单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因导入T细胞克隆治疗溃疡性结肠炎大鼠

目的探讨单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶（HSV-TK）基因导人T细胞克隆治疗溃疡性结肠炎（UC）大鼠的作用。方法将HSV-TK基因导人T细胞克隆回输至27只UC大鼠，观察刺激指数（SI）、CD4^＋、CD8^＋及白细胞介素（IL）-13和IL-4水平的变化，并比较治疗前后结肠病变的情况。结果UC大鼠结肠壁病变于tk^＋细胞克隆回输治疗2-3d出现炎性反应吸收改变，7-10d后结肠炎性反应基本消失；回输前SI值为7．39±1．24，回输后为2．67±0．87（P〈0．05），CD4^＋、CD8^＋水平、IL-13和IL-4水平明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论T细胞克隆疫苗诱导和tk基因导入后杀伤效应的双重作用导致结肠自身抗原特异性免疫耐受的最终形成，HSV-TK自杀基因导入T细胞克隆回输方案是UC基因治疗研究和靶点设计的有效手段。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞对同种胰岛移植免疫耐受的影响

目的 观察体外分离的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞对同种胰岛移植免疫耐受的影响.方法 免疫磁珠法分离CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞,体外试验观察其对CD4+CD25-T细胞增殖的影响.将数量达1×106的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞回输胰岛移植受体,对比其对移植物存活的影响.结果 分离的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞体外试验可明显抑制CD4+CD25-T细胞的增殖.单纯胰岛移植组移植物物存活期为(5.57±0.79)d,回输受体CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞数量1×106、2×106时,胰岛移植物存活时间分别为(15.29±2.29)d和(25.43±2.30)d(P《0.01).CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞回输胰岛移植受体可显著延长移植物存活期,诱导免疫耐受的作用为剂量依赖性.结论 CD+CD25+调节性T细胞体外、体内试验可抑制效应性T细胞功能,诱导胰岛移植免疫耐受.     

结肠、直肠、肛门

结肠抗原特异性T细胞克隆回输治疗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的研究；腹腔镜与开腹右半结肠癌根治术同期临床对比的研究；经升结肠回肠置管造口预防术后吻合口漏；小儿急性肠套叠误施手术问题的探讨；结直肠癌细胞胀亡与肿瘤组织微血管密度的关系；梗阻性大肠癌一期切除吻合术后并发症的防治；尿核苷检测对结直肠癌诊断价值的临床研究；原发性结直肠非霍奇金淋巴瘤的诊治和预后分析；电穿孔化疗对结肠癌裸鼠移植瘤模型的疗效及免疫机制初探；28例低位直肠绒毛状腺瘤癌变局部切除治疗经验；     

IKK2dn转染树突状细胞诱导产生的CD4+CD25-T细胞的筛选及鉴定

目的 探讨从转染IKK2dn并负载供者抗原的未成熟树突状细胞(imDC)诱导产生的调节性T细胞(Treg)中筛选CD4+ CD25 - Treg的方法,并进行鉴定.方法 Lewis大鼠骨髓源性imDC,转染IKK2dn后负载供者BN大鼠抗原,与Lewis大鼠T细胞进行体外混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)诱导产生Treg,用免疫磁珠法(MACS)筛选出CD4+ CD25 -T细胞,流式细胞仪(FCM)检测细胞纯度.加入CD4+ CD25 -T细胞行再次MLR检测其抑制T细胞增殖的作用.结果 经MACS筛选,CD4+ CD25 -T细胞纯度为(95.78±1.25)％.再次MLR结果显示CD4+ CD25 -T细胞组的吸光度值为(0.106±0.006),低于BN抗原组(0.189±0.007)、Adv0-CD4+T细胞组(0.419±0.014)及第三方供者抗原组(0.200±0.008),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 转染IKK2dn并负载抗原的imDC诱导产生的Treg,经MACS筛选可以获得高纯度的CD4+CD25-T细胞,对同种T细胞增殖具有针对供者的特异性免疫抑制作用.     

CD4+CD25+T细胞联合CD154单抗抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的研究

目的探讨CD4 CD25 T细胞联合应用CD154单抗在抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应中的作用。方法分离Lewis大鼠脾脏CD4 _CD25 T细胞后与DA大鼠脾细胞单向混合淋巴细胞反应行体外激活。用"二袖套法"行DA到Lewis的原位肝移植48例。A组为对照组;B、C组单独术前回输体外激活的CD4 CD25 T细胞或术后腹腔注射抗CD154单抗;D组联合应用CD4 CD25 T细胞和CD154单抗。每组大鼠12对。术后7 d各组处死6只受体,检测移植肝内T细胞亚群和细胞因子水平。余大鼠观察生存情况,死亡大鼠观察移植肝病理变化。结果D组受体生存期(52.00±10.64)d明显长于B、C组(P<0.01);移植肝内CD4 CD25 T细胞比例(16.43±4.28)%明显高于B、C组(P<0.05、P<0.01),而淋巴细胞浸润数量[(3.47±1.21)%×106]和(CD8 T细胞百分比(14.19±3.02)%明显低于B、C组(P<0.05、P<0.01);移植肝内白细胞介素- 2(IL-2)水平(6.44±1.83)ng/L低于B、C组(P<0.05),IL-10(43.72±7.55)ng/L和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)(270.06±46.91)ng/L明显高于B、C组(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论联合应用CD154单抗能明显增强CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞对大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的抑制作用。     

白细胞介素-10诱导的大鼠树突状细胞体外免疫功能的研究

目的　研究白细胞介素 10 (IL 10 )诱导的大鼠未成熟树突状细胞 (imDCs)体外诱导免疫耐受的可行性。方法　在经典诱导方案的基础上 ,应用IL 10 ( 10 μg/L)抑制大鼠骨髓来源DCs的成熟 (IL 10组 ,10例 ) ,并设对照组 (IL 4组 ,10例 )。培养期间观察DCs形态 ,检测DCs表型、摄取抗原能力、体外免疫功能及培养上清细胞因子水平。结果　与IL 4组比较 ,IL 10组DCs细胞表面CD80 、CD86及OX6低度表达 ( 2 5 .3 %、42 .4%、3 2 .3 % ) ,吞噬能力较强 ( 81.9) ,刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力下降 ,该淋巴细胞具有抗原特异性低反应性 ;培养上清中IL 12水平 ( 4 0 6.5pg/L)及初次MLR培养上清IL 2水平 ( 2 45 .4ng/L)均较低 ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论　IL 10作用的大鼠imDCs具有诱导免疫耐受的应用价值。     

自体血回输对全髋关节置换术患者免疫功能的影响

目的 比较回收式自体血回输和异体血输血对全髋关节置换手术患者免疫功能的影响. 方法 选择50例全髋关节置换手术,随机数字表法分为自体血回输组(A组)和异体血输血组(B组),每组25例.术中根据血容量丢失情况分别用自体血回输及异体血输血,于麻醉前、输血后第2天和输血后第5天采用流式细胞仪测定血浆CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4+)、CD8+T淋巴细胞(CDx+)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)的比例以及白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的值.结果 B组输血后CD4+、CD8+、NK细胞、IL-2的值在第2天[(35±6)、(22±6)、(7±3)％、(523±407) ng/L]和第5天[(35±6)、(26±8)、(6±4)％、(442±376) ng/L]均低于术前[(40±8)、(28±9)、(9±4)％、(839±472)ng/L] (P＜0.05);A组输血后CD4+、CD8+的值在第5天[(39±8)、(27±9) ng/L]、NK细胞、IL-2的值在第2天[(8±4)％、(807±534) ng/L]和第5天[(8±4)％、(821±437) ng/L]均较术前有所下降,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);IL-6的值在第2天[(3198±698) ng/L]和第5天[(3076±703) ng/L]均较术前[(2593±784) ng/L]有所升高(P＜0.05). 结论 自体血回输对全髋关节置换手术患者细胞和体液免疫功能均无明显抑制作用,是安全、可靠的血液保护方式.     

幽门螺杆菌热休克蛋白60诱导的抗原调节性T细胞及其对小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的 观察幽门螺杆菌热休克蛋白60(HP-HSP60)诱导的抗原特异性T细胞接种对ApoE~(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响.方法 制备小鼠骨髓单核细胞,体外诱导HP-HSP60特异性调节性T细胞分化,并接种CD4~+CD25~+T_(reg)细胞后,观察其对小鼠动脉粥样斑块形成的影响.结果 阿司匹林处理的树突状细胞CDS0(43.0%)和CD86(41.1%)表达减少,形态学表现为未成熟树突状细胞,但其能诱导更多的特异性CD4~+CD25~+T_(reg)细胞(13.0±1.94)%,实验组粥样斑块面积(2.37±0.96)mm~2显著小于对照组(P<0.05).结论 未成熟树突状细胞可诱导出HSP60抗原特异性调节性CD4~+CD25~+T_(reg)细胞,后者在体内能明显抑制动脉粥样斑块的形成.     

CIK细胞回输治疗对膀胱癌术后患者CD4、CD8细胞水平的影响

目的观察应用细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）回输治疗对膀胱癌术后患者CD4、CD8细胞水平的影响,探讨CIK预防膀胱癌术后局部复发的疗效及安全性。方法对34例膀胱癌术后患者行CIK回输治疗,监测膀胱肿瘤复发情况、治疗前、治疗1月及治疗1年后的CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8水平、血白细胞、血肌酐、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶等指标。结果随访24～36个月,仅1例PT1G3患者肿瘤复发（2．94％）,时间为术后第24个月。治疗前CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8分别为25．3±4．1、27．5±3．9、0．92±0．17,治疗1月后和1年后cD4、CD8、CD4／CD8分别为36．3±5．1、22．8±2．6、1．59±0．28和35．6±3．8、21．9±3．1、1．62±0．34,治疗前后CD4、CD8水平差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。治疗前后血白细胞、血肌酐、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶等指标差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论CIK细胞回输免疫治疗预防膀胱癌术后局部复发安全有效。     

原发性肝癌患者外周血Th17与CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞表达的相关性研究

目的探讨原发性肝癌患者外周血Th17和CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的表达水平及其相关性。方法选取2008年6月—2009年5月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院30例原发性肝癌患者和25名健康人群,采血并分离其外周血单个核细胞。利用流式细胞仪分别测定Th17和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞的表达,采用t检验分析两组的表达差异。同时,采用Spearman检验对原发性肝癌患者外周血中Th17和CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的表达进行相关性分析。结果健康对照组外周血中Th17细胞为（2．10±0．87）％,CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞为（7．10±2．32）％,原发性肝癌组外周血中Th17细胞为（3．38±1．68）％,CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞为（11．78±5．62）％,两组差异具有统计学意义（t=3．640和4．162,P值均〈0．01）。原发性肝癌患者组外周血Th17细胞与CD4^＋CD25^＋Fosp3^＋调节性T细胞表达呈正相关（r=0．821,P〈0．01）。结论原发性肝癌患者外周血Th17和CD4^＋CD25^＋Fosp3^＋调节性T细胞表达水平较高,二者呈正相关。CD4^＋CD25^＋Fosp3^＋调节性T细胞可能通过促进Th17细胞分化导致肿瘤的发生与发展。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.