颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分的超声、磁共振影像学分析

为了探讨体内外颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的超声、MRI影像与斑块内病理成分的相关性 ,对颈动脉狭窄患者 2 0例 ,共 2 2侧血管的硬化斑块进行超声及MRI检查并记录影像。将影像与病理切片相匹配 ,分析斑块成分的超声及MRI影像学表现 ,并将各种病理成分的超声影像用 2 5 6级灰度值进行量化。结果表明 ,体内斑块中钙化、纤维组织、出血 /血栓、脂质的超声影像灰度值分别为 (89±12 ) ,(5 3±8) ,(37±6 )和 (39±3) ,体外斑块中钙化、纤维组织、出血 /血栓、脂质的超声影像灰度值分别为 (16 8± 11) ,(136± 12 ) ,(85± 12 )和 (89± 10 )。体内斑块中的钙化、纤维组织、陈旧出血 /血栓、脂质成分在MRIT1加权像上分别为低信号、等信号、等信号、极高信号 ,在质子像上分别为极低信号、等信号、高信号、高信号 ,在T2 加权像上分别为低信号、等信号或轻度高信号、高信号、高信号。体外斑块MRI检查结果与体内斑块检查结果相符合。说明灰度值分析可以对动脉硬化斑块中不同病理成分的超声影像进行量化处理 ,MRI可以初步区分斑块成分     

颈动脉MR高分辨成像:变性斑块的MR表现及其病理基础

目的 应用3.0 T MR高分辨成像在体显示颈动脉粥样斑块,探讨斑块变性的MRI表现及其病理基础.资料与方法 经彩超证实的症状性颈动脉狭窄37例,均行管壁高分辨MRI.包括三维时间飞跃法(3DTOF)、双翻转脉冲(DIR)T1WI、T2WI及质子密度加权成像(PDWI).其中,22例检查前1周内行CT血管造影,9例检查后1周内行颈动脉内膜剥脱术,5例1周内置颈动脉支架.根据颈动脉内膜剥脱术的部位,将获得的病理标本与MR图像逐层对照,分析斑块钙化、出血和脂质坏死池的MRI表现,探讨斑块变性的MRI表现及其病理基础.结果 37例共发现52支颈动脉分叉处斑块,斑块钙化21支(40.4%),无钙化斑块31支(59.6%).31支软斑块中,纤维成分为主斑块8支(15.6%),有明显脂质核心斑块23支(44.2%);伴斑块出血5支(9.6%),脂质坏死核心3支(5.8%),"纤维帽"撕裂(溃疡或"纤维帽"撕裂)3支(5.8%).相对于胸锁乳突肌,脂质坏死池在TOF、T1WI、PDWI、T2WI均呈显著高信号,钙化在各序列均呈低信号.斑块内出血的信号与出血的时间有关,新鲜出血各序列表现为点、结节或片状高信号,亚急性出血或者陈旧性出血的信号与出血时间的长短有关.结论 斑块变性包括脂核坏死、出血和钙化,脂质坏死池和出血提示斑块处于高风险状态,而钙化提示斑块稳定.斑块不同变性的信号不同,MR高分辨成像可显示这些变性,为斑块风险预防和治疗提供参考.     

颈动脉粥样斑块3T MR高分辨成像和MRA诊断

目的:应用3.0T MR高分辨管壁成像和MR血管造影在体显示颈动脉粥样斑块,探讨MR对颈动脉斑块的诊断价值。方法:经彩超检查证实的症状性颈动脉狭窄37例,所有病例行管腔MRA和管壁高分辨MR检查,MR检查序列包括3DTOF、DIR T1WI、T2WI、PDWI和MRA。其中,17例检查前1周内行CT血管造影检查,9例患者检查后1周内行颈动脉内膜剥脱术。根据颈动脉内膜剥脱术手术部位,将获得的病理标本与MR图像逐层对照,研究斑块脂质成分、纤维成分和纤维帽、斑块钙化、出血和脂质坏死池等MR表现,探讨斑块变性的MR表现及其病理基础。结果:37个病例共发现52条颈动脉分叉处斑块,其中,管腔轻度狭窄24条(46.1%),中度狭窄19条(36.5%),重度狭窄7条(13.5%),闭塞2条(3.9%)。斑块钙化21条(40.4%)、无钙化斑块31条(59.6%);31条软斑块中纤维成分为主斑块8条(15.6%),有明显脂质核心斑块23条(44.2%);其中,伴斑块出血5条(10%)、脂质坏死核心3条(6%),纤维帽撕裂(溃疡或纤维帽撕裂)3条(6%)。相对于胸锁乳突肌,脂质坏死池在TOF、T1WI、PDWI、T2WI均呈显著高信号,钙化在各序列均呈低信号。斑块内出血的信号与出血的时间有关,新鲜出血各序列表现为点、结节或片状高信号,亚急性出血或者陈旧出血的信号与出血时间长短有关。结论:颈动脉MRA和管壁高分辨成像是评估颈动脉斑块风险性的有效手段,无创性MRA可以显示颈动脉斑块的狭窄程度;管壁高分辨成像可以直接显示斑块纤维帽、斑块内结构和成分,预测斑块脱落的风险性。     

颈动脉斑块脂质和纤维成份高分辨MRI表现及其病理基础

目的：应用3.0T MR高分辨成像（HRMR）在体显示颈动脉粥样斑块,探讨斑块脂质成分和纤维成分的HRMR表现及其病理基础。方法：经彩超检查证实的症状性颈动脉狭窄37例,均行管壁高分辨MRI检查,检查序列包括3D TOF、DIR T1WI、T2WI及PDWI。其中22例检查前1周内行CTA检查,9例检查后1周内行颈动脉内膜剥脱术,5例接受颈动脉支架置入术。根据颈动脉内膜剥脱术斑块所在的颈动脉部位,将获得的病理标本与MRI图像逐层对照,研究斑块纤维成分和纤维帽、脂质成分和脂质坏死池的MRI表现,探讨MRI表现的病理基础。结果：37例共发现52支颈动脉存在斑块,斑块钙化21支（40.4%）、无钙化斑块31支（59.6%）;31支软斑块中,纤维成分为主者8支（15.6%）,有明显脂质核心斑块23支（44.2%）;其中,伴斑块出血5支（10%）、脂质坏死核心3支（6%）,纤维帽撕裂（溃疡或纤维帽撕裂）3支（6%）。相对于胸锁乳突肌,斑块脂质成分在TOF图像上呈等信号,T1WI呈等信号或稍高信号,PDWI多呈等信号或略高信号、少数呈低信号,T2WI上呈等信号或低信号;脂质坏死池在TOF、T1WI、PDWI和T2WI上均呈高信号;纤维帽和纤维成分的信号相仿,在TOF图像上呈等信号或低信号,T1WI上呈高信号或略高信号,PDWI呈稍高或等信号,T2WI上呈稍高信号。硬斑块纤维帽厚度（1.1±0.4）mm,软斑块纤维帽厚度（0.7±0.3）mm。硬斑块和软斑块的纤维帽厚度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论：多序列高分辨MRI可以显示斑块脂质成分、纤维成分和纤维帽,并对斑块脂质和纤维帽进行初步的定量,为在体分析斑块的结构提供评价指标,为斑块风险性评价提供参考。     

能谱CT重建模式与64层CT重建模式对于颈动脉粥样硬化斑块评估能力的对比分析

目的 对比分析能谱CT与64层CT后处理技术对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块病变评估能力的差异.方法 回顾性分析38例46个颈动脉斑块的能谱CT检查资料.颈动脉CT采用能谱扫描模式,重建方式分为能谱模式重建及非能谱模式重建(传统64层CT重建).通过能谱曲线、碘基图、脂基图分析颈动脉增强扫描期斑块的成分,并与病理或大体标本对照;观察颈动脉分叉处管腔的狭窄程度和斑块的病变特征,包括纤维帽的状况、斑块内出血和脂质.计算Kappa值分析能谱CT和64层CT对血管狭窄程度判断结果的一致性;应用独立样本t检验、确切概率法检验检测两种方法对颈动脉斑块成分及溃疡斑块的检出差异.结果 能谱CT重建模式显示血管狭窄程度为(63.3±3.1)％,64层CT重建模式显示为(61.6±3.8)％,二者具有很好的一致性(Kappa值为0.993,P＜0.01).颈动脉能谱CT重建模式显示12个颈动脉斑块有纤维帽破溃,64层CT重建模式显示11个颈动脉斑块有纤维帽破溃,两者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).颈动脉能谱CT通过能谱曲线、碘基、脂基图分析显示11个颈动脉斑块内有出血,而64层CT重建模式未能显示,两者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);斑块内出血碘浓度为(6.365±1.937) mg/cm3,无斑块内 出 血的斑块碘浓度为(1.573±0.776) mg/cm3,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=16.39,P＜0.05).能谱CT重建模式显示9个颈动脉斑块内富含脂质成分,64层CT重建模式仅显示2个,两者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);能谱CT显示28个颈动脉斑块内有钙化,64层CT显示27例,两者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 能谱CT重建模式在显示斑块内出血、脂肪成分较64层CT重建模式更具优势.     

MRI斑块诊断软件定性评估颈动脉斑块

【摘要】目的：基于磁共振高分辨血管壁成像（HR-VWI）,比较人工方法与磁共振斑块诊断（MPV）软件对颈动脉斑块成分的定性诊断价值。方法：对30例拟行颈动脉内膜剥脱术（CEA）的患者行磁共振HR-VWI检查,对颈动脉斑块进行人工定性及软件半自动定性评估,主要包括斑块内脂质核心、出血、破裂纤维帽和钙化等成分特征,以CEA术后病理结果作为金标准,对比两种方法的评估准确性。结果：人工方法评估斑块内脂质核心、出血、破裂纤维帽、大片状钙化和散在小钙化灶的敏感度分别为81.5%、76.2%、53.8%、45.0%和21.7%,诊断符合率分别为80.0%、66.7%、56.7%、50.0%和26.7%。MPV软件评估斑块内脂质核心、出血、破裂纤维帽、大片状钙化和散在小钙化灶的敏感度分别为92.6%、85.7%、0%、75.0%、73.9%,诊断符合率分别为90.0%、83.3%、0%、63.3%、60.0%。人工法与MPV软件对识别斑块内散在小钙化灶的差异具有统计学意义（χ2=6.500,P<0.05）。结论：利用MPV软件可以对颈动脉斑块进行定性分析,省时、准确且高效,而人工评估对破裂纤维帽有独到的评估价值,两者与病理组织学检查结果均有很高的一致性。     

冠状动脉粥样斑块的多层螺旋CT与病理的对照研究

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT检测和区分冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的准确性。方法:搜集 4 例成人心脏标本,从冠状动脉内注入对比剂,将标本行 16 层螺旋 CT(MSCT)冠状动脉成像,检测非钙化斑块的形态和密度,并与病理对照。结果:4例标本中,MSCT显示冠状动脉斑块8处,与病理所见斑块的位置和数目一致。脂质丰富的 3 例冠状动脉粥样斑块CT值分别为(25±6) HU、(47±9) HU和(28±7) HU。5例纤维丰富的冠状动脉粥样斑块CT值分别为(87±9) HU、(68±8) HU、(78±11) HU、(97±9) HU和(83±10) HU。部分血管节段内充满血凝块,其 CT值平均为(35±6) HU。结论:多层螺旋CT可用于发现冠状动脉斑块,通过检测斑块 CT值的不同反映斑块的主要成分,从而可区分冠状动脉斑块的性质。     

颈动脉斑块成分及性质的CT增强血管造影分析

目的 利用16层螺旋CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)分析颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分,并评估斑块性质.资料与方法 对206例可疑颈动脉斑块或颈动脉狭窄的患者行颈部CTA,根据CT值的不同,并与邻近组织结构(肌肉、脂肪以及骨骼)的Cr值比较,分析斑块成分,并将斑块分组.结果 206例(共分析颈动脉412支)中,15例双侧颈动脉和48例单侧颈动脉CTA未见明显异常,颈动脉CTA发现双侧颈动脉病变者134例.颈动脉CTA发现颈动脉异常者334支,其中196支表现为管壁弥漫性增厚,138支表现为不规则斑块.不稳定斑块组77支,其中35支以单纯脂质成分为主,28支以单纯纤维成分为主,14支发现混合斑块;稳定斑块组以单纯钙化成分为主者50支,多发钙化斑块11支.结论 颈动脉CTA可以分辨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的主要成分,并初步评价颈动脉斑块的性质.     

颅外段颈动脉狭窄的影像检查与手术、病理对照

目的 评价颈动脉狭窄无创性检查方法的临床应用价值，提供颈动脉狭窄影像学与病理对照资料。方法 7例14支颈动脉行颈部血管多普勒超声（DUS）、磁共振血管造影（MRA）、CT血管造影（CTA），脑脑总CT/MRI检查，其中3例接受数字减影血管造影（DSA）。7例病人均行重度狭窄侧颈内动脉内膜切除术，并实施影像-病理对照。结果 7例单侧颈动脉重度狭窄达70%-99%，狭窄侧脑部梗死灶多于无狭窄侧分布区。影像与手术对照：狭窄部位与术前DUS、MRA、CTA所示相符。DUS评估狭窄程度与手术所见相符5例，MRA相符者6例，CTA相符者7例，斑块影像与病理对照；CTA显示为高密度斑块者，DUS回声强，MRA为低信号，病理可见大片钙化灶及纤维组织；CTA表现为低、等密度者，DUS回声低，MRA信号强度不均，斑块镜下显示大量无定形坏死物质及积聚脂质的泡沫细胞。结论 DUS、MRA、CTA结合使用能提高诊断颈动脉狭窄的准确性。CTA对斑块的观察更为直观、确切。     

颈动脉狭窄:影像学检查与手术对照分析

目的：提供颈动脉狭窄影像与手术、病理对照的初步研究资料，方法：8例颈动脉行DUS、MRA、CTA检查，后行重度狭窄侧颈动脉内膜切除术及影像－病理对照。结果：单侧颈动脉重度狭窄达70％－99％，狭窄侧脑部梗塞灶多于无狭窄侧分布区，狭窄部位与术前DUS、MRA、CTA所示相符，DUS评估狭窄程度相符6例，MRA相符7例，CTA8例。CTA显示为高密度斑块者，DUS回声强，MRA为低信号，病理见钙化灶及纤维组织；CTA为低；等密度者，DUS回声低，MRA信号强度不均，斑块镜下显示无定形坏死物质及积聚脂质的泡沫细胞，结论：DUS、MRA、CTA结合使用能提高诊断颈动脉狭窄的准确性，CTA对斑块的观察更为直观，确切。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.