乙肝病毒感染与乙肝病毒相关性肾炎间的关系分析

目的 探讨研究乙肝病毒(HBV)感染与乙肝病毒相关性肾炎之间的关系.方法 对124例资料完整的HBV相关肾炎(HBV-related glomerulonephritis,HBV-GN,)患者的血清病毒学、肾脏及肝脏病理学和常规实验室检查结果进行回顾分析研究.结果 124例血清HBsAg和/或HBeAg阳性的患者中,HBV-GN的发生率69.49％,男性发生率(45.0％)显著高于女性(24.49％),P＜0.05.血清HBeAg阳性组HBV-GN的发生率显著高于HBeAg阴性组.HBV DNA定量＞105 copies/mL组HBV-GN的发生率亦显著高于定量＜105 copies/mL组.HBV-GN患者血清HBeAg阳性与阴性组之间比较,24小时尿蛋白定量及内生肌醉清除率均无显著差异.血清HBV DNA定量＞105copies/mL组与定量＜ 105 copies/mL组之间比较24小时尿蛋白定量与内生肌酐清除率亦无显著差异.HBV-GN患者肾组织局部HBcAg沉积阳性组与阴性组相比较,24小时尿蛋白定量有显著性差异(P＜0.05),而内生肌酐清除率无显著性差异.结论 HBV感染及其复制状态与HBV-GN的发生密切相关;但HBV的复制状态可能并不明显影响HBV-GN患者肾、肝组织的病变程度.     

205例乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎的临床及病理研究

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Glomerulonephritis,HBV-GN）的临床表现、肾脏病理改变及与肝肾损害的关系,为HBV-GN早期诊治提供依据.方法 对解放军总医院肾科1995年9月至2008年11月经肾活检确诊HBV-GN并资料完整的205例患者临床及病理特点进行分析.结果 本组患者占同期肾活检5.6%.患者男性157例（76.5%）,女性48例（24.5%）;发病年龄3～65岁,平均37.79岁,19～45岁123例（60%）.以肾脏疾病首发95例（46%）,乙肝标记物大三阳者96例（46.8%）.临床表现为肾病综合征102例（49.8%）,肾功能不全18例（8.8%）;肝功能受损56例（27.3%）,合并肝硬化者18例（8.8%）.肝功能是否异常和肾脏临床表现及病理类型差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;乙肝病毒复制载量与尿蛋白定量呈正相关（P＜0.05）.病理表现以膜性肾病为主,占124例（60.5%）.结论 HBV-GN患者以中青年男性为主;临床表现以肾病综合征为主,病理以膜性肾病多见,近10%患者肾活检时已出现肾功能不全;乙肝病毒复制载量与尿蛋白定量呈正相关,但HBV对肝脏及肾脏的损伤具有不同步性.我国为HBV高感染国家,需要防治乙型肝炎患者继发肾脏受损,提高HBV-GN的早期诊断率及治疗率.     

血清HBV标志物阴性肾炎肾组织中HBV-DNA的原位杂交检测

目的 对血清HBV标志物阴性肾炎患者肾组织进行HBV—DNA的检测，为临床诊疗提供理论依据。方法 应用原位杂交（ISH）技术检测37份血清HBVAg阴性和18份血清HBVAg阳性的肾炎患者肾活检石蜡包埋组织切片中的HBV—DNA。结果 在血清HBVAg阳性的18例标本中HBV-DNA的检出率为88．9％（16／18），血清HBVAg阴性37例中检测出HBV—DNA5例（13．5％）。原位杂交显示两组检出的HBV-DNA均以肾小管上皮细胞质分布为主，与组织中HBVAg阳性颗粒的分布基本一致。结论 血清HBVAg阴性的HBV相关性肾炎临床上并非少见，应给予足够的关注。HBV—DNA在肾组织中的检出，表明HBV在HBV相关性肾炎的发病机理中有着重要作用。     

尿液中乙肝病毒DNA对HBV相关肾炎患者的诊断效果

目的 了解尿液中乙肝病毒DNA对HBV相关肾炎患者的诊断效果,为更好的诊断HBV相关肾炎(HBV-GN)提供依据.方法 选取于2013年10月～2014年10月在我院肾内科就诊的HBsAg阳性或血清HBV-DNA阳性者60例作为Ⅰ组、HBsAg阴性且清HBV-DNA阴性者60例作为Ⅱ组、同期在我院健康体检中心体检的健康者60例作为Ⅲ组.采用PCR方法检测各组研究对象尿中HBV DNA水平.结果 Ⅰ组中有38例(63.33％)患者尿HBV DNA呈阳性,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组中无患者尿HBV DNA呈阳性.尿HBV DNA、血HBsAg和血HBeAg联合检查诊断HBV-GN的灵敏度和特异度均是最高的,其次为尿HBV DNA检测.结论 联合检测尿HBV DNA、血HBsAg和血HBeAg诊断HBV-GN效率比较高,尿HBV DNA可能作为HBV-GN的一种简单、无创、患者容易接受的辅助诊断指标.     

肾组织preS1/S2-Ag检测在乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎诊断中的作用

 目的：观察前S1/S2抗原（preS1/S2-Ag）及其它乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)抗原在HBV相关性肾小球肾炎（HBV-GN）患者肾组织中的表达,探讨它们在HBV-GN诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性收集2003年1月~2013年1月于中山大学附属第三医院肾内科住院的患者,并符合以下入组标准：血清学HBsAg阳性;有血尿、蛋白尿等临床表现;经肾组织活检病理诊断为肾小球肾炎病变;排除合并有系统性红斑狼疮、过敏性紫癜、糖尿病、丙肝等疾病。入组共49例。用免疫组织化学的方法对其肾组织石蜡切片进行preS1/S2-Ag、HBeAg、HBsAg和HBcAg检测。随机选取 5例HBsAg阴性的肾小球轻微病变患者,5例HBsAg阳性的非肾小球肾炎患者作对照。结果： 49例HBV感染合并肾小球肾炎患者中preS1/S2-Ag、HBeAg、HBsAg和HBcAg检出阳性率分别为32.7%（16例）、 388%（19例）、14.3%（7例）和46.9%（23例）,总阳性率为70.2%（36例）;preS1/S2-Ag主要表达在肾小管上皮细胞、肾小球系膜细胞和内皮细胞胞质内;其表达与肾组织HBcAg的表达呈正相关（r=0459, P<001）。5例HBsAg阴性的肾小球轻微病变患者,4种抗原均未检测到;5例HBsAg阳性的非肾小球肾炎患者有2例表达HBeAg,1例表达HBcAg,无1例表达preS1/S2-Ag及HBsAg。结论：HBV-GN患者肾组织中检测到preS1/S2-Ag; preS1/S2-Ag、HBeAg、HBsAg和HBcAg联合检测可提高HBV-GN的临床诊断率。     

血清HBsAg阳性IgA肾病肾组织HBV抗原蛋白及血清和肾组织HBV-DNA检测分析

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染与IgA肾病发病的关系。方法32例肾活检冰冻切片组织HBsAg和HBcAg蛋白和42例HBsAg阳性的肾活检石蜡切片组织及其部分血清HBV-DNA的检测。结果HBsAg和HBcAg在IgA肾病肾活检组织的总阳性率为59．1％，在非IgA肾病中的总阳性率为63．6％，二者差异无统计学意义。42例肾活检组织中，仅发现有5例（11．9％）在肾活检组织中有HBV-DNA的存在。且5例均为大三阳患者，其病理诊断为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎2例，轻微肾小球病变1例，基底膜病变1例，IgA肾病仅1例。血清HBsAg阳性的患者，同时进行了42例肾活检组织的血清HBV-DNA检测，其中大三阳患者为12例，其血清HBV-DNA均为阳性，而这12例血清阳性的肾活检组织中仅有5例HBV-DNA为阳性，其余30例血清及肾活检组织中HBV-DNA为阴性。结论HBsAg和HBcAg蛋白在IgA肾病肾活检组织和非IgA肾病肾活检组织表达差异无统计学意义，表明HBV感染与IgA肾病并无直接关系。     

乙型肝炎病毒携带者睾丸中HBV DNA的检测研究

目的检测乙型肝炎病毒携带者的睾丸活检组织是否携带乙肝病毒。方法11例乙型肝炎病毒携带者的睾丸活检组织制成石蜡切片,应用特异性乙肝病毒DNA（HBV DNA）的探针以原位杂交法检测这些患者的睾丸组织切片。结果11例患者中有5例检测到HBV DNA,分布于间质细胞、支持细胞及各级生精细胞的细胞核。结论男性乙肝病毒携带者存在经生殖细胞向子代垂直传播乙肝的可能。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝内HBV DNA和HBsAg的双标记定位研究

应用原位杂交和免疫组化PAP法双标记技术,结合病人乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒血清学标志物检测结果,研究了31例慢性乙肝病人肝穿刺组织中乙型肝炎病毒DNA(HBV DNA)和HBsAg的分布及意义。结果显示,肝组织内检出HBV DNA 23例,HBsAg 26例,二者同时检出者21例。从同组病人肝组织内HBV DNA和HBsAg双标检测结果与其乙肝病毒血清学标志物检测结果的比较来看,肝组织内HBV DNA和HBsAg同时阳性很可能表明HBV正处于复制及表达的活动状态。     

肾活检组织纤连蛋白免疫荧光定量测定技术的初步应用

根据组织切片中荧光强度与自动测光仪所示曝光系数成反比之原理,设计了一种肾活检组织免疫荧光定量检查的方法。用此方法对6例正常人和49例各种肾小球疾病的肾活检组织肾小球中纤连蛋白(FN)的含量进行了测定,发现系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,小球内FN含量明显高于正常,而局灶节段或球性硬化型肾小球肾炎,小球中FN明显减少。其他类型的肾小球疾病小球中FN含量的变化不大。认为免疫荧光定量检查方法可作为一种新技术,选择应用于肾活检免疫病理检查。     

石蜡切片免疫荧光染色在肾脏病理诊断中的应用

我们应用石蜡切片免疫荧光染色法,对肾活检组织进行免疫荧光染色,取得了较好的效果,现报道如下。1材料与方法1.1材料选用中南大学湘雅二医院肾脏病研究所肾活检标本35例,其中狼疮性肾炎(LN)10例,乙肝相关性肾炎(HBVGN)5例,IgA肾病(IgAGN)10例,膜性肾病(MN)5例,肾小球轻微病变(G     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.