高压氧治疗一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病30例临床疗效观察

目的 观察高压氧治疗一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病的临床疗效.方法对30例一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病患者进行高压氧治疗,作治疗前、后临床疗效分析.结果高压氧治疗后患者临床症状改善的总有效率为 86.6%.结论高压氧对一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病有显著疗效.     

一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的脑电图改变

一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的脑电图改变赵君保一氧化碳（ＣＯ）中毒迟发性脑病又称ＣＯ中毒神经系统并发症。本文就３５例ＣＯ中毒迟发性脑病的脑电图（ＥＥＧ）改变经过作一临床分析。１资料和方法一般资料３５例系本院神经内科住院病人，其中男１６例，女１９例，３９～４...     

急性一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病30例高压氧治疗效果的临床分析

目的：探讨急性一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病的发病机制,临床表现,影像学改变,高压氧治疗和预后,加深对这种疾病的认识。方法对30例急性一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病患者的临床分析。结果急性一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病患者临床表现为情感障碍,肌张力增高,震颤及步态不稳等表现,头颅CT及MRI常显示基底节区,放射冠低密度改变,脑电图均有不同程度慢波表现。经高压氧治疗痊愈10例,好转12例,有所好转8例。结论急性一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病是急性一氧化碳中毒较为常见的一种并发症,治疗上应遵循早,足,综合治疗原则,尤其早期高压氧的综合治疗对预防和治疗一氧化碳中毒迟发脑病有临床意义。     

危重型一氧化碳中毒患者的高压氧护理1例

目的 一氧化碳中毒患者的高压氧治疗是治疗中最重要的措施,具有特殊疗效和不可替代的作用.方法 对一氧化碳中毒患者进行高压氧治疗与护理.结果 一氧化碳中毒患者无迟发性脑病发生.结论 发现一氧化碳中毒患者应及早就医、及早高压氧治疗,并且坚持足够的疗程,这样可以提高一氧化碳中毒患者的治愈率,减少甚至避免迟发性脑病的发生;同时在整个高压氧治疗过程中做好每个环节的护理工作,是一氧化碳中毒患者救治成功的关键.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠*☆

背景：国内多采用药物治疗和高压氧治疗一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病,但存在疗程长,见效慢,花费高等问题。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病前后神经元及细胞凋亡的变化。 方法：将SD大鼠抽签随机分为假手术组、对照组与干细胞移植组。制作一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病模型后,干细胞移植组在造模后第0,3,6,12,24,72小时及1周时脑内注射同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞,对照组不进行细胞移植;假手术组扎闭颈外动脉,用PBS代替细胞悬液。 结果与结论：造模后3,6,12,24 h干细胞移植组脑内神经元核心抗原表达明显高于对照组与假手术组(P < 0.01),干细胞移植各组脑内神经元核心抗原表达无明显差异(P > 0.05)。造模后0,3,6 h干细胞移植组脑内细胞凋亡平均吸光度值明显低于对照组与假手术组及其他干细胞移植组(P < 0.05),且移植后第1周明显低于第2,3,4周(P < 0.05)。提示在一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠体内移植间充质干细胞可以增加成熟神经元数量,其机制与减少细胞凋亡有关;移植的最佳时机为发病后0~24 h之间,细胞移植后的积极作用在第1周最明显。关键词：一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病;骨髓间充质干细胞;神经元;凋亡;干细胞移植 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.19.025     

一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的磁共振表现及脑电图特征:两例报道与文献复习

本文报道2例一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病患者的临床资料,并结合文献分析其临床表现、MRI及脑电图特点.     

高压氧治疗迟发性脑病的护理体会

目的 探讨迟发性脑病高压氧治疗的护理措施.方法 对本科29例迟发性脑病患者高压氧治疗的护理经验进行总结.结果 29例病例中有27例治愈,恢复生活自理能力.无效2例,是因家属放弃治疗.结论 对一氧化碳中毒的患者高压氧治疗越早越系统,疗效就越好,能有效减少或减轻迟发性脑病发生,对迟发性脑病治愈率高.     

危重型一氧化碳中毒患者的高压氧护理1例

目的一氧化碳中毒患者的高压氧治疗是治疗中最重要的措施,具有特殊疗效和不可替代的作用。方法对一氧化碳中毒患者进行高压氧治疗与护理。结果一氧化碳中毒患者无迟发性脑病发生。结论发现一氧化碳中毒患者应及早就医、及早高压氧治疗,并且坚持足够的疗程,这样可以提高一氧化碳中毒患者的治愈率,减少甚至避免迟发性脑病的发生;同时在整个高压氧治疗过程中做好每个环节的护理工作,是一氧化碳中毒患者救治成功的关键。     

一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病模型小鼠脑内血红素加氧酶1 mRNA和蛋白的表达

背景：研究表明一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病症状的出现与一氧化碳中毒后神经组织细胞凋亡持续发生关系较大。有关血红素加氧酶的细胞保护作用尤其在脑损伤中的细胞保护作用还存在争议。 目的：观察一氧化碳中毒后不同时间点小鼠脑内血红素加氧酶1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。 方法：雄性昆明小鼠随机分为2组,一氧化碳中毒组腹腔注射一氧化碳制备一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病模型,空气对照组腹腔注射空气。应用原位杂交及Western blot法观察两组在不同时间点海马区血红素加氧酶1 mRNA及蛋白表达变化。 结果与结论：空气对照组血红素加氧酶1 mRNA表达阳性细胞较少,染色较浅;一氧化碳中毒组海马阳性细胞数较多,染色较深。血红素加氧酶1 mRNA在1 d表达增加(P < 0.01),3 d达高峰(P < 0.01),5 d时下降(P < 0.01),21 d时仍高于空气对照组(P < 0.01)。血红素加氧酶1蛋白表达与血红素加氧酶1 mRNA表达变化相一致。结果表明血红素加氧酶1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达增加可能在一氧化碳中毒所致迟发性脑病的发病机制中起重要作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

36例急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病的P300电位分析

目的　了解急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病与 P30 0电位之间的联系 ,为诊疗本病提供更多的依据。方法　对 36例急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病患者与 4 0例健康者分别进行了 P30 0测定和智商测定 ,并将两组结果进行了比较。结果　患病组与对照组比较 ,P30 0电位成份中 N2、P3潜伏期延长 ,P3波幅降低与对照组存在显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1 )。智商测定中 1 1分量表得分低于对照组 ,存在显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 )。结论　P30 0电位对急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病的认知功能及疗效判定有一定的价值。     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.