HIV感染率（8．64％）高于既献全血又献血浆者（2．11％）；献全血者中没有检出感染者。感染者中安全套使用率极低，86．21％的感染者从未使用安全套。结论：既往有偿供血（浆）员人群中，HIV感染具有明显的区域聚集性。     

孕产妇艾滋病病毒感染状况及流行病学特征

目的:了解武汉地区孕产妇HIV感染状况和相关流行病学特征,探讨育龄期妇女和孕产妇感染HIV的重点人群和环节,指导今后母婴传播阻断工作。方法:用ELISA法检测武汉市产前医学检查孕妇或分娩产妇血浆的HIV抗体,将筛查阳性标本送艾滋病确认实验室诊断。结果:3年来,孕产妇HIV感染率为0.79/万,孕产妇主要通过性途径感染HIV,感染HIV的孕产妇文化程度和经济收入普遍较低,多为35岁以下的无职业流动妇女,早、中孕期筛出的孕妇更能积极配合母婴传播阻断工作。结论:武汉地区孕产妇HIV感染率处于低水平、小幅增长,今后,应加强HIV和母婴阻断相关知识宣教,将预防育龄妇女和孕妇HIV性传播放在首位,加强35岁以下低文化、低收入、无职业流动育龄妇女和孕产妇的管理,做到早发现、早诊断、早干预,最大限度减少胎儿HIV感染机会,提高出生人口素质。     

Survey on prevalence and risk factors on HIV-1 among pregnant women in North-Rift, Kenya: a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted between 2005 and 2006

Background  

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Kenya is a major public-health problem. Estimating the prevalence of HIV in pregnant women provides essential information for an effective implementation of HIV/AIDS control measures and monitoring of HIV spread within a country. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection, risk factors for HIV/AIDS and immunologic (lymphocyte profile) characteristics among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in three district hospitals in North-Rift, Kenya.     

2008年吉林省部分外来妇女艾滋病相关知识和HIV感染状况调查

[目的]了解吉林省外来妇女艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况及其艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为采取有效措施、控制艾滋病在这一人群中的传播提供科学依据。[方法]2008年1～6月,对吉林省部分地区的外来妇女进行问卷调查,并采集血清标本进行HIV抗体检测。[结果]调查1 530人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为55.42%;有固定性伴、初中及以上文化程度者艾滋病相关知识知晓程度较高。艾滋病病毒抗体检测838例,2例阳性,阳性率为0.24%,阳性者均来自云南省。[结论]外来妇女艾滋病知识知晓率较低,HIV感染率较高。     

Can data on HIV sero-reactivity among blood donors provide an insight into HIV prevalence in the general population?

INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES: Surveillance of HIV epidemic serves the important purposes of situation analysis for programme design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. For HIV surveillance among general population, HIV prevalence data from pregnant women attending sentinel sero-surveillance sites, and prevention of parent to child transmission (PPTCT) services as well as data from population based surveys are used. Data on HIV prevalence among voluntary donors can be yet another source of information on the prevalence and progress of HIV infection. METHODS: HIV prevalence data from 10 PPTCT centers, 58 Government blood banks and 9-13 sentinel sero-surveillance sites during 2004-2006 in West Bengal were analyzed. RESULTS: During this period, estimated HIV prevalence ranged between 0.40% to 0.86% among the ANC attendees of sentinel sero-surveillance sites, between 0.15-0.18% at PPTCT centers, and between 0.29-0.49% among voluntary blood donors. CONCLUSION: Data on HIV prevalence among voluntary blood donors can provide a fairly good understanding of trends and patterns of HIV prevalence among the general population specially among young males. For making meaningful inferences from such analysis, standardization in terms of blood collection, testing for HIV infection, reporting and analysis is called for. This is a very cost-effective method of estimating HIV prevalence, and is amenable to detailed analysis of spatial and temporal trends of HIV infection in the general population.     

北京市石景山区1002名孕产妇艾滋病知识和感染状况调查

目的:了解孕产妇艾滋病知识知晓率水平和艾滋病病毒感染状况,为制定HIV母婴阻断措施提供科学依据。方法:2010年1～6月调查石景山辖区内孕产妇一般社会人口特征、艾滋病相关知识、孕产情况、行为学特征等信息,并采集5 ml静脉血进行HIV抗体和梅毒检测。结果:调查的1 002名孕产妇文化程度水平较高,文化程度与艾滋病知识知晓率呈正相关(χ2=60.27,P=0.00);艾滋病知识平均知晓率为93.4%,知晓率最低的两个问题是"蚊虫叮咬是否传播HIV"和"表面健康的人是否可能是HIV感染者";HIV抗体阳性率为0.2%,梅毒抗体阳性率为0.2%。结论:北京市石景山地区孕产妇HIV感染水平高于全国平均感染率,今后应加强孕产妇HIV检测工作,采取综合干预措施降低HIV母婴传播。     

桓台县农村外来妇女艾滋病感染状况与相关问题认识调查

[目的]了解山东省桓台县农村外来妇女艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况以及她们对艾滋病的认识、态度等，以便有针对性地提出控制措施。[方法]2005年10月至2006年6月，对桓台县部分农村外来妇女进行调查，并采血检测HIV抗体。[结果]调查514人，HIV抗体阳性查出2例，感染率为0．39％。外来妇女艾滋病知识的总知晓率为37．16％，其中传播途径知识知晓率为39．69％，预防措施知识知晓率为43．58％，一般知识知晓率为30.54％，对艾滋病问题的态度正确率为36．38％。[结论]桓台县农村外来妇女中存在HIV感染者，她们的艾滋病相关知识知晓率较低，是艾滋病的高危人群之一。     

HIV prevalence, AIDS knowledge, and condom use among female sex workers in Santiago, Chile

This paper describes HIV seroprevalence, knowledge of HIV transmission, and condom use among female sex workers (FSW) attending five specialized sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Santiago, Chile. A short questionnaire with socio-demographic, AIDS knowledge, and condom-use variables was administered to 626 FSW. HIV seroprevalence was estimated with a blood test sent to the Chilean Public Health Institute. ELISA was used to confirm HIV in suspected cases. HIV prevalence was 0%. FSW showed adequate overall knowledge of HIV, even better than reported for the Chilean general population on some items. Condom use with clients was high ("always" = 93.4%), although regular use with steady partners was low ("always" = 9.9%). The zero HIV seroprevalence and consistent condom use with clients confirms the positive impact of intervention strategies for FSW, increasing both correct knowledge of AIDS and condom use with clients and helping decrease these women's HIV/AIDS vulnerability.     

2010年桂林市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解桂林市孕产妇艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝的感染情况以及艾滋病相关知识水平,为预防控制提供依据.方法 2010-04/06对初次到哨点医院的400名孕产妇进行问卷调查并进行HIV、丙型肝炎和梅毒抗体检测.结果 检测对象艾滋病防治知识的8道核心问题知晓率(至少答对6道题)为57.0％,HIV抗体阳性率为0.25％(10/400),梅毒抗体(RPR)阳性率为0.25％ (1/400),未检出丙肝阳性.结论 桂林市孕产妇艾滋病知识知晓率较低,建议加强婚前HIV检测和孕期HIV检测,预防母婴传播.     

2198例孕产妇HIV监测结果分析

目的了解孕产妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为预防艾滋病母婴传播工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案(试行)》要求开展调查采样工作,HIV检测采用ELISA筛查和蛋白印迹(WB)法确认。结果共调查2198名孕产妇,其艾滋病知识总知晓率为74.55%。检出2例HIV抗体阳性者,HIV抗体阳性率为0.91‰。结论对孕产妇HIV进行监测,可掌握当地孕产妇人群中HIV的感染状况,以及她们对艾滋病防治知识的知晓情况。加强宣传教育,早期发现、早期管理HIV阳性孕妇,进行药物干预,可有效地降低HIV感染率阻止母婴垂直传播。     

Prioritization of prevention activities to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in resource constrained settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis from Chad,Central Africa

In Chad, as in most sub-Saharan Africa countries, HIV/AIDS poses a massive public health threat as well as an economic burden, with prevalence rates estimated at 9% of the adult population. In defining and readjusting the scope and content of the national HIV/AIDS control activities, policy makers sought to identify the most cost-effective options for HIV/AIDS control. The cost-effectiveness analysis reported in this paper uses a mixture of local and international information sources combined with appropriate assumptions to model the cost-effectiveness of feasible HIV prevention options in Chad, with estimates of the budget impact. The most cost-effective options at under US$100 per infection prevented were peer group education of sex workers and screening of blood donors to identify infected blood before transfusion. These options were followed by mass media and peer group education of high risk men and young people, at around US$500 per infection prevented. Anti-retroviral therapy for HIV infected pregnant women and voluntary counselling and testing were in the order of US$1000 per infection prevented. The paper concludes with recommendations for which activities should be given priority in the next phase of the national HIV/AIDS control programme in Chad.     

HIV knowledge and risk behaviors among women in law enforcement in Bogota,Colombia: Potential role as community Educators

As HIV infection is increasing among women, evaluation, prevention, and education campaigns need to target this vulnerable population, Because of their frequent and accepted contact with members of the community, female law officers, if knowledgeable, could be well suited to provide information/education related to HIV/STD transmission. A survey of HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors was administered to 120 law enforcement women (LEW) and 60 women from the general population (GPW) in Bogotá, Colombia. LEW indicated a very high (90%) understanding of basic HIV knowledge. Although most (52%) of the LEW did not report high-risk behaviors, 29% indicated having unprotected sex during menses, and 17% had unprotected anal sex. This contrasts, however, with GPW, who were of similar age, but had a significantly higher prevalence (73%) of risky behaviors (P=.004). Moreover, 52% of the GPW reported having unprotected anal sex, and approximately half of this group (55%) indicated having unprotected sex during menses. Alcohol and drug users were also more prevalent in the GPW: 14% frequently used alcohol and 3% inhaled drugs during sexual encounters, contrasted to 2% of LEW reporting alcohol use. GPW were four times more likely than LEW, to engage in high-risk sexual practices [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9–10.4, P=0.034]. Multivariate analyses indicated that alcohol and/or drug use were significantly associated with high-risk sexual practices [odds ratio (OR)=4.7, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.3–18.4, P=.02). Improved educational HIV/AIDS programs are needed, particularly for women in the general population, who use alcohol/drugs during sexual encounters, which account, at least in part, for their high-risk behaviors. Women in law enforcement, who appear knowledgeable and exhibit safer behaviors, could be useful educators for GPW. Because of their professional role in the community, training for LEW in HIV/AIDS education/prevention programs should be considered.     

2016—2018年瑞安市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解瑞安市2016—2018年孕产妇艾滋病知晓情况和相关性行为特征,为制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施提供依据。 方法 对2016—2018年每年4—7月期间首次到瑞安市妇幼保健院进行孕产期保健的孕产妇进行问卷调查,并采血进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、HCV抗体血清学检查。 结果 2016—2018年共监测孕产妇1 200人,其艾滋病知识总体知晓率86.25%,各年度分别为82.00%、85.00%、91.75%,呈逐年上升趋势(χ²＝16.82,P＜0.001)。年龄大于25岁、文化程度越高、初次孕产及生育次数越少者知晓率越高。孕产妇本人和其丈夫去过外地打工经商的比例分别为16.08%、19.25%,吸毒的比例分别为0.25%、1.16%,丈夫患过艾滋病或性病的占0.08%。孕产妇HIV抗体、梅毒抗体和HCV抗体阳性检出率分别为0、0.17%和0.08%。 结论 瑞安市孕产妇艾滋病HIV感染率总体处于低流行水平,但部分孕产妇存在本人或丈夫吸毒、丈夫患性病等现象,存在感染艾滋病/性病的风险,应当进一步采取有效措施,控制艾滋病/性病在该人群中传播。     

Caregivers' and non-caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and attitude towards HIV/AIDS and orphans in Nigeria

Nigeria has an estimated 930,000 AIDS orphans, which has a marked impact on family and community. This study was performed to characterise caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular. Caregivers and non-caregivers aged 25-70 years in Nigeria were interviewed from January and March 2003, and logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans, and demographic characteristics and background status regarding HIV/AIDS and orphans. A total of 824 interviewees participated in the survey (82.4% response rate), of whom 290 (35.2%) were current caregivers of orphans. The mean number of orphans per current caregiver was 1.8 (standard deviation 1.4). Factors related to higher knowledge level regarding HIV/AIDS were female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 3.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33, 5.22] and belief that AIDS is a common disease (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 2.19, 5.26). Factors associated with positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular were age 35-44 years (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.69), Koranic schooling (OR = 8.69; 95% CI: 2.42, 31.19), polygamy (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.62), belief that there are increasing numbers of orphans in the community (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.32, 5.08) and having relatives or friends with HIV/AIDS (OR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.61, 1.58). There was a slight correlation (r = 0.17, P < 0.001) between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans. Demographic characteristics and personal experience should be taken into consideration to improve attitudes and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and caring for orphans and AIDS orphans.     

2010—2011年盐城市盐都区孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的了解盐城市盐都区孕产妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的感染状况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010和2011年分别对400名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果 2010和2011年监测的孕产妇艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为60.25%(241/400)和83.75(335/400),HIV和HCV抗体均未检出,梅毒抗体检出率分别为1.5%和1.0%。结论盐都区孕产妇人群艾滋病和丙肝呈低流行,但存在多种危险因素,应加强健康教育和行为干预,提高艾滋病防治知识知晓率,减少对艾滋病的恐慌和歧视,阻断母婴传播的发生。