胰岛素泵治疗应用于糖尿病患者的临床观察

目的对应用胰岛素泵技术对患有糖尿病的患者实施治疗的临床效果进行研究。方法抽取86例患有糖尿病的患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,平均每组43例。采用多次皮下注射胰岛素方式对对照组患者实施治疗;采用胰岛素泵技术对治疗组患者实施治疗。结果治疗组患者糖尿病病情的控制效果明显优于对照组．胰岛素应用剂量明显少于对照组,血糖水平恢复时问和住院接受治疗总时间明显短于对照组,治疗前后血糖水平改善幅度明显大于对照组。结论应用胰岛素泵技术对患有糖尿病的患者实施治疗的临床效果非常明显。     

强化胰岛素治疗在危重糖尿病患者中的应用

强化胰岛素治疗的概念在1993年6月世界卫生组织（WHO）公布的北美“糖尿病控制与并发症试验（DCCT）”的报告中首次提出，该概念与胰岛素常规治疗相对应。     

Feasibility and outcomes of insulin therapy in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.

The use of insulin in elderly patients raises special considerations. Most people who develop diabetes mellitus late in life have type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which there is some residual endogenous insulin secretion. This pancreatic insulin secretion, when present, stabilises their metabolic status. However, some elderly people lose virtually all their endogenous insulin secretory capacity over time, or may even have type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes mellitus with no endogenous insulin. Generally, older patients with diabetes mellitus can be managed for years, often decades, with nutritional therapy and oral agents. More options exist now than did previously. In addition to a variety of sulfonylureas, there is metformin, troglitazone, and/or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, that are viable options to be used before turning to insulin. The goals of insulin therapy in the elderly must be considered. When hyperglycaemia causes symptoms (polyuria, polydypsia and bodyweight loss) blood glucose levels are generally >200 mg/dl, and insulin is needed if maximal doses of oral agents have been used. Insulin is also indicated when hyperglycaemia puts patients at risk of hyperosmolar states, for example, when blood glucose is >300 mg/dl during a normal day. Clinical judgement dictates whether to use insulin to control glycaemia in the attempt to avoid long term complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy or nephropathy. In people with relatively short life expectancy, major comorbities and no sign of diabetic complications, the risk may be small. On the other hand, in patients for whom neuropathy, in particular, is a major risk, controlling glycaemia (with insulin if necessary) does reduce that risk. Most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be managed with relatively simple insulin regimens thanks to their endogenous insulin secretion. A single bedtime dose of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, with or without continuation of daytime oral agents, may control fasting blood glucose. A pre-mix combination of NPH and Regular insulin such as 70/30 or 50/50 may be used pre-meal. More customised, 'intensive' insulin regimens are needed when the glycaemia is unstable. Hypoglycaemia is clearly the most significant risk of insulin therapy. If mild and easily treated, it is of no real concern. On the other hand, nocturnal hypoglycaemia, and, in particular, hypoglycaemia unawareness, are clear signs that the insulin regimen should be modified. In summary, insulin therapy may be necessary, and can be used effectively, in elderly patients. However, risk:benefit considerations must be taken into account when deciding which patients to treat with insulin and what insulin regimen to use.     

浅谈2型糖尿病患者何时开始胰岛素治疗

1型糖尿病的特征是胰岛B细胞数量减少及胰岛素分泌不足，因而血浆胰岛素水平很低，一旦确诊，必须使用胰岛素治疗。2型糖尿病主要表现为胰岛素抵抗和B细胞功能损害。胰岛素也是2型糖尿病患者最佳和最终的必须选择。1997年，Ilkova报道13例新诊断的2型糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵治疗2周后，38％（5／13）的患者仅通过饮食控制即可以获得至少2年良好的血糖控制。此后，国内也陆续有临床和基础研究证实，     

First approved inhaled insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus

The long-term benefits of tight glycemic control in preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications are well established in both Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Nonetheless, achievement of recommended haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) goals (< or = 6.5 - 7.0%) has remained elusive, especially in patients with diabetes who require insulin therapy. Delayed/suboptimal titration of insulin is partly related to poor acceptance of multiple injection regimen by both physicians and patients. EXUBERA (human insulin [rDNA origin]; Pfizer), the first approved inhaled insulin for the treatment of diabetic patients, has been shown to be safe and as effective as regular/rapidly acting insulin in improving glycemic control. In addition to controlling postprandial glucose excursions, EXUBERA exerts a major action to reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. Thus, it has the potential to be used as a monotherapy in Type 2 DM, as well as in combination with an insulin sensitizer in Type 2 DM or in combination with long-acting insulin in both Type 2 DM and Type 1 DM.     

1型糖尿病患儿胰岛素泵治疗与多次皮下注射胰岛素强化治疗效果比较

目的 探讨1型糖尿病患儿应用胰岛素泵持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）治疗及多次皮下注射胰岛素（MSII）强化治疗的安全性及有效性.方法 选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院2008年7月至2012年12月45例1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒纠正后需要强化治疗的患儿.将其完全随机分为2组,CSII组20例给予胰岛素泵持续皮下胰岛素输注治疗,MSII组25例给予多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗,比较2组的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血糖达标时间、使用胰岛素总量、低血糖的发生率情况.结果 CSII组患者治疗前后的空腹血糖分别为（14.3±3.0）、（5.9±0.7）mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖分别为（21.6±3.8）、（8.3±0.9）mmol/L;MSII组患儿治疗前后的空腹血糖分别为（13.1±2.1）、（6.0±0.8）mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖分别为（19.8±3.0）、（8.9±1.1）mmol/L,2组患儿治疗前后血糖差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;2组治疗后空腹及餐后2 h血糖比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;CSII组血糖达标时间、使用胰岛素总量、低血糖发生次数分别为（6.0±1.5）d、（49.6±14.9）U/d、（0.6±0.2）次,MSII组分别为（8.1±1.9）d、（57.9±12.2）U/d、（1.1±0.7）次,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）.结论 CSII 治疗较MSII 可更有效、更便捷地控制高血糖,低血糖发生次数较低,安全性更高.     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素强化治疗后胰岛功能的变化

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者胰岛功能受损可能的机制。方法40例T2DM患者（T2DM组）及19名健康人（对照组）行口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,于0、30、120min取静脉血,分别测定空腹及OGTT后30、120min血糖、胰岛素、C肽、胰高血糖素（GLC）、生长抑素的水平。T2DM组予胰岛素强化治疗,治疗后复测上述项目。结果①T2DM组治疗前后各时点血糖均高于对照组（均P〈0．01）。T2DM组治疗后空腹及OGTT后30min血糖均低于治疗前[（7．8＋0．5）mmol／L比（12．0＋1．7）mmol／L,（19．6±4．7）mmol／L比（23．4±5．8）mmol／L,P〈0．05或P〈0．01]。②T2DM组治疗前后空腹及OGTT后30min胰岛素均低于对照组,且OGTT后120min胰岛素高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。T2DM组治疗后OGTT后120min胰岛素高于治疗前[（175±88）pmol／L比（129±58）pmol／L,P〈0．01]。T2DM组治疗前后各时点C肽均低于对照组（均P〈0．01）。③T2DM组治疗前后各时点GLC均高于对照组且均低于治疗前（均P〈0．01）。④T2DM组治疗前后空腹及OGTF后120min生长抑素均高于对照组[（89±9）、（89±8）ng／L比（83±12）ng／L,（107±14）、（109±12）ng／L比（964-16）ng／L],OGTT后30min生长抑素低于对照组[（110±13）、（109±13）ng／L比（119±19）ng／L],差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0.01）。结论T2DM患者胰岛β细胞分泌水平较正常人明显下降;α细胞功能紊乱,GLC分泌不受高血糖抑制;γ细胞分泌功能紊乱,分泌高峰缺失。短期强化治疗能改善患者的血糖控制、β细胞功能与α细胞功能,对γ细胞无明显改变。     

Antiplatelet therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus

Platelets are key players in arterial thrombosis, and oral antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular events. However, although currently approved antiplatelet drugs have proved successful in reducing cardiovascular events, platelet-dependent thrombosis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. It is well-known that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of cardiovascular events and, therefore, understanding the mechanism of action and safety profile of antiplatelet drugs in this high-risk population is of particular interest. There is considerable inter-individual variation in the efficacy of established antiplatelet drugs, and high on-treatment platelet reactivity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, thus prompting the search for novel drugs against platelet-dependent thrombosis. New antiplatelet treatment strategies include drugs with more efficient and reversible platelet inhibition. This review discusses selective inhibitors of the platelet cyclooxygenase enzyme, thienopyridine and non-thienopyridine inhibitors of the platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and protease-activated receptor antagonists. An overview of currently available antiplatelet drugs is provided, focusing on benefits and limitations in patients with DM. Furthermore, the rationale for new oral antiplatelet drugs under development is discussed with particular focus on the potential role of these drugs to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with DM.     

2型糖尿病胰岛素强化治疗4例

病例1 新诊断的肥胖2型糖尿病患者 患者男性，51岁，1年前发现血糖升高，未诊治。辅助检查：随机指血血糖29．6mmol／L；尿酮阳性＋＋；血pH值正常；HbA1c 12．9％。查体：BMI 26．0kg／m^2，腰围90cm，臀围92cm。诊断：2型糖尿病合并糖尿病酮症。     

德谷胰岛素在中国2型糖尿病起始胰岛素治疗中的短期成本-效用分析

目的:评价德谷胰岛素和甘精胰岛素(100 u·mL~(-1))在接受基础胰岛素起始治疗的中国2型糖尿病患者中的短期成本-效用。方法:应用短期成本-效用DOSE模型,基于中国基础胰岛素临床观察性登记研究中患者低血糖发生率以及公开发表的数据,对比德谷胰岛素和甘精胰岛素短期(1年)的健康结果和经济成本差异。结果:与甘精胰岛素相比,德谷胰岛素治疗使每人每年增加0.02质量调整生命年(quality adjusted life year,QALY),直接医疗成本总费用每人每年节省984.36元、治疗药费节省812.12元、严重低血糖治疗费用降低87.52元、自我血糖监测费用降低84.64元。敏感性分析进一步验证了结果的稳健性。结论:在中国2型糖尿病起始胰岛素治疗中,与甘精胰岛素相比,德谷胰岛素是成本更低、效用更高的优势方案。     

护理干预在糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵治疗中的运用研究

目的 探讨胰岛素泵强化治疗糖尿病( Diabetes mellitus)的护理要点.方法 将120例糖尿病患者随机分为观察组与对照组,各60例,对照组行常规护理,观察组实施综合护理干预,给予患者心理护理和糖尿病教育.对比两组患者血糖控制效果、焦虑程度.结果 与对照组比较,观察组血糖控制情况更好,患者对使用胰岛素泵的焦虑心理大大减轻.结论 经过心理护理、糖尿病教育、携泵治疗等相关措施的落实,不仅有效地将用泵患者血糖控制在理想范围,减少低血糖发生率,缩短了住院日,还进一步提高了患者生活质量     

胰岛素在2型糖尿病患者中的应用

目前,临床上治疗糖尿病的药物种类繁多,但仍以胰岛素控制血糖最为有效,是1型糖尿病患者治疗的首选.多数2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者在发病初期依靠饮食调整和适当运动或者加口服降糖药物,就可以很好地控制血糖,通常不用胰岛素治疗.T2DM患者何时开始应用、如何正确应用胰岛素治疗,是临床医生必须掌握的.……     

不同人群如何正确使用胰岛素

在众多糖尿病患者当中不乏一些特殊的群体如孕妇.儿童,老人、肝肾功能不全、手术患者等等.由于他们自身特点以及病情的特殊性,在拟定治疗方案时需要个体化区别对待.下面就来具体谈谈关于这些不同人群胰岛素的使用问题.     

甘精胰岛素联合运动疗法在2型糖尿病患者中的应用价值

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合运动疗法在2型糖尿病患者中的应用价值。方法选取2010年8月。2013年2月于本院进行治疗的92例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组（甘精胰岛素组）46例和观察组（甘精胰岛素联合运动疗法组）46例。比较两组的血糖控制总有效率,并发症控制效果及治疗前后的血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平。结果观察组的血糖控制总有效率明显高于对照组,并发症控制效果优于对照组,治疗后的血糖、糖化血红蛋白明显低于治疗前及对照组（P〈0．05）。结论甘精胰岛素联合运动疗法在2型糖尿病患者中的应用价值较高,血糖及并发症的控制效果均较好。     

利拉鲁肽联合持续性胰岛素治疗对肥胖2型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的 探讨利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素治疗肥胖2型糖尿病患者的临床疗效。方法 选取云南省第三人民医院2017年1月—2017年6月收治的肥胖2型糖尿病患者95例,按治疗方法分为对照组47例、观察组48例。对照组在口服药物不变的基础上使用胰岛素治疗,观察组在口服药物不变的基础上使用原胰岛素剂量暂减1/3,联合使用利拉鲁肽进行治疗。两组患者均治疗3个月,每周电话随访一次指导胰岛素剂量调整。比较两组治疗前后血糖、血脂、胰岛功能相关指标的变化,比较两组治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果 两组治疗前空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）间无显著差异,治疗后两组FBG、2hPG、HbA1c均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗前空腹C肽（FCP）、餐后2 h C肽（PCP）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）无显著差异;治疗后两组FCP、PCP、HOMA-IR均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）、HOMA-β均较治疗前显著升高（P<0.05）;且观察组比对照组更明显,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组治疗前总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）无显著差异,治疗后两组TC、TG、LDL-C均显著降低（P<0.05）、HDL-C均显著升高（P<0.05）;且观察组比对照组更明显,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组、观察组患者的不良反应发生率分别是14.89%、12.5%,两组不良反应的发生率间无统计学差异。结论 利拉鲁肽联合胰岛素治疗肥胖2型糖尿病是安全有效的,可显著控制血糖、血脂,改善胰岛功能,值得临床应用推广。     

胰岛素强化治疗糖尿病患者发生低血糖的相关危险因素

目的 探讨糖尿病患者进行胰岛素强化治疗低血糖的发生率及危险因素.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者265例进行胰岛素强化治疗,并进行病史收集、生化指标检测和血糖监测,分析低血糖发生情况及其危险因素.结果 68例患者出现低血糖,低血糖发生率为25.66%.多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄[OR=3.46,95%CI(1.58~8.24)]、病程[OR=2.67,95%CI(1.87~5.36)]、肌酐[OR=1.24,95%CI(1.03~1.64)]、BMI[OR=0.56,95%CI(0.33~0.87)]和空腹C肽[OR=0.67,95%CI(0.32~0.89)]是低血糖发生的独立危险因素.结论 对糖尿病患者进行胰岛素强化治疗时,当患者具有高龄、病程长、肌酐高、体重指数(BMI)低和空腹C肽低等低血糖的危险因素时,应注意加强血糖监测,防范低血糖的发生.