城市污泥堆肥土地修复利用研究进展

综述了城市污泥堆肥在园林绿地、农田土壤、土地修复等领域的应用现状，分析了土地利用中存在的土壤重金属积累、臭气污染、养分含量低、肥效慢等主要问题，探讨了相应的对策。     

酸化污泥中重金属在电动力作用下的去除率研究

分析了长沙市某污水处理厂污泥中重金属分布.对污泥样品用HNO3进行酸化处理,酸化后pH值为3.2、1.9.分析了酸化处理后Cd、Zn、Cu在污泥中的形态分布.重点研究了酸化污泥中的Cd、Zn、Cu在电动力作用下的去除率.酸化污泥在电动力的作用下,经过5 d后,Cd、Zn的去除率明显提高,Cu的去除率提高相对较少.针对我国污泥中Zn含量较高的特点,提出在污泥厌氧消化处理时,同时用电动力处理污泥中的重金属,可大大提高重金属的去除率.     

山东某大学116例学生头发中重金属含量调查

目的调查山东某大学学生头发中重金属的含量及可能的影响因素。方法采集山东某大学116位大学生的头发样本,测定其中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量,并用统计分析的方法从性别、生源地及是否染发等方面分析影响头发中重金属元素含量的可能因素。结果样本中Pb含量平均值为8.99μg/g,Cd为0.44μg/g,Cu为8.87μg/g,Zn为50.49μg/g,其中Zn含量低于建议值,染发同学头发中的Pb含量明显高于非染发同学头发中的含量;男女生4种重金属元素含量差异不显著;不同生源地学生头发中Cu、Zn含量差异不显著,但来自淄博地区的学生头发样本中Cd、Pb含量均显著高于其他地区;城市生源学生头发中重金属含量高于农村生源学生,Pb、Cu、Zn 3种重金属在组间存在显著差异性。结论样本中4种重金属元素含量与正常值相比均未超标,但大学生存在缺Zn问题;性别、生源地(除淄博外)不是影响头发中重金属元素含量的可能因素;城市源或农村源是影响头发中Pb、Cu、Zn含量的可能因素;是否染发是影响头发中重金属元素含量Pb的可能因素,这进一步证实染发对人体健康有潜在危害。     

上海浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属的分布特征及其评价

目的了解城市公园绿地土壤中重金属的含量及来源,有利于改善城市生态环境质量和保障人体健康。方法于2007年12月采集了上海浦东新区6个公园绿地（公园1-6）75个土壤样品,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪和测汞仪．对样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Ni及Hg含量进行了分析,研究了上述重金属的分布特征。结果浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg及Ni含量范围分别为21.08-69.31,41.87-91.71,104.65-213.83,84.63-894.28．0.15-0.26,19.14-25.32,0.02-0.55,39.30-454.36m/kg,与上海市土壤背景值相比,除Cd外的所有重金属均有不同程度的累积。从单因子污染指数来看,仅公园1受到相对较严重的Ni和Cr污染;从综合污染指数来看,公园1为重度污染,其余公园未受污染。结论本次调查的公园绿地土壤在一定程度上受到某些重金属的污染。     

邕江南宁段农家自种蔬菜富集特征及居民膳食暴露评估

目的 分析邕江南宁段农家自种蔬菜及土壤多元素积累情况,并探讨蔬菜重金属富集特征及膳食暴露风险。方法于2023年1—3月采集南宁市邕江流域周边3个区蔬菜样品315份,土壤样品75份,分别采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪和原子分光光度计测定样品种Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量,对结果采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行污染情况分析,并进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 根据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762—2017）,蔬菜样品中Cd超标率为14.8%;所有土样Cd的含量均超出南宁市土壤背景值,最高超出背景值7.50倍;蔬菜中Cd富集能力最强,Pb在土壤-蔬菜系统迁移能力较弱;红薯叶和芥菜种植过程中可食部分积累重金属能力较低。膳食暴露风险评估显示,居民按日常膳食习惯食用研究区域种植的蔬菜给人体造成非致癌风险可能性较低。结论 目前南宁市邕江流域周边农家自种蔬菜重金属元素膳食暴露风险处于安全水平,但土壤中重金属的积累情况需引起重视,土壤重金属持续积累会增加蔬菜重金属膳食暴露风险。     

公路交通对土壤重金属污染的研究

目的评价公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染。方法选择320国道马龙路段进行耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量,采用清洁对照区土壤剖面重金属含量作为参比值,应用地积累指数法对重金属污染叠加进行评价。结果研究区土壤中Cu、CA、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni的含量显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）。Cd为中等污染～强污染,Pb为中等污染,Cr和Cu为轻污染～中等污染。污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展开,自公路起向其两侧强度运渐减弱,扩散范围约为150m。土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度;Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉As〉Zn〉Ni。结论公路旁土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和Cr为主,污染叠加重金属来源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

西安城墙内古城区域土壤重金属分布富集特征及环境风险

目的 分析西安城墙内古城区域土壤重金属的分布富集特征和环境风险.方法 以西安市城墙内城市表层土壤为研究对象,随机采集67个土壤样品.通过X-射线荧光光谱仪、土壤重金属积累速率、潜在生态风险和人群健康风险评价来分析土壤重金属Cr、Co、Pb、Sr、Zn含量分布、富集特征以及环境风险.结果 除Zn含量外其他4种重金属的平均含量都超过陕西省土壤背景值,其中Pb和Co的平均含量分别达到了背景值的2.74和3.07倍.HAKANSON潜在生态风险指数评价表明,Pb和Co元素属于强风险等级,其他元素轻微,5种重金属总的潜在生态风险指数RI=34.92,属于中等风险.人群健康风险评价表明,5种重金属的非致癌风险指数都小于1,但儿童小于成人,尤其是重金属元素Cr和Pb.另外,重金属Cr对儿童和成人存在一定的致癌风险,且元素Cr和Co致癌风险儿童小于成人.结论 重金属Pb、Cr和Co是本区域最主要的环境风险因子,特别需持续监测和及早采取预防措施.     

城市污泥与垃圾中重金属土壤残留影响的研究

调查分析了太原市四个处理生活污水为主的污泥和生活垃圾中重金属的平均含量,除锌以外,铜、铬、镉、铅、铬、砷均低于国家污泥与垃圾农用控制标准。通过两年的栽和田间试验证明按常量用于农田施肥不会造成土壤污染。城市污泥与垃圾用于施肥是一种廉价的处理方式,有利于改善城市环境卫生。     

A、B两污灌农田土壤重金属含量分析及污染评价

[目的]通过对A、B两污灌农田土壤中重金属元素镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cd)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)含量调查与分析,评价其污染程度,了解其重金属污染现状. [方法]土壤样品经王水+HCLO4消化彻底后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定重金属含量,并采用重金属单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法对污染状况进行评价. [结果]A区域土壤的Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量超标;B区域土壤的Cd、Zn含量超标. [结论]A、B两区域土壤重金属污染均为重度污染(P＞3),土壤受污染已相当严重.     

不同固体浓度下不同菌去除重金属效果

在污泥中分别接种10％的氧化硫硫杆菌菌液与氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液，研究了不同菌种情况下，10g／L到40g／L梯度的污泥浓度对生物淋滤重金属Zn和Cu的影响。实验表明，在不同固体浓度下两种菌对污泥中Zn和Cu的去除率都很高，污泥浓度越低，污泥中重金属的去除率越高。淋滤过程中，低固体浓度污泥，氮、磷、钾及有机质等营养物质流失量比高固体浓度污泥明显增多；而同浓度下，氧化硫硫杆菌在去除污泥中重金属的同时，营养物质的损失小于氧化亚铁硫杆菌。     

Evaluation for Agricultural Usage with Speciation of Heavy Metals in a Municipal Sewage Sludge

This study was carried out to evaluate the agricultural usage of an anaerobically digested sludge in the contents and fractions of heavy metals. Therefore, a sequential extraction scheme according to the BCR's (Community Bureau of Reference) guidelines and total acid digestion were applied to sewage sludge samples. The results of total heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge showed that the highest total concentrations were Fe, Zn and Mn. When Turkish, Europe and US EPA directives were compared with each other by depending on the use of sludge for agricultural purposes, all the heavy metals determined for this sludge were below the maximum permitted levels, except for Cd. This sludge should not be applied to land due to its high Cd content. The results of heavy metal fractions indicated that some metals (Cd, Mn, Pb, and Fe) distributed mainly in the residual fraction. All fractions of Zn showed no variation. Cu and Cr were most abundant in the oxidizable phase while Ni was in exchangeable phase. Although total content of Ni in the sludge is lower than the maximum levels allowed by all the directives, it tends to be easily moved and dispersed in the environment. Due to its high mobility, the examined sewage sludge may cause phyto-toxicity after its agricultural application.     

Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown on Different Sewage Sludge Amendments Rates

Using sewage sludge, a biological residue from sewage treatment processes, in agriculture is an alternative disposal technique of waste. To study the biochemical and physiological responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on different sewage sludge amendments (SSA) rates a field experiment was conducted by mixing sewage sludge at 0, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12 kg m⁻² rate to the agricultural soil. Rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased in plants grown at different SSA rate. Chlorophyll and protein contents also increased due to different SSA rates. Lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid, peroxidase activity and proline content increased, however, thiol and phenol content decreased in plants grown at different SSA rates. The study concludes that for rice plant sewage sludge amendment in soil may be a good option as plant has adequate heavy metal tolerance mechanism showed by increased rate of photosynthesis and chlorophyll content and various antioxidant levels.     

Heterocypris incongruens as a tool to estimate sewage sludge toxicity

The toxicity of 13 sewage sludges was evaluated in relation to the crustacean Heterocypris incongruens. The bioassay used was a commercial, direct contact test that allows evaluation of solid-phase toxicity. Evaluation of sewage sludges included physicochemical properties (pH, total organic C, total N, cation-exchange capacity, total exchangeable bases, available forms of P and K, and electrical conductivity), heavy metal content (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc), and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list). The evaluated parameters were then compared with bioassay results (mortality and growth inhibition). Sewage sludges were characterized by optimal physicochemical properties; low K (<5.64 mg/kg) and total organic C (177-253 g/kg) levels were noted. Contaminant content (heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) clearly differed between individual sewage sludges. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents ranged from 3.8 to 36.4 mg/kg. Total concentrations of heavy metals in all sewage sludges (with the exception of one sludge) were lower than the pollutant concentration limits for land application. Heterocypris incongruens mortality when sludge was applied at doses of 6, 12, or 24% ranged from 0 to 70%, from 4.7 to 72.1%, and from 0 to 100%, respectively. Average growth inhibition was 39.7 to 46.6% (depending on the sludge dose applied). Any stimulating influence of two sewage sludges on the test organism was recorded. The median lethal concentrations calculated for individual sewage sludges ranged from 88 to 956 g sewage sludge/ kg.     

沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

目的评价沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险。方法于2003—2004年,采集了辽宁省沈抚东陵灌区13个自然村的农田土壤样本,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沈抚灌区土壤重金属污染进行潜在生态风险评价。结果沈抚污灌区土壤中的主要重金属污染物是Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu,其中,Hg的富集程度最高,平均富集系数达到了2.65。地质累积指数法评价结果显示,重金属的污染程度顺序依次为Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>As>Cr,整个区域中Hg、Pb、Cd达到了轻度-中等污染水平;潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,重金属的潜在生态危害程度顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Ni>Cr,整个灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态危害为中等危害水平,其中Hg的生态危害指数已达强度危害。统计分析结果显示,各重金属元素污染之间不存在相关性。结论长期的污灌造成了灌区土壤重金属的严重污染。     

Short-Term Changes of Metal Availability in Soil. Part I: Comparing Sludge-Amended With Metal-Spiked Soils

Sewage sludge application to soils is regulated by its total metal content. However, the real risk of metals is determined by the fraction that is biologically available. The available fraction is highly related to the strength of metal binding by the matrix, which is a dynamic process. The evaluation of the fate of metals in time can contribute increased accuracy of ecological risk assessment. Aiming to evaluate short-term changes in metal availability when metals were applied to soil directly (metal-spiked) or by way of an organic matrix (sludge-amended), a laboratory experiment was performed using open microcosms filled with agricultural soil. A concentration gradient of industrial sludge (11, 15, 55, and 75 t/ha) that was contaminated predominantly with chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc, or soil freshly spiked with the same concentrations of these metals, were applied on top of the agricultural soil. After 0, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, total (HNO(3) 69 %) and 0.01 M CaCl(2)-extractable metal concentrations in soil and metal content in the percolates were measured. Results demonstrated that comparison between sludge-amended and metal-spiked soils may give important information about the role of sludge matrix on metal mobility and availability in soil. In sludge-amended soils, extractable-metal concentrations were independent of the sludge concentration and did not change over time. In metal-spiked soils, metal extractability decreased with time due to ageing and transport of metals to deeper layers. In general, the sludge matrix increased the adsorption of metals, thus decreasing their mobility in soils.     

Phytotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge composts related to physico-chemical properties, PAHs and heavy metals

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the composting on the phytotoxicity of sewage sludge in relation to their physical-chemical properties, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content. Four municipal sewage sludges were composted for 76 days. A Phytotoxkit Test and pot experiment with Lepidium sativum were used for bioassay. The total PAH content in sludges ranged from 3674.1 to 11236.3 microg kg(-1). Heavy metals content was in the range Cd (1.9-76 mg kg(-1)), Cr (27.6-120 mg kg(-1)), Cu (156-335 mg kg(-1)), Pb (37.5-59.5 mg kg(-1)), Ni (21.7-155 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (1015-1385 mg kg(-1)). The results showed a varied toxicity of sewage sludge in relation to the plant tested. In the case of two sludges a 100% inhibition of seed germination were noted. Sludge composting limited their negative influence on most of the phytotoxicity parameters. Only chlorophyll concentration was often lower than in the plant bred on compost obtained from sludge.     

重金属的环境化学行为与毒理学研究

施用污泥及污水灌溉是造成土壤重金属污染的重要原因之一。随灌溉水进入土壤的重金属被吸附、固定在耕作层中，对土壤以及植物的生理性化和生长发育产生不良影响。因此应对重金属污染予以治理。     

Impact of Long-Term Application of Sewage on Soil and Crop Quality in Vertisols of Central India

Shortfall of rain and the decreased groundwater level force farmers to use poor quality water for crop production in developing countries. In this study, the quality of agricultural produce and soil health affected by sewage water (Patranala) irrigation was evaluated. Sewage sediment, soil and crop samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. Sewage water found to contain trace concentration of heavy metals. However, long-term application of this water for crop production could build up a significant amount of trace metals in both soil and sediments. The DTPA extractable heavy metals ranged Cu 2.7–7.59, Cd 0.04–0.06, Pb 1.29–2.05, Cr 0.01–0.04, Ni 0.24–1.03 and Zn 0.63–2.59 mg kg^?1 soil. The heavy metal risk assessment (hazard quotient, HQ) was calculated and found that HQ for these metals in the crops under study was in safe limits. From the study, it is concluded that growing vegetables using sewage water of Patranala is safe, but periodic monitoring to be carried out to avoid food chain contamination.