组织工程骨软骨复合体修复犬膝关节负重区骨软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 观察以骨软骨支架复合骨髓基质干细胞(bone-fflarrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)修复犬膝关节负重区骨软骨缺损的疗效.方法 利用软骨细胞外基质作为软骨支架部分,以脱细胞骨作为骨支架部分,采用相分离技术制备骨软骨双相支架,将成软骨诱导的BMSCs种植到双相支架上构建组织工程骨软骨复合体,并以此复合体修复犬膝关节股骨髁负重区骨软骨缺损,分为细胞-双相支架组(实验组)和单纯支架组(对照组).分别在术后3和6个月时取材,根据大体、组织学、Micro-CT等检测结果进行半定量或定量评估.结果 大体及组织学评价表明:同一时间点实验组的修复效果优于对照组,且实验组在术后6个月时的修复效果优于其术后3个月时,两项差异均有统计学意义;而对照组小同时间点修复效果的差异无统计学意义.Micro-CT检测结果表明实验组与对照组软骨下骨均得到重建,两者的差异尤统计学意义.结论 骨软骨双相支架复合成软骨诱导的BMSCs能成功修复犬膝关节负重区的骨软骨缺损,其修复效果明显优于单纯支架植入组.     

软骨PLGA-Ⅱ型胶原支架复合体修复兔膝关节骨软骨损伤

目的探讨骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)诱导的软骨细胞与聚乙醇酸-乳酸共聚物(PLGA)-Ⅱ型胶原支架通过管帽结构复合构建组织工程软骨复合体修复兔膝关节骨软骨损伤的效果及各界面耦合情况。方法BMSCs经软骨诱导液诱导成软骨细胞后接种于PLGA-Ⅱ型胶原支架的底层,支架表层戴管帽。将该细胞-支架复合物置入软骨条件培养液中培养2周,扫描电镜观察。将45只新西兰大白兔随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组15只,并于股骨髁处造模。分别于缺损处植入戴管帽结构复合的软骨支架复合体(A组)、PLGA-Ⅱ型胶原支架(B组)、不植入任何材料(C组)。于第4周和第12周取材行大体观察和组织学分析。结果 A组和B组缺损处均有软骨生成;C组缺损明显,只有纤维组织生长。A组软骨缺损部分软骨细胞修复,成骨区部分骨样细胞修复;两者耦合处犬牙交错,修复缺损程度及成骨区和成软骨区界面耦合情况明显优于B、C组。软骨组织学评分A组优于B、C组(P0.05)。结论 BMSCs诱导分化成的软骨细胞与PLGA-Ⅱ型胶原支架经过管帽结构构建成的软骨PLGA-Ⅱ型胶原支架复合体可有效修复兔膝关节骨软骨损伤,新生软骨、骨与宿主软骨、骨及新生软骨与软骨下骨各界面耦合良好。     

BMSCs复合PHBV原位修复兔鼻中隔软骨缺损的实验研究

目的探索BMSCs复合PHBV原位修复兔鼻中隔软骨缺损的可行性。方法建立兔鼻中隔软骨缺损模型。将36只健康新西兰大白兔随机分成3组。实验组:软骨缺损处植入BMSCs-PHBV复合物进行修复;对照组:软骨缺损处植入单纯PHBV支架材料进行修复。空白组:单纯取出鼻中隔软骨,不予修复。分别于16、24周取材,行大体观察及组织学检测。结果大体观察显示,实验组新生软骨样组织将鼻中隔软骨缺损区填充修复,与周围软骨组织未见明显分界;对照组新生软骨薄,与周围组织分界明显;空白组鼻中隔软骨缺损区未生成软骨组织,缺损部位及其周围正常软骨组织被纤维结缔组织充填覆盖。组织学检测显示,实验组构建的软骨组织结构致密,基质及Ⅱ型胶原显色程度均明显强于对照组构建的软骨。结论 BMSCs-PHBV复合物能有效修复兔鼻中隔软骨缺损。     

动物源性骨软骨支架修复兔膝关节复合缺损

目的探讨软骨细胞-动物源性骨软骨支架复合体修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损的可行性和影响因素。方法将改良贴壁离心法获取的骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrowm esenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）/诱导分化的软骨细胞共培养后与经深低温冷冻、脱脂、脱钙、真空冷冻干燥和辐照消毒的动物源性骨软骨支架复合,构建共培养细胞＋软骨-骨一体化复合支架。27只新西兰大白兔随机分为实验组（A组）、对照组（B组）和空白组（C组）,每组9只。于兔股骨髁间窝处钻一深6mm的骨软骨复合缺损,A组植入共培养细胞＋骨软骨复合支架,B组植入骨软骨复合支架,C组不植入任何支架材料和细胞,分别于术后4周、8周和12周取材,行大体观察、苏木精—伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色,并对各标本的软骨切片进行组织学评分。结果随着时间的延长,A组大体观察见复合缺损区已完全修复,局部无凹陷,新生组织和周围组织融合;B组新生组织仍不能完全填充缺损;C组缺损区仍明显。苏木精—伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色见A组软骨缺损区由新生的透明软骨样组织修复,细胞呈柱状排列,极性好,软骨陷窝明显,骨缺损区由骨样组织修复,新生软骨和软骨下骨以及宿主骨界面耦合良好;B组新生软骨细胞无软骨陷窝,排列混乱,各界面藕合欠理想;C组可见陈旧性肉芽组织生长并突出于缺损区表面。甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率和组织学评分结果表明,A组与B、C两组之间的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 BMSCs/诱导分化的软骨细胞共培养细胞复合动物源性骨软骨支架对兔膝关节软骨和软骨下骨的复合缺损具有修复作用。     

组织工程骨-软骨复合体修复犬股骨头负重区大面积骨软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨采用犬股骨头负重区骨和天然软骨制备的骨-软骨双层支架复合成软骨诱导的骨髓间质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)修复犬股骨头负重区大面积骨软骨缺损的疗效.方法 利用软骨细胞外基质作为软骨支架部分,犬股骨头负重区骨柱经脱细胞处理后作为骨支架部分,采用相分离技术制备骨-软骨双层支架.将成软骨诱导的BMSCs种植到双层支架上体外构建组织工程骨-软骨复合体,并以此修复犬股骨头负重区大面积骨软骨缺损(直径11 mm,高10 mm),第3、6个月时分别取材,行大体、X线片、组织学、Micro-CT和生物力学等检测.结果 X线片及大体观察:3个月时可见股骨头负重区出现轻度塌陷;6个月时出现严重塌陷,呈重度骨关节炎改变.组织学观察:第3、6个月时软骨缺损部分均以纤维组织或纤维软骨充填,周围软骨退变,骨缺损部分不同程度塌陷,与宿主骨质结合紧密.第3、6个月时骨软骨缺损的骨体积分数均低于正常股骨头,差异有统计学意义.6个月时重建软骨下骨的刚度明显低于正常股骨头,差异有统计学意义.结论 结构性骨-软骨双层支架复合成软骨诱导的BMSCs修复犬股骨头负重区骨软骨缺损效果不佳,易导致股骨头塌陷.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of the novel scaffold on repairing large,high-loadbearing osteochondral defects of femoral head in a canine model.Methods The biphasic scaffolds were fabricated using cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived scaffold (cartilage layer) and acellular bone matrix (bone layer) by phase separation technique.Articular high-load-bearing osteochondral defects with a diameter of 11-mm and the depth of 10-mm were created in femoral heads.The defects were treated with constructs of a biphasic scaffold seeded with chondrogenically induced bone marrow-derived mesenehymal stem cells (BMSCs).The outcomes were evaluated for gross morphology,histological,biomechanical and micro-CT analysis at the third and sixth month after implantation.Results The gross and X-ray results showed femoral head slightly collapsed at the third month and severely collapse at the sixth month.Histological analysis showed cartilage defects were repaired with fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage with severe osteoarthritis and the varied degrees of the collapse of femoral heads were presented.Micro-CT showed that the values of bone volume fraction in defect area were always lower than those of the normal area in the femoral heads.Biomechanical analysis showed rigidity of the subchondral bone in defect area was significantly lower than that in normal area in the femoral heads at the sixth month.Conclusion The ECM-derived,integrated biphasic scaffold seeded with chondrogenically induced BMSCs could not successfully repair the large high-load-bearing osteochondral defects of the femoral head.     

软骨脱细胞基质-Ⅱ型胶原纳米支架复合BMSC修复兔关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 观察软骨脱细胞基质(Cartilage acellular extracellular matrix,CAEM)-Ⅱ型胶原(CollagenⅡ,COLⅡ)纳米支架,复合骨髓基质干细胞(Bone marrow stem cells,BMSCs)修复兔关节软骨缺损的效果。方法 CAEM和COLⅡ按质量比1∶1混合,通过静电纺丝技术制备组织工程纳米支架。将第二代BMSCs种植到该支架上,培养箱内静置2 h。12只日本大耳白兔随机分为实验组和对照组,将细胞支架复合物植入实验组兔膝关节软骨缺损处,对照组仅行膝关节软骨缺损建模。12周后实验动物取材,大体观察修复效果,并行HE染色、Ⅱ型胶原染色观察。结果 大体观察见实验组软骨缺损修复良好,对照组软骨缺损处由肉芽样组织充填。HE染色显示,实验组关节软骨缺损处可见软骨陷窝形成,对照组关节软骨缺损处仅有纤维组织充填。实验组修复区Ⅱ型胶原染色为阳性,对照组为阴性。结论 CAEM-COLⅡ纳米支架复合BMSC,对兔关节软骨缺损具有较好的修复能力,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

骨髓间质干细胞复合生物陶瓷构建组织工程化人工软骨

目的 探索以多孔β-磷酸三钙(β-TCP)生物陶瓷材料为支架，经体外诱导的骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)为种子细胞，构建组织工程化软骨修复羊关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法将28只中国美利奴绵羊分为三组。实验组(n＝12)：分离培养羊自体第7代MSCs，经转化生长因子-β诱导后接种到顶制的β-TCP多孔生物陶瓷材料上，细胞—材料复合体经体外孵育后，无菌条件下植入预制的羊单例肋骨近端关节面缺损处；单纯材料组(n＝12)：采用单纯β-TCP材料修复羊关节软骨缺损；空白对照组(n＝4)：制备的羊关节软骨缺损区未做任何修复。术后12周和24周分别取材，进行组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学分折。结果 实验组术后12周羊关节软骨缺损处肉眼可见透明软骨祥组织形成，组织学检查发现，材料降解明显，未降解吸收的材料孔洞内广泛分布着新生软骨组织，软骨细胞外基质丰富，Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性；术后24周，支架材料几乎完全降解，缺损区被新生软骨组织所取代。单纯材料组术后12周，缺损区边缘有新生软骨组织向支架材料内长入，支架材料吸收明显；术后24周，见从缺损区边缘长入到支架材料内的新生软骨组织逐渐增多，但材料的中心部位未发现新生软骨形成。空白对照组至术后24周，仅见少量软骨组织从缺损区边缘向缺损区内长入，缺损中央大部分区域仍未得到修复。结论 以β-TCP多孔生物陶瓷作为支架材料，以自体MSCs作为种子细胞构建组织工程化软骨修复关节软骨缺损是可行的。     

骨髓基质干细胞修复兔关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的研究以多聚乙醇酸(PGA)为支架的骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)复合物修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的情况。方法体外培养扩增的自体BMSCs种植于PGA支架并培养72h,然后将支架-细胞复合物植入兔关节软骨缺损模型。术后12周处死动物,标本行大体观察、组织学检查及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色。结果BMSCs-PGA复合物植入后形成丰富的透明软骨样修复组织,新生软骨无明显退变。对照组主要为纤维组织及软骨下骨修复。结论BMSCs-PGA复合物可修复关节软骨缺损。     

BMSCs种植双相复合支架修复兔关节软骨及软骨下骨缺损

目的关节软骨的病变常伴有软骨下骨缺损,其修复重建一直是骨科难题。探讨BMSCs-双相支架复合物修复骨软骨缺损的可行性,比较其与植入单纯双相支架及动物自身修复效果的差别具有重要意义。方法以聚乳酸/聚羟基乙酸共聚物(poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid,PLGA)、羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)为原料制备由软骨相和骨相构成的三维支架,提取天然Ⅰ型胶原(collagen typeⅠ,ColⅠ)涂于表面制成PLGA-HA-ColⅠ双相支架。取新西兰乳兔骨髓分离培养获得的第2代BMSCs,以1×106个/mL接种于双相支架,扫描电镜观察支架结构和细胞分布。取30只6月龄新西兰大白兔,建立股骨远端关节面骨软骨缺损模型,随机均分为3组,A、B组分别于缺损区植入单纯双相支架和BMSCs-双相支架复合物,C组作为空白对照组未植入支架材料。于术后1、3、6、9个月取材行大体及组织学观察,术后9个月对A、B组标本行大体评分比较、micro CT扫描定量分析及免疫组织化学染色观察。结果扫描电镜示双相支架孔隙连通性好,软骨相和骨相孔径不同,BMSCs在双相支架内生长良好。大体观察示术后9个月内A组关节表面逐渐形成类软骨样组织,部分出现塌陷或不规则缺损;B组关节面无塌陷或碎裂,新生组织质地更接近正常组织;C组缺损一直存在。大体评分显示3组修复效果比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001),B组优于A组,C组最差。micro CT扫描示A、B组软骨下骨得到良好的修复重建,定量分析示B组骨组织体积分数、结构模型指数及骨小梁数目均高于A组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。组织学观察示术后1个月A、B组缺损区存在炎性反应;术后3个月新生组织长入;术后6个月支架完全降解,新生组织在植入物及缺损边缘爬行生长;术后9个月形成大量胶原纤维,表面多为纤维软骨。C组观察期内缺损持续存在。术后9个月免疫组织化学染色示A、B组标本缺损区ColⅡ染色呈弱阳性,ColⅠ染色阳性。结论PLGA-HA-ColⅠ双相支架具备较适宜的一体化修复骨软骨缺损的物理特性,接种BMSCs后整体修复效果更好。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞复合壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石支架修复兔膝骨软骨缺损

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenehymal stem cells,BMSCs)复合壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)/羟基磷灰石(hydmxyapatite,HA)支架修复兔膝关节局部骨软骨缺损.方法 选健康日本大耳白兔36只,2～3月龄,体重1.7～2.0 kg,每只抽取自体骨髓4～6ml,体外分离培养BMSCs后以2×107/ml密度植于CS/HA支架上体外培养10 h,制成BMSCs-CS/HA支架复合物.将36只实验动物手术制成右膝股骨外侧髁负重区骨缺损模型后,随机分成A、B、C 3组,每组12只.A组植入BMSCs-CS/HA复合物,B组植入单纯CS/HA支架;C组不作任何植入,为空白对照组.分别于术后6周、12周各处死6只动物,取材后进行大体、组织学观察6根据改良Wakitani评分标准进行评分,评估软骨组织的修复情况,并行成组设计方差分析.结果 A组术后6周即可重建关节软骨缺损;修复软骨在观察期内逐渐变厚,软骨下骨有少量骨修复;术后12周透明软骨样修复,表面光整,与周围软骨色泽相近,软骨下骨有部分修复.而B组和C组12周时缺损区仍为纤维软骨样纤维组织修复,色泽浅黄.术后6、12周各组组织学半定量评分显示:股骨髁负重区修复A组评分明显优于B、C组(F=27.26,P＜0.05).结论 自体BMSCs复合CS/HA支架在体内环境下可形成透明软骨修复兔膝关节负重区骨软骨缺损.     

体内构建骨软骨复合体修复骨软骨缺损的实验研究

[目的]探讨软骨组织工程方法修复骨软骨缺损理想的种子细胞和支架材料。[方法]体外诱导骨髓基质干细胞向软骨细胞定向分化，分别与PLGA支架复合培养，并模仿马赛克骨软骨移植术在犬关节骨软骨缺损深层置入MSC-支架复合体，浅层置入诱导培养后的MSC-支架复合体，紧密压配，体内构建骨软骨复合体，观察其修复的情况。[结果]16周实验组缺损区完全由透明软骨修复，与周围正常软骨完全融合，组织观察显示以软骨细胞修复为主，软骨下骨形成，潮线基本恢复；阴性对照组缺损区主要由纤维组织修复，部分由透明软骨修复，组织观察显示以纤维细胞修复为主，混有部分软骨细胞；空白对照组完全由纤维组织修复。[结论]MSCs经向软骨细胞定向分化后复合PLGA支架材料，通过紧密压配方式与MSCs-PLGA支架在体内构建骨软骨复合体，可以有效修复骨软骨缺损。     

Tissue engineering‐based cartilage repair with mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model

This in vivo pilot study explored the use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) containing tissue engineering constructs in repair of osteochondral defects. Osteochondral defects were created in the medial condyles of both knees of 16 miniature pigs. One joint received a cell/collagen tissue engineering construct with or without pretreatment with transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) and the other joint from the same pig received no treatment or the gel scaffold only. Six months after surgery, in knees with no treatment, all defects showed contracted craters; in those treated with the gel scaffold alone, six showed a smooth gross surface, one a hypertrophic surface, and one a contracted crater; in those with undifferentiated MSCs, five defects had smooth, fully repaired surfaces or partially repaired surfaces, and one defect poor repair; in those with TGF‐β‐induced differentiated MSCs, seven defects had smooth, fully repaired surfaces or partially repaired surfaces, and three defects showed poor repair. In Pineda score grading, the group with undifferentiated MSC, but not the group with TGF‐β‐induced differentiated MSCs, had significantly lower subchondral, cell morphology, and total scores than the groups with no or gel‐only treatment. The compressive stiffness was larger in cartilage without surgical treatment than the treated area within each group. In conclusion, this preliminary pilot study suggests that using undifferentiated MSCs might be a better approach than using TGF‐β‐induced differentiated MSCs for in vivo tissue engineered treatment of osteochondral defects. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1874–1880, 2011     

Osteochondral repair using an acellular dermal matrix—pilot in vivo study in a rabbit osteochondral defect model

The aim of this pilot project was to introduce a novel use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in combination with infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stromal cells (IPFP‐MSCs) to effect repair in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. ADM, in a range of surgical procedures, has been shown to promote remodelling of tissue at the site of implantation. Rabbit‐derived ADM (rabADM) was prepared from the skin of donor rabbits. Autologous IPFP‐MSCs were obtained at the time of knee surgery. Osteochondral defects (4 mm cartilage outer/2 mm central bone defect) were drilled into distal femoral condyles of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Treatments groups: (i) defect only; (ii) rabADM alone; (iii) IPFP‐MSCs alone; and (iv) rabADM with IPFP‐MSCs. Condyles were harvested at 12 weeks, and analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry (types I and II collagen) and histomorphometry to evaluate osteochondral repair. The rabADM only group achieved the highest ratio of type II to non‐type II collagen (77.3%) using areal measures (similar to normal cartilage), which indicated a higher quality of cartilage repair. The addition of IPFP‐MSCs, with or without rabADM, formed a fibrous collagen cap above the lesion site not seen with rabADM alone. Macroscopically, there was no joint erosion, inflammation, swelling or deformity, and all animals maintained full range of motion. Conclusions: RabADM alone resulted in neocartilage formation similar to native cartilage. IPFP‐MSCs limited osteochondral repair and contributed to fibrosis, even in combination with the rabADM. Further studies using ADM for osteochondral repair are warranted in a more appropriate pre‐clinical model of osteochondral repair. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1919–1928, 2018.

     

Repair of porcine articular cartilage defect with a biphasic osteochondral composite.

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been recently used to treat cartilage defects. Partly because of the success of mosaicplasty, a procedure that involves the implantation of native osteochondral plugs, it is of potential significance to consider the application of ACI in the form of biphasic osteochondral composites. To test the clinical applicability of such composite construct, we repaired osteochondral defect with ACI at low cell-seeding density on a biphasic scaffold, and combined graft harvest and implantation in a single surgery. We fabricated a biphasic cylindrical porous plug of DL-poly-lactide-co-glycolide, with its lower body impregnated with beta-tricalcium phosphate as the osseous phase. Osteochondral defects were surgically created at the weight-bearing surface of femoral condyles of Lee-Sung mini-pigs. Autologous chondrocytes isolated from the cartilage were seeded into the upper, chondral phase of the plug, which was inserted by press-fitting to fill the defect. Defects treated with cell-free plugs served as control. Outcome of repair was examined 6 months after surgery. In the osseous phase, the biomaterial retained in the center and cancellous bone formed in the periphery, integrating well with native subchondral bone with extensive remodeling, as depicted on X-ray roentgenography by higher radiolucency. In the chondral phase, collagen type II immunohistochemistry and Safranin O histological staining showed hyaline cartilage regeneration in the experimental group, whereas only fibrous tissue formed in the control group. On the International Cartilage Repair Society Scale, the experimental group had higher mean scores in surface, matrix, cell distribution, and cell viability than control, but was comparable with the control group in subchondral bone and mineralization. Tensile stress-relaxation behavior determined by uni-axial indentation test revealed similar creep property between the surface of the experimental specimen and native cartilage, but not the control specimen. Implanted autologous chondrocytes could survive and could yield hyaline-like cartilage in vivo in the biphasic biomaterial construct. Pre-seeding of osteogenic cells did not appear to be necessary to regenerate subchondral bone.     

Histologic analysis of the implanted cartilage in an exact-fit osteochondral transplantation model

Purpose: Osteochondral transplantation is one of the useful treatments for articular cartilage defect. However, the histologic change of the implanted cartilage has not been reported in detail. We investigated the histology of exact-fit osteochondral transplants used to repair articular cartilage defects in an animal model. Type of Study: This was a nonrandomized control study using an animal model. Methods: Sixteen skeletally mature female Japanese white rabbits were used in the study. The region of the femoral groove was selected as the site for the osteochondral defect. A full-thickness cylindrical defect (7 mm in diameter and 7 mm in depth) through the articular cartilage and into the subchondral bone was made using the Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System (Arthrex, Naples, FL). The entire osteochondral fragment was removed and then returned to its original site in the femoral condyle precisely. Thus, the defect was repaired with an autogenous osteochondral transplantation of exactly the same size and configuration as the defect. Specimens were obtained 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively and were analyzed both macroscopically and histologically. Results: Macroscopically, there was smooth continuity of the articular surface and the integration of the graft to the normal host cartilage. However, histologic examination showed that the layer of the grafted cartilage was thicker than that of the normal host cartilage and the extracellular matrix of the implanted cartilage exhibited a stronger staining pattern with safranin-O fast green than the normal cartilage. Cell density was higher in the grafted cartilage, particularly in the middle and the deep zones. Round and polygonal hypertrophic clusters of chondrocytes were observed in the middle and deep zones of the grafted cartilage. Conclusions: The histologic properties of the exact-fit implanted cartilage were different from that of normal articular cartilage. Further investigation of mechanical and structural properties of grafted cartilage is necessary to verify the long-term effects of osteochondral transplantation.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 7 (September), 2001: pp 747–751     

Repair of osteochondral defects with a new porous synthetic polymer scaffold

We developed a new porous scaffold made from a synthetic polymer, poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), and evaluated its use in the repair of cartilage. Osteochondral defects made on the femoral trochlear of rabbits were treated by transplantation of the PLG scaffold, examined histologically and compared with an untreated control group. Fibrous tissue was initially organised in an arcade array with poor cellularity at the articular surface of the scaffold. The tissue regenerated to cartilage at the articular surface. In the subchondral area, new bone formed and the scaffold was absorbed. The histological scores were significantly higher in the defects treated by the scaffold than in the control group (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that in an animal model the new porous PLG scaffold is effective for repairing full-thickness osteochondral defects without cultured cells and growth factors.     

β-磷酸三钙复合骨髓间充质干细胞修复山羊骨软骨缺损的实验研究

目的将β-磷酸三钙（β-TCP）与山羊骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）复合后,在生物反应器中分别向成软骨和成骨诱导,并植入骨软骨缺损处,观察软骨修复效果。方法分离、培养山羊BMSCs,在生物反应器中分别向成软骨及成骨诱导2周,植入骨软骨缺损部位。实验组分为A组：旋转力刺激＋成软骨、成骨诱导组（力学刺激组）,B组：单纯成软骨、成骨诱导组（无力学刺激组）,并设空白对照组。术后12周和24周进行大体观察、组织学染色等,并行O＇Driscoll Keeley and Salter评分。结果 A、B组均有新生软骨形成;A组软骨在12周与24周均优于B组（P〈0.05）;术后12、24周A组评分优于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组无新生软骨形成。结论将BMSCs复合于β-TCP,可用于组织工程修复骨软骨缺损;体外培养阶段的旋转力刺激有利于改善组织工程软骨的质量。     

A novel MSC‐seeded triphasic construct for the repair of osteochondral defects

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are increasingly replacing chondrocytes in tissue engineering based research for treatment of osteochondral defects. The aim of this work was to determine whether repair of critical‐size chronic osteochondral defects in an ovine model using MSC‐seeded triphasic constructs would show results comparable to osteochondral autografting (OATS). Triphasic implants were engineered using a beta‐tricalcium phosphate osseous phase, an intermediate activated plasma phase, and a collagen I hydrogel chondral phase. Autologous MSCs were used to seed the implants, with chondrogenic predifferentiation of the cells used in the cartilage phase. Osteochondral defects of 4.0 mm diameter were created bilaterally in ovine knees (n = 10). Six weeks later, half of the lesions were treated with OATS and half with triphasic constructs. The knees were dissected at 6 or 12 months. With the chosen study design we were not able to demonstrate significant differences between the histological scores of both groups. Subcategory analysis of O'Driscoll scores showed superior cartilage bonding in the 6‐month triphasic group compared to the autograft group. The 12‐month autograft group showed superior cartilage matrix morphology compared to the 12‐month triphasic group. Macroscopic and biomechanical analysis showed no significant differences at 12 months. Autologous MSC‐seeded triphasic implants showed comparable repair quality to osteochondral autografts in terms of histology and biomechanical testing. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1586–1599, 2010     

胶原/羟基磷灰石支架负载软骨细胞修复兔膝关节骨软骨缺损

目的 探讨胶原复合梯度羟基磷灰石(Col/HA)双相支架负载软骨细胞修复兔膝关节骨软骨缺损的可行性及疗效.方法 构建Col/HA双相支架,将软骨细胞种植于支架培养1周,再将软骨细胞-支架复合体移植修复兔膝关节股骨髁的骨软骨缺损,并对骨软骨缺损的修复进行检测.结果 光镜及扫描电镜观察显示软骨细胞在Col/HA支架中贴附良好,表型维持稳定,分泌胞外基质.大体观察和组织学检测显示,植入体内16周后实验组软骨层呈透明软骨样修复,软骨下骨缺损有新骨构建;对照组骨软骨缺损修复不良,组织学检测以纤维性组织或纤维软骨组织形成.Wakitani评分显示实验组修复组织优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 双相Col/HA复合支架可作为骨软骨组织工程支架,负载软骨细胞可修复兔膝关节骨软骨缺损,重建关节软骨的结构和功能.