跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣的设计和应用

目的：探索修复手指中节和末节皮肤缺损的新方法。方法：16例新鲜肢体血管灌注氧化铅－明胶混合液,通过X线片显示手背及指背皮肤内的血管结构和血管之间吻合类型。在此基础上设计并应用了两种不同的跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣,1999年以来共应用14例（以指动脉侧支为蒂的掌背逆行岛状皮瓣8例和以指动脉背侧支为蒂的邻指背侧逆行岛状皮瓣6例）。结果：对指背及掌背皮肤进行解剖,结果表明指动脉背侧皮支与掌背动脉的指背支相互吻合形成皮下血管吻合支,是上述两种皮瓣的解剖基础。临床应用14例,皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽、厚度与质地与手部受区皮肤接近。结论：跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣扩大了指背和掌逆行岛状皮瓣的旋转弧度,为修复手指中节和末节皮肤缺损提供了一种新方法。     

近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用多源供血的指背逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的方法及疗效.方法 2005年1月至2008年12月,应用包含指动脉背侧皮支、指固有神经背侧支营养血管和深筋膜血管网三重血供来源的多源供血近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣,修复2-5指中、末节皮肤缺损59例71指,皮瓣切取面积为2.0 cm × 1.5 cm～4.0 cm × 2.8 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部存活,随访6个月至2年,手指外形满意,皮瓣两点分辨觉达4.5～10.0 mm,平均6.6 mm,患指近指间关节活动正常,供区无明显并发症.结论 多源供血的近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠、不牺牲主要血管、皮瓣感觉恢复良好的优点,是修复手指中、末节皮肤缺损的理想术式.     

指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣修复手指中、远节皮肤软组织缺损的效果.方法 从2007年6月至2009年6月,应用以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣修复25例手指中、远节皮肤软组织缺损,皮瓣旋转点位于手指近节中点或近节远段.结果 24例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣远端少部分表皮层坏死.随访病例20例,随访12～18个月.6例皮瓣蒂部局部臃肿需要二期修薄,其余皮瓣血运良好,耐寒,皮瓣薄而质地柔软,外观色泽良好,皮瓣供区无伸肌腱粘连和指蹼挛缩.5例吻合神经的皮瓣两点分辨觉6～10 mm,15例未吻合神经的皮瓣两点分辨觉8～14 mm.结论 以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣血运可靠,旋转弧长,操作简单,皮瓣更接近创面,对皮瓣供区损伤更小,可以吻合皮神经重建皮瓣感觉,是一种修复手指中、远节软组织缺损的理想方法.     

Reversed dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps supplied by the dorsal cutaneous branches of the palmar digital artery

The dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps have been described for use in a variety of clinical situations. On the basis of the authors' previous angiographic studies, these two skin flaps were planned on the dorsum of the proximal phalanx or intermetacarpal space based on the vascular anastomoses between the proximal dorsal cutaneous branches of the palmar digital artery and the dorsal digital branches of the dorsal metacarpal artery at the level of the proximal phalanx. The authors present a series of 13 patients using these flaps. To reconstruct the injured finger pulp, the reverse dorsal digital flap was used in 5 patients, and the reverse dorsal metacarpal flap was used in 8 patients. Most of the 13 patients sustained a work-related injury. Associated injuries of bone, joint, or tendon occurred in most patients. In all patients, the skin defect was located distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint. The skin paddle was taken from the dorsal aspect of the middle and ring fingers or the first, second, third, and fourth metacarpal area. All flaps survived completely. Two patients who had the dorsal branch of the sensitive radial nerve anastomosed to the digital nerve recovered 6-mm two-point discrimination in the reverse dorsal digital flap. The results of this anatomic study and the authors' clinical experience confirm the reliability of the dorsal digital and metacarpal island flaps.     

The heterodigital reversed flow neurovascular island flap for fingertip injuries.

We report the results of pulp reconstruction with a new heterodigital reverse flow island flap. A dorsolateral flap from the middle phalanx, based on the digital artery is raised from the adjacent uninjured finger. The common digital artery, between the injured finger and the donor finger, is ligated and transected just before its bifurcation. The two converging branches of the digital arteries can be entirely mobilized as a continuous vascular pedicle for the flap. Thus the vascularization is now supplied by reverse flow through the proximal transverse digital palmar arch of the injured finger. To provide sensation the dorsal branch of the proper digital nerve from the donor finger can be included in the flap. Six reverse heterodigital island flaps were used in patients. In five patients the flap was used for pulp reconstruction and in one case for covering a dorsal digital defect. In one case mild venous congestion occurred. Good skin coverage with supple and well-vascularized skin was obtained in each patient. The static two-point discrimination over the flap was between 6 and 15 mm. This new procedure is indicated for extensive pulp defects in fingers in which reconstruction cannot be done using other flaps and as an alternative to microsurgical reconstruction.     

指动脉背侧支逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指中末节软组织缺损

目的探讨应用指动脉背侧皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复中末节软组织缺损。方法2008年3月-2012年4月应用以指动脉背侧支为血管蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指中末节软组织缺损29例36指。结果术后36指皮瓣33指顺利成活．3指术后皮瓣瘀紫,2指行远端放血后好转,3周后皮瓣远端脱痂愈合;1指皮瓣远端部分坏死．经换药后瘢痕愈合。术后随访2～6个月,皮瓣修复的肢体外观良好,皮瓣切取后供取对手功能无明显影响。结论动脉背侧皮支逆行岛状皮瓣具有皮瓣血供明确、皮瓣切取范围大、皮瓣切取灵活．修复手指中末节软组织缺损可以取得满意疗效。     

Innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap for fingertip reconstruction

PURPOSE: Various methods of fingertip reconstruction with a sensory flap have been reported. Digital island flaps or cross-finger flaps have to be used for large defects; however, the digital artery is sacrificed when creating conventional homodigital island flaps and 2 surgeries are required for the cross-finger flap. We describe our experience with an innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap that does not require sacrifice of the digital artery. METHODS: We used innervated reverse dorsal digital flaps for fingertip reconstruction in 8 patients. The flap was supplied by the vascular network between the dorsal digital artery (the terminal branch of the dorsal metacarpal artery) and the dorsal branch of the digital artery. Venous drainage was through the cutaneous veins and the venous network associated with the dorsal arterial network. The flap was designed on either the dorsal proximal or the dorsal middle phalangeal region. The flap was harvested with the dorsal branch of the digital nerve (for the dorsal middle phalanx), the dorsal digital nerve (for the dorsal proximal phalanx), or the superficial branch of the radial nerve (for the thumb), which was anastomosed to the distal end of the digital nerve. After flap transfer the donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: Of the 8 flaps, 6 survived completely, 1 had partial epithelial skin necrosis, and 1 showed central compression skin necrosis. Three flaps showed congestive changes from the first to the fifth day after surgery, which resolved by massage. All patients achieved satisfactory recovery of sensation; the static 2-point discrimination ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm and the Semmes-Weinstein test results ranged from 0.036 g to 0.745 g. CONCLUSIONS: The innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap provides another option for homodigital tip coverage. The advantages are that the digital artery is not sacrificed and only 1 surgery is needed. A disadvantage is the potential for venous congestion for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery.     

以指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损

目的 报告以指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损的方法及临床效果.方法 对15例手指中远节皮肤缺损的患者,在应用逆行掌背动脉皮瓣修复中,采用延长掌背动脉指蹼交通支至指固有动脉,以指固有动脉为蒂旋转,修复手指中远节皮肤缺损.结果 术后15例皮瓣全部存活,随访时间平均为10个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意.结论 采用指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损,明显延长了皮瓣蒂部,减少了静脉危象的发生,使皮瓣可以达到手指远节任意长度,弥补了传统掌背动脉皮瓣蒂长度不足的缺点.     

指背侧岛状皮瓣在手指皮肤缺损中的临床应用

目的 探讨以手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂的手指近、中节背侧皮瓣逆行修复手指不同平面皮肤缺损的临床效果.方法 2007年1月-2011年12月,以近节及中节手指桡、尺背侧的手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂,逆行修复手指近指间关节掌侧,及其以远指体掌背侧及侧方皮肤缺损60例78指,皮瓣大小为1.2 cm×2.0 cm～2.5 cm×3.5 cm.结果 术后随访6～36个月,73指皮瓣成活,5指中节指背皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后创面愈合.术后皮瓣两点辨别觉8～10 mm,指间关节活动功能好.结论 该皮瓣具有操作简单、不损伤指固有动脉及指固有神经等优点.近节指背皮瓣面积大、血管蒂长、旋转弧大、成功率高.中节指背皮瓣血管蒂短,可用于修复末节甲根及甲中段平面背侧及指侧方皮肤缺损.     

Vascular basis of dorsal digital and metacarpal skin flaps

We studied the vascular anatomy of dorsal digital skin flaps and the vascular anastomoses between the dorsal cutaneous branch of the palmar digital artery (PDA) and the dorsal digital branches (the terminal branches) of the dorsal metacarpal artery (DMA) at the level of the proximal phalanx. Eight fresh cadavers (16 hands) were injected with a lead oxide-gelatin mixture. Our radiographic assessment revealed that there were 2 sources of the arterial supply to the dorsum of the digit, the dorsal digital branches of the DMA, and the dorsal cutaneous branches of the PDA. These branches anastomose with each other. A flap including the territory of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the PDA and a part of the territory of the DMA can be harvested on the dorsal aspect of the proximal and middle phalanges. The extended neurovascular island flap, based on the PDA and the dorsal branch of digital nerve, can be transposed to the volar surface of an adjacent finger resurfacing the entire length of the digit.     

指动脉背侧支逆行筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的介绍一种修复手指皮肤缺损的指动脉背侧支逆行筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用。方法2001年9月～2002年12月以近节或中节指固有动脉背侧支为蒂,切取掌骨头背侧或近节手指背侧皮瓣,逆行修复近节指间关节或以远的皮肤缺损35例42指,同时对伴有骨、关节、肌腱等损伤者进行修复。皮瓣切取范围1.0cm×2.5cm～1.5cm×3.5cm。结果术后35例42指获3个月～1年随访,皮瓣全部成活;两点辨别觉6～10mm,指外形及功能佳。结论此皮瓣具有手术操作简便、不损伤指固有动脉及神经,血管蒂长、旋转弧大和成功率高等优点,是修复手指皮肤缺损较理想的方法。     

Outcome of free digital artery perforator flap transfer for reconstruction of fingertip defects

Background:

Fingertip defect can be treated with many flaps such as random pattern abdominal flap, retrograde digital artery island flap, V-Y advancement flap, etc. However, swelling in the fingertip, dysfunction of sensation, flexion and extension contracture or injury in the hemi-artery of the finger usually occurs during the recovery phase. Recently, digital artery perforator flaps have been used for fingertip reconstructions. With the development of super microsurgery techniques, free flaps can be more effective for sensory recovery and durability of the fingertip.

Materials and Methods:

Six cases (six fingers) of fingertip defects were treated with free digital artery perforator flaps of appropriate size and shape from the proximal phalanx. During surgery, the superficial veins at the edge of flap were used as reflux vessels and the branches of the intrinsic nerve and dorsal digital nerve toward the flap were used as sensory nerves. The proximal segment of the digital artery (cutaneous branches) towards the flap was cut off to form the pedicled free flap. The fingertips were reconstructed with the free flap by anastomosing the cutaneous branches of digital artery in the flap with the distal branch or trunk of the digital artery, the flap nerve with the nerve stump and the veins of the flap with the digital artery accompanying veins or the superficial veins in the recipient site.

Results:

Six flaps survived with successful skin grafting. Patients were followed up for 6-9 months. The appearance and texture of the flaps was satisfactory. The feeling within the six fingers recovered to S4 level (BMRC scale) and the two point discrimination was 3-8 mm.

Conclusion:

Free digital artery perforator flap is suitable for repairing fingertip defect, with good texture, fine fingertip sensation and without sacrificing the branch of the digital artery or nerve.     

改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法 以指总动脉作为邻、患指指掌侧固有动脉逆行供血通道，在患指近侧指间关节近侧平面为旋转点，设计邻指指动脉岛状皮瓣逆行翻转，修复10例手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损，同时将皮瓣上的感觉神经与患指远端指神经缝合。结果 10例皮瓣全部成活，术后随访6～15个月。手指外观饱满，皮瓣颜色与正常手指相似，皮瓣质软，两点分辨觉为4mm。供区手指功能无影响。结论 改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣适用于修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损创面的覆盖，术后疗效满意。     

缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损

目的 探讨缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损的疗效.方法 2008年12月至2009年11月,对24例26指指远端皮肤缺损患者,以指固有动脉背侧支形成的血管链为血供,于近节指体侧方设计皮瓣,皮瓣轴线为指体侧方中线,皮瓣蒂宽0.8～1.0cm,皮瓣转折点为中节指体中远端,逆行转移修复指远端皮肤缺损,皮瓣携带指固有神经背侧支或指背神经与创面指神经断端进行缝合修复,重建手指感觉.结果 术后26指皮瓣均存活.随访时间为6～8个月,皮瓣外形理想,质地良好,感觉恢复优良,两点分辨觉为4～8 mm,患指指间关节平均活动度恢复优良.结论 采用缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损,操作简单,血供可靠,不牺牲指固有动脉、神经,供区损伤小,术后并发症少,并能重建感觉,是一种理想的手术修复方法.     

缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损

目的 探讨缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损的疗效.方法 2008年12月至2009年11月,对24例26指指远端皮肤缺损患者,以指固有动脉背侧支形成的血管链为血供,于近节指体侧方设计皮瓣,皮瓣轴线为指体侧方中线,皮瓣蒂宽0.8～1.0cm,皮瓣转折点为中节指体中远端,逆行转移修复指远端皮肤缺损,皮瓣携带指固有神经背侧支或指背神经与创面指神经断端进行缝合修复,重建手指感觉.结果 术后26指皮瓣均存活.随访时间为6～8个月,皮瓣外形理想,质地良好,感觉恢复优良,两点分辨觉为4～8 mm,患指指间关节平均活动度恢复优良.结论 采用缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损,操作简单,血供可靠,不牺牲指固有动脉、神经,供区损伤小,术后并发症少,并能重建感觉,是一种理想的手术修复方法.     

缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损

目的 探讨缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损的疗效.方法 2008年12月至2009年11月,对24例26指指远端皮肤缺损患者,以指固有动脉背侧支形成的血管链为血供,于近节指体侧方设计皮瓣,皮瓣轴线为指体侧方中线,皮瓣蒂宽0.8～1.0cm,皮瓣转折点为中节指体中远端,逆行转移修复指远端皮肤缺损,皮瓣携带指固有神经背侧支或指背神经与创面指神经断端进行缝合修复,重建手指感觉.结果 术后26指皮瓣均存活.随访时间为6～8个月,皮瓣外形理想,质地良好,感觉恢复优良,两点分辨觉为4～8 mm,患指指间关节平均活动度恢复优良.结论 采用缝合神经的指固有动脉背支血管链皮瓣修复指远端皮肤缺损,操作简单,血供可靠,不牺牲指固有动脉、神经,供区损伤小,术后并发症少,并能重建感觉,是一种理想的手术修复方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of using proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branch-chain flap with dorsal digital nerves or dorsal branch of proper digital nerye for repairing of fingertip defect.Methods From December 2008 to November 2009, 24 cases (26 digits) of fingertip defect were treated with proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branch-chain flap.The flap was designed on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the injured finger with its long axis running on the lateral midline of the finger.The vascular pedicle was 0.8 to 1.0 cm wide.The pivot point was at the distal 1/3 of the middle phalanx upon which the flap was reversed to repair the defect of the fingertip.The dorsal digital nerve or dorsal branch of proper digital nerve was included in the flap and coapted with the nerve in the wound to reconstruct sensation of the injured finger.Results All 26 flaps survived.Postoperative follow-up period was 6 to 8 months.All these flaps recovered with satisfying and quality, excellent sensation with 4 to 8 mm two-point discrimination.ROM of the interphalangeal joint of the injured finger was good.Conclusion Proper digital artery lateral cutaneous branchchain flap transfer with nerve coaptation is an ideal method for repairing fingertip defect.The surgery is simple.Reliable blood supply can be achieved without sacrificing the proper digital artery.Coaptation of the nerve restores sensation at the fingertip.There is minor donor site damage and very few complications.     

指背血管的应用解剖

为探讨指痛旗形皮瓣的血供方式,对２０只成人手标本行细致的解剖学观测,结果：（１）手指背侧的皮肤主要由指掌侧固有动脉的背侧分支供应,指背动脉短小,只参与指痛近节皮肤的血液供血。（２）手指背侧的静脉系统丰富,常吻合成网,在无 ,近侧指间关节及近节指中份形成第一、二三级静脉弓。（３）第三级静脉弓粗大,近侧弯向指根部形成桡、尺侧指背静脉网。（４）桡、尺侧静脉干之间的区域,几乎无静脉可见,可称为指背的“乏静     

指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的 介绍指背筋膜逆行皮瓣修复指腹、指尖缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法 在手指近节中远段及近侧指间关节背倒设计皮瓣，皮瓣边缘不超过手指侧正中线，轴点位于远侧指间关节背桡侧或尺背侧，指背侧缘为轴心线。切取的皮瓣内含有指固有神经背侧支，转移后与创面指固有神经断端缝合。结果 本组16例皮瓣全部成活，随访5～18个月，外形美观，质地柔软、耐磨，指腹两点辨别觉为4mm—7．5mm。供区无并发症发生。结论 该皮瓣具有不损伤主要动脉、神经，操作简便，质地良好，血供可靠等优点，重建的指腹感觉恢复满意，是修复指腹缺损的较好方法。     

腕前区游离静脉皮瓣修复断指血管与皮肤缺损

目的总结游离静脉皮瓣在伴有血管及皮肤缺损的断指再植中的应用效果。方法临床应用18指,其中伴掌侧皮肤缺损15指,背侧皮肤缺损3指,从腕前区切取适宜大小的、带有皮下静脉和掌长肌腱的游离皮瓣植于手指组织缺损处,掌侧部位皮瓣倒置,背侧则同方向放置。结果除1例中指中节离断伴背侧血管和皮肤缺损于术后第3 d坏死外;17例术后手指均成活,外观及功能良好,功能评价:优11指,良4指,可2指。结论应用腕前区游离静脉皮瓣修复断指血管与皮肤缺损,效果良好,且简单易行。     

指动脉终末背侧支逆行皮瓣

目的：介绍用指动脉终末背侧支逆行皮瓣修复指端软组织缺损及覆盖裸骨的疗效。方法：应用指动脉终末背侧支血管蒂的中节指背皮瓣逆行转移修复指端软组织缺损5例。结果：术后皮瓣全部存活，外形满意。结论：该术式是目前临床上以最纤细血管分支命名的血管蒂皮瓣之一，可避免损伤指固有血管，手术简便。