仙人掌抗衰老作用的实验研究

目的：探讨仙人掌的抗衰老作用及其机制。方法：以D－半乳糖衰老模型小鼠为实验对象，以其体重、免疫器官重量，肝、脑丙二醛（MDA）、全血、脑谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）及血清、脑中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活力为观察指标，观察仙人掌的抗衰老作用。结果：仙人掌大、小剂量均能降低小鼠肝、脑组织MDA含量（P＜0．01），提高全血、脑GSH－PX及血清、脑中SOD活力，并阻抗小鼠体重及胸腺指数下降。结论：仙人掌能有效地防止D－半乳糖所致的小鼠多项衰老体征的出现，改善小鼠的机能状态。     

乙肝Ⅱ号对小鼠免疫性慢性肝损伤的抗自由基损伤作用

目的：研究乙肝Ⅱ号对免疫性肝损伤小鼠抗自由基的作用及其机理。方法：取异种动物的肝提取物作为抗原免疫纯系小鼠产生抗肝抗体,形成慢性实验性免疫性肝损伤,观察小鼠血清丙二醛（MDA）含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）活力的变化以及乙肝Ⅱ号对MDA、SOD和GSH－PX变化的影响。结果：乙肝Ⅱ号组与模型组相比,小鼠血清MDA含量下降,SOD活力上升,GSH－PX活力上升,变化的程度与用药量呈量效关系,且抗自由基作用优于阳性对照乙肝宁颗粒剂组。结论：乙肝Ⅱ号对免疫性肝损伤小鼠具有抗自由基损伤的作用。     

显齿蛇葡萄叶提取物对苯并芘染毒小鼠血清和肝脏抗氧化酶的影响

目的：探讨显齿蛇葡萄叶提取物对苯并芘染毒小鼠血清和肝脏抗氧化酶的影响。方法：用显齿蛇葡萄叶提取物给小鼠灌服2周后,一次性灌胃苯并芘染毒,取血和肝脏测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：显齿蛇葡萄叶提取物能明显提高小鼠血清和肝脏中SOD、GSH—PX、CAT的活性,降低γ-GT活性及MDA含量。结论：显齿蛇葡萄叶提取物具有抗氧化作用,可能是其抗致癌物作用机制之一。     

黄精多糖对东莨菪碱致小鼠记忆获得障碍的改善作用

目的观察黄精多糖对小鼠学习、记忆能力的影响。方法采用跳台法测定正常小鼠和东莨菪碱诱导的记忆获得障碍模型小鼠的学习、记忆能力；采用分光光度法测定记忆获得障碍模型小鼠脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量；采用急性脑缺血模型法观察小鼠断头后张口呼吸的次数和持续时间。结果①黄精多糖使正常小鼠在安全区（跳台）停留时间延长，并显著降低了记忆获得障碍小鼠受电击后的错误反应次数；②黄精多糖显著抑制小鼠脑组织MDA的生成，提高小鼠脑组织GSH—PX和SOD的酶活力；③黄精多糖显著延长急性脑缺血小鼠的张口呼吸次数和持续时间。结论黄精多糖对东莨菪碱致小鼠记忆获得障碍具有改善作用，可能与其改善脑缺血及抗氧化作用有关。     

抗纤灵冲剂对肾缺血再灌注的实验研究

目的：研究中成药抗纤灵冲剂对于缺血再灌注大鼠组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）、丙二醛（MDA）的影响,进一步探讨抗纤灵冲剂抗氧自由基的作用机制。方法：使用南京聚力生物医学工程研究所提供的试剂盒测定大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织中SOD、MDA、GSH－PX含量的变化及抗纤灵冲剂、大黄、丹参对其的影响。结果：大鼠缺血再灌注肾组织中的SOD、GSH－PX显著降低、MDA显著增高,而抗纤灵冲剂及大黄、丹参均能明显提高组织SOD、GSH－PX、降低MDA含量。结论：抗纤灵冲剂及大黄、丹参能明显提高肾组织中SOD、GSH－PX、降低MDA含量,这可能是其治疗慢性肾功能不全的主要机制之一。     

五味子宁神口服液对衰老小鼠氧自由基代谢的影响

目的研究五味子宁神口服液对衰老模型小鼠的影响，从氧自由基代谢方面初步探讨其抗衰老的作用机制。方法采用D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老小鼠模型，测定小鼠肝脏、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）活性，丙二醛（MDA）的含量，脑组织中单胺氧化酶（MAO）的活性，以及胸腺指数和脾脏指数。结果五味子宁神口服液可明显降低D-半乳糖衰老小鼠肝脏和脑组织中过高的MDA含量，上调其过低的抗氧化酶SOD，GSH—PX活性，降低脑组织中的MAO活性，提高胸腺、脾脏指数。结论五味子宁神口服液可通过增强机体清除氧自由基能力，提高抗氧化酶活性而发挥抗衰老作用。     

肾复康对大鼠被动型Heymann肾炎的治疗作用研究

从尿蛋白定量,血清总蛋白,白蛋白,白蛋白／球蛋白（A／G）,血胆固醇及血清肌酐和尿素氮含量的变化情况等方面观察肾复康治疗肾小球肾炎的疗效,从务清和肾组织过氧化脂质（LPO）含量,总超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－PX）活性变化探讨肾复康对大鼠被动型Heymann肾炎的治疗机理,结果显示,肾复康显著消除被动型Heymann肾炎模型大鼠尿蛋白,升高血清总蛋白含量,白蛋白,白蛋白／球蛋白（A／G）比值,降低胆固醇含量,降低血清肌酐和尿素氮含量,对肾功能具有保护作用,肾复康能显著抑制被动型Heymann肾炎模型大鼠血清和肾组织匀浆LPO的含量升高及总SOD及GSH－PX活性的降低。     

小黄蘑多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用研究

目的 探讨小黄蘑多糖对小鼠肝癌H22移植性实体瘤的抑制作用及其机制.方法 将H22瘤株接种于小鼠,制备移植性实体瘤模型.将60只小鼠随机分为6组:对照组,模型组,环磷酰胺(200 mg/kg)阳性对照组,小黄蘑多糖低、中、高剂量(50、100、200 mg/kg)组,于小鼠接种H22瘤株第2天开始连续ig给药10d,每天1次.观察给药后小鼠体质量变化,计算肿瘤抑制率、胸腺及脾脏指数;测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-2(IL-2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和白蛋白(Alb)的水平;测定肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化物酶(CAT)活性以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的量;测定白细胞数.结果 小黄蘑多糖抑瘤率高于30％;与环磷酰胺组相比,小黄蘑多糖各组显著提高小鼠体质量、胸腺指数以及IL-2和白细胞的水平,降低VEGF的水平,不同程度地提高肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性和GSH的量,降低MDA的量.结论 小黄蘑多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠有一定的抑瘤作用,其机制可能与通过提高机体的抗氧化能力、调节免疫功能、抑制肿瘤组织血管生成有关.     

菟丝子多糖药理作用的实验研究

目的：研究菟丝子多糖的药理作用。方法：采用D—半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠,同时灌胃给药100mg,200mg,400mg/kg/d的菟丝子多糖。观察其对实验小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数,肝,肾组织中丙二醛（MDA）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）,脑组织中的脂褐质（LF）的影响。结果：100mg,200mg,400mg/kg/d的菟丝子多糖能使实验小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数明显升高,肝肾组织中的MDA含量明显降低,肝肾组织中的SOD活力和GSH—PX活力明显升高,脑组织中LF明显下降。结论：菟丝子多糖具有延缓衰老作用,其作用机制可能与提高机体免疫能力,清除氧自由基及抗脂质过氧化有关。     

本草养颜膏治疗黄褐斑的实验研究

目的：探讨本草养颜膏治疗黄褐斑的作用机理。方法：将SPF级SD雌性大鼠随机分为空白对照组、本草养颜膏基质对照组、本草养颜膏治疗高、中、低剂量组和壬二酸对照组，测定黄褐斑模型大鼠皮肤组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）的活性及脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）和脂褐素的含量，然后进行比较分析。结果：与空白对照组比较，造模后SOD与GSH—PX活性明显降低，而MDA与脂褐素含量明显升高；经本草养颜膏治疗后，与基质对照组比较，本草养颜膏治疗高、中、低剂量组中SOD与GSH-PX活性显著升高、MDA与脂褐素含量显著降低，且差别均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；其中，治疗高、中、低量组与壬二酸对照组比较差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05），以中剂量组最接近空白对照组。结论：本草养颜膏能显著提高局部皮肤组织中SOD和GSH—PX酶的活性，同时使局部皮肤组织中MDA和脂褐质含量明显降低，消除多余自由基，使体内氧化与抗氧化达到平衡，从而抑制黄褐斑产生。     

Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng

Ginseng, as a medicinal plant, has been used for thousands of years in China, Korea, and Japan, and the study on ginseng is a hotspot in the research field as evidenced by about 7000 scientific papers in PUBMED. In recent decades, many ginseng studies focused on the metabolism and metabolomics of ginseng or its active ingredients using modern bioanalytical technologies. To date, more than 200 ginsenosides and non-saponin constituents have been isolated and identified. In the past decades, rapid development of analytical technologies has facilitated the advancement of ginseng research in many ways. In this review, we focus on the advances of ginseng research in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics. We also provide the comments on the significance as well as challenges of metabolomics-based ginseng studies.     

Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots

Intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous extract of the crude drug "shigoka" (Siberian ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus roots, remarkably diminished plasma-sugar level in mice. Fractionation of the extract by monitoring the activity yielded seven glycans, eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which exerted marked hypoglycemic effects in normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.     

Correlation of Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Metabonomics

<正>In this issue,CHM published two reviews on drug metabolism of Chinese herbal medicines.Three key words have been found,they are metabolism,metabolomics,and metabonomics.As we known,drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances respectively by living organisms through specialized enzymatic systems,the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of pharmacological responses     

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

To study the potential benefit of the traditional Mexican medicinal plant Galium mexicanum Kunth (Rubiaceae). Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts as well as various fractions from these extracts were tested to determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic or anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Materials and methods

Aerial parts of the plant were extracted with various solvents and fractionated accordingly. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed on nine bacterial and four fungal strains. Leishmania donovani was used as a protozoan strain for antiparasitic activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was investigated by measuring the secretion of interleukin-6 when macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide.

Results

Various extracts and fractions obtained from this plant exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Of special interest was the hexane fraction HE 14b, which show antibacterial (ranging between 67 and 666 μg/ml) and antifungal (at concentrations of 333 μg/ml) activities. Also the hexane fraction HE 5 exhibited antiparasitic activity (at concentrations of 260 μg/ml), whereas the methanol fraction ME 13-15 showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared to dexamethasone. Chemical analyses of the chloroform extract show the presence of triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and glucosides, but no tannins were detected in the assayed extract.

Conclusions

The benefit of Galium mexicanum as a traditional medicinal plant was confirmed using antibacterial and antifungal assays in vitro. We also report for the first time, and to the best of our knowledge, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory activities of this plant.     

酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆及脑中NO、Ach的影响

目的:观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的促学习记忆作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫法观察酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠的学习记忆影响,并测定小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE、AChE的含量。结果:酸柏栀油软胶囊1.25～5 ml/kg能缩短小鼠登台潜伏期,增加穿越原平台次数,以中剂量作用最强;且登台潜伏期随训练时间的延长,各组作用均逐渐增强,d20的作用尤为明显。酸柏栀油软胶囊尚能增加小鼠脑内NOS、ChaE活性,降低AChE活性,也以中剂量作用为佳。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠学习记忆有促进作用,该作用可能与其富含不饱和脂肪酸,增加脑内NO、Ach的含量有关。     

鲜姜黄挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析广西产鲜姜黄挥发油的化学成分,为其利用提供科学依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鲜姜黄挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分析,归一化法测定其相对含量,并用GC-MS法鉴定化学成分。结果:检出48个色谱峰,鉴定出48个化合物,占总挥发油的100%。结论:广西产鲜姜黄油的的主要成分是姜烯(16.25%),1,8-桉叶油素(13.52%),芳-姜黄酮(13.55%),姜黄酮(11.19%),β-倍半水芹烯(10.08%),表-α-绿叶烯(6.26%),芳-姜黄烯(5.43%),大根香叶酮(5.02%),γ-松油烯(2.38%),红没药醇(3.59%)。     

Isolation and structure of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C

Homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C (2a, 2b, 2c) were found to be minor components of a temsirolimus preparation made from rapamycin. These three temsirolimus analogues are derived from the corresponding rapamycin analogues, homorapamycins A, B, and C (1a, 1b, 1c) produced by the strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The structures of homotemsirolimuses A, B, and C were determined by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were tested for mTOR kinase inhibition and in two proliferation assays using LNCap prostate and MDA468 breast cancer cells. The results suggested that the mTOR inhibition and antiproliferation potencies for 2a, 2b, and 2c are comparable to those of rapamycin (1) and temsirolimus (2).     

Antimalarial activity of physalins B, D, F, and G

The antimalarial activities of physalins B, D, F, and G (1-4), isolated from Physalis angulata, were investigated. In silico analysis using the similarity ensemble approach (SEA) database predicted the antimalarial activity of each of these compounds, which were shown using an in vitro assay against Plasmodium falciparum. However, treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with 3 increased parasitemia levels and mortality, whereas treatment with 2 was protective, causing a parasitemia reduction and a delay in mortality in P. berghei-infected mice. The exacerbation of in vivo infection by treatment with 3 is probably due to its potent immunosuppressive activity, which is not evident for 2.