经尿道输尿管镜联合体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石256报告

目的探讨输尿管镜联合体外震波碎石（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）治疗输尿管结石的价值。方法2005年10月-2007年6月采用输尿管镜联合ESWL治疗输尿管结石256例，中段（56例）及下段（170例）结石用输尿管镜取石，上段（30例）结石用ESWL碎石，输尿管镜取石失败或结石残留联合ESWL治疗。结果输尿管下段结石一期结石清除率98．2％（167／170），中段结石一期结石清除率89．2％（50／56），上段结石一期结石清除率73．3％（22／30）。输尿管穿孔3例，输尿管黏膜撕脱1例，结石远端输尿管扭曲进镜致使尿管穿孔改切开取石1例，输尿管镜取石失败或结石残留联合ESWL治疗二期结石清除率91．7％（11／12）。结论输尿管镜治疗输尿管下段及中段结石成功率高，输尿管镜取石失败或结石残留联合ESWL可提高二期结石清除率。     

Comparison of transurethral ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for treatment of ureteral calculi

Ureteral calculi were treated by transurethral uretereoscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and the results were compared. Rigid transurethral ureteroscopy was performed in 50 patients, and 10 of 22 stones located in the upper ureter and 25 of 29 stones located in the lower ureter were successfully extracted. On the other hand, we treated 88 patients with upper ureteral stones by ESWL and achieved a success rate of 89.8%. We therefore conclude that for upper ureteral stones, ESWL is the more effective treatment and, for lower ureteral stones, transurethral ureteroscopy.     

Distal ureteral calculi: Ureteroscopy vs. ESWL. A prospective analysis

Two groups of 50 consecutive patients each, with distal ureteric calculi, were treated by ureteroscopy or in situ ESWL (Dornier HM-4 lithotriptor) in order to establish the effectiveness of ESWL at the distal portion of the ureter. In comparison to ureteroscopy, ESWL for distal ureteral calculi was performed on an outpatient basis, required less time, patients had more rapid convalescence and the procedure was simpler and safer. The overall success rate was 100% for ureteroscopy and 92% for ESWL. Our observations showed that in situ ESWL with the Dornier HM-4 lithotriptor is the method of choice for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi.     

Treatment of ureteral calculi by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

We reviewed 465 cases of ureteral calculi treated at J?m? Urological Hospital using a Dornier HM3 lithotripter during the period from October 1985 to February 1989. The 336 men and 122 women ranged from 11 to 78 years old with a mean age of 42.2. The stone size ranged from 4 mm to 30 mm with a mean length of 10.6 mm. Complete stone elimination by ESWL was achieved in 431 of the 465 cases (92.7%). The success rate was best for stones in the lower ureter, which was 98.1 per cent (53/54). For upper and mid ureteral calculi it was 92.4 per cent (363/393) and 83.3 per cent (15/18), respectively. ESWL after push up made 100 per cent (30/30) of patients completely free of stones, while ESWL after bypass 93.0 percent (106/114) and ESWL in situ 91.9 per cent (295/321). The rate of residual stone increases in proportion to the age of patients. Minor side effects such as fever and pain were observed. Our results suggest that ESWL currently is the first therapeutic option for the majority of ureteral calculi.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for ureteral calculi.

Second generation tubless lithotriptors allow for easy prone positioning of patients, resulting in increased use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for calculi in the ureter, especially in the mid and lower third portions. The 3-month stone-free rate with single stones using a Dornier HM3 and a Medstone STS lithotriptor in the upper ureter was 79% (316 patients) and 81% (188), respectively, while in the mid ureter it was 60% (20 patients) and 81% (32), respectively, and in the lower ureter it was 80% (5 patients) and 85% (26), respectively. The retreatment rate with single stones using the Dornier HM3 and the Medstone STS devices was 5% and 4%, respectively, in the upper ureter, 13% and 12%, respectively, in the mid ureter, and 0% and 5%, respectively, in the lower ureter. The second procedure rate after ESWL with single stones using the Dornier HM3 and the Medstone STS units was 6% and 6%, respectively, in the upper ureter, 15% and 16%, respectively, in the mid ureter, and 0% and 17%, respectively, in the lower ureter. Expectant management is still an acceptable method to treat small ureteral stones, and it is questionable whether ESWL is the appropriate treatment for lower third ureteral stones compared to equally effective and less expensive ureteroscopy.     

软镜钬激光治疗上尿路结石的技巧及疗效分析

目的研究输尿管软镜钬激光治疗上尿路结石的操作技巧及疗效分析。 方法选择2014年7月至2015年9月收治的46例输尿管软镜钬激光碎石病例。结石直径10～25 mm。术前常规放置输尿管支架1周,术中输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,导入软镜输送鞘,Olympus F7.5输尿管软镜碎石。若推送鞘无法插入,可直接插入输尿管软镜。术后1 d泌尿系统X线平片(KUB) 检查,了解碎石及输尿管支架情况;术后28 d复查KUB或双肾CT平扫,评估碎石效果。 结果术前常规放置双J管1周后输尿管硬镜探查,可降低输尿管严重损伤的风险,有利于放置较大的软镜输送鞘。低能量、高频率的激光碎石,可将结石粉末化,增加排石率。软镜总进镜成功率95.6% (44/46 ),钬激光碎石成功率95.4%(42/44 ),2例患者无法进镜改经皮肾镜碎石。4周后结石清除率为90.5% (38/42)。3例残余结石经体外碎石后治愈。总的结石清除率为93.2%(41/44)。手术时间60～155 min,平均76 min。无一例发生严重并发症。 结论输尿管软镜钬激光碎石是治疗直径10～25 mm肾和输尿管上段结石的安全有效的方法,也可以作为体外冲击波碎石失败和经皮肾镜碎石术后残留结石的治疗选择。     

双频双脉冲激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的效果

目的：探讨新型双频双脉冲激光治疗输尿管结石疗效。方法：总结150例输尿管镜下双频双脉冲激光碎石经验。男94例，女56例；平均年龄42岁。结石位于输尿管上段48例，中段35例，下段64例。合并另一侧多枚结石者3例。结果：150例患者一次碎石成功136例(90．6％)，1周结石排净131例(96．3％)。上段碎石失败9例中，二期行ESWL治疗5例；输尿管成角扭曲改开放手术2例，碎石中发生输尿管穿孔2例。中下段失败5例，其中碎石不完全1例，尿酸性结石未能粉碎1例，输尿管镜操作失败改开放手术3例。患者术后均出现轻重不等的肉眼血尿。无发热，脓肾病例。平均手术时间32min，平均激光工作时间3．3min。术后平均住院2．5d。结论：双频双脉冲激光是一种功能单一、操作简单、安全、对软组织损伤小，碎石高效的激光。可作为输尿管结石不宜行ESWL治疗或：ESWL治疗失败后的一种选择方法。     

简化输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石(附470例报告)

目的 探讨及总结简化输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石的疗效及诊治经验。方法 在门诊内镜手术室骶管阻滞麻醉或尿道表面麻醉下行输尿管镜术加气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石470例。结果 459例一次性碎石成功，成功率为97．7％。其中输尿管上段结石成功率为50％，中段98．0％，下段为100％。结论 简化输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石创伤小、安全可靠，不须住院，医疗费用较低，对中下段结石成功率较高，可作为其内镜治疗的首选方法。     

输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石112例

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床效果及安全性。 方法〓应用输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗112例输尿管上段结石患者。男63例,女49例,年龄18~87岁(46.7±13.6岁),左侧61例,右侧46例,双侧5例。结石长径0.7~2.2 cm(1.2±0.5 cm)。26例合并输尿管息肉,31例曾行体外冲击波碎石术,所有患侧肾脏均合并不同程度肾积水。 结果〓手术成功率88.4%(99/112),手术时间15~80 min(33.6±16.8 min),术后住院天数3~14天(4.7±2.1天)。所有患者均无严重肉眼血尿、输尿管穿孔、粘膜撕裂、输尿管镜石街形成等并发症。3例患者出现畏寒、高热,其中1例发展为尿源性脓毒血症,予以积极抗感染治疗后,症状逐渐缓解。结论〓输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石取石术治疗输尿管上段结石是安全,有效的治疗方法。     

Primary endoscopic treatment of ureteric calculi. A review of 378 cases.

AIM OF THE STUDY: In the post-ESWL period, ureteroscopy represented the solution giving a second choice in the treatment of ureteral calculi in case of failure of extracorporeal lithotripsy. The aim of this study is to review a wide series of ureteral stones in which ureteroscopy combined with endoscopic lithotripsy can be chosen as the first approach for the treatment of ureteral calculi. METHODS: Between January 1994 and September 1997, 378 patients underwent ureteroscopy and endoscopic lithotripsy for ureteral stones with a miniscope associated with either a pneumatic or electropneumatic lithotriptor. Three different miniscopes were used: Olympus (8 Fr), Wolf (7 Fr) and Circon Acmi (7.7 Fr). 238 patients were male and 140 were female. The stones were localized in the upper tract of the ureter in 62 cases (16.4%), 96 (25.3%) in the mid ureter and 220 (58. 3%) in the lower ureter. RESULTS: A complete stone fragmentation with spontaneous expulsion of the fragments occurred in 354 patients (93.6%). In 22 patients (5.8%) the stones were accidentally pushed up and successfully underwent ESWL. In 38 patients (10%) the fragments were completely removed by basket. A single J polyethylene catheter was placed in 21 (5.5%) and a JJ stent in 147 patients (38. 8%). The operative time ranged from 10 to 60 min, with an average time span of 32. In 22 cases (5.8%) an iterative ureteroscopy for stenosis or incomplete fragmentation was needed. Five cases (1.3%) of ureteral perforation were successfully treated by JJ stent, and only 1 case of ureteral avulsion (upper ureter) was treated by open surgery. In the attempt of overcoming an ureteral stenosis, we had 1 case (0.2%) of ureteral reimplantation. One patient (0.2%) underwent ureterolithotomy for an extremely narrow stenosis just before the ureteropelvic junction. No relevant complication was recorded in the postoperative period. Patients were dismissed after 1- 4 days (average 1.9). Up until now, no case of postoperative ureteral stricture has been observed, although we were not able to carry out a specific follow-up in all our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Ureteroscopy with miniscopes has a high success rate (93.6%) with low morbidity and can be given as a primary approach in the management of ureteral calculi. In the lumbar ureter (especially in women) this technique can represent a good alternative to ESWL in the treatment of obstructing stones (which need stenting) or when the patient asks for a 'one-shot' treatment.     

输尿管镜下阻挡网篮配合双频激光碎石术与ESWL治疗非复杂性输尿管上段结石疗效比较

目的：对体外震波碎石（ESWL）及输尿管镜下阻挡网篮配合双频激光碎石（URL）治疗非复杂性输尿管上段结石进行比较。探讨两种术式的疗效．方法：收治121例非复杂性输尿管上段结石病例。随机分两组．其中63例行ESWL-58例行URL,ESWL组采用多尼尔Cigma双定位体外冲击波碎石机,URL组采用Storz硬性输尿管镜,配用自制阻挡网篮,连接W．O．MU—100双频激光机后进行碎石,术后留置双J管。结果：两组在一次碎石成功率（ESWL93．7％、URI．93．1％）、术后1个月结石清除率（ESWI,90．4％．URI,93．1％）差异无统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗时间（ESWI．33．5±6．4、URL15．0±2．3）及术后1周结石清除率（ESWL69．8％、URL93．1％）URL组要优于ESWL组．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ESWI．组出现l例包膜下血肿。URL组出现1例输尿管穿孔．结论：对非复杂性输尿管上段结石的治疗,我们要根据患者具体情况及要求,科学地制定个体化治疗方案,以减少并发症。     

Ureteroscopy: the initial experience

A prospective study of our first 81 cases of ureteroscopy using extended length rigid endoscopes was performed. Of 55 stone manipulations attempted in 51 patients by 6 endoscopists 38 (69 per cent) were successful. Analyzed sequentially, removal was successful in 12 of 23 attempts (52 per cent) among the initial 40 patients and in 26 of 32 (81 per cent) among the subsequent 41 patients. Of 11 calculi larger than 1 cm. and of 23 positioned above the iliac vessels 7 (64 per cent) and 11 (48 per cent), respectively, were removed successfully. Disimpaction by ureteroscopic manipulation combined with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was successful in 4 cases of upper ureteral calculi not treatable by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy alone. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of the ureteroscope in addition to treatment of ureteral calculi have included the delineation of ureteral filling defects (9 patients), fulguration of known low grade tumors (4) and dilation of ureteral strictures (5). In 10 patients information was obtained endoscopically that was not possible by standard diagnostic techniques. The direct visual approach to the ureter has distinct advantages over blind ureteral instrumentation.     

输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术疗效观察

采用输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石８１例，结果１次碎石取石成功率为７９．０％，其中输尿管上段结石６５．６％，中段为７７．７％，下段为９０．０％，认为输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术具有成功率高，安全，创伤小等优点，是治疗输尿管中，下段结石的首选治疗方法，对于有粘连包裹的上段结石，应用此术并配合ＥＳＷＬ可明显提高碎石排石率。     

输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗肾和输尿管上段结石:附86例报告

目的 评价输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石的效果及影响碎石成功的因素和技巧.方法 2008年7月至2011年6月86例输尿管软镜钬激光碎石病例.共104枚结石,结石最大直径10~25 mm.术中使用输尿管硬镜探查患侧输尿管,放置输尿管软镜鞘并换用Storz Flex-X2 F7.5输尿管软镜.若输尿管鞘无法插入,可直接在导丝引导下插入输尿管软镜至肾盂.如果软镜仍不能直接插入,则在放置导丝后留置6 F双J管,1~2周后第二次试行输尿管软镜碎石.术后4周复查KUB或双肾CT平扫,评估碎石效果.结果 软镜一次进镜成功率87.2%(75/86),余11例第二次手术9例成功进镜,总的进镜成功率为97.6%(84/86),钬激光碎石成功率95.3%(82/86).4周后结石清除率为83.7%02/80.12例再次行输尿管软镜碎石,其中9例排净结石.总的结石清除率为94.1%(81/86).平均手术时间为45 min(18-75 min).无严重并发症.结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石是治疗10~25mm肾和输尿管上段结石的安全有效的方法.其结石排净率高、并发症低,可以作为体外冲击波碎石失败和经皮肾镜碎石术后残留结石的治疗选择.     

钬激光治疗口服阿司匹林患者的输尿管结石的疗效分析

目的探讨输尿管硬镜联合钬激光治疗口服阿司匹林抗凝的输尿管结石患者的安全性和有效性。方法2006年5月至2008年12月,我们使用输尿管硬镜联合钬激光治疗需长期口服阿司匹林抗凝同时罹患输尿管结石的患者33例,其中输尿管上段结石14例,下段结石19例。结果30例1次碎石成功,成功率为90．9％,3例结石回缩至。肾盂内,改行ESWL。无一例因术中出血导致视野不清而不得不提前终止手术。5例患者曾出现短暂肉眼血尿,所有患者均随访1～3个月,血红蛋白均无明显下降。结论对于需长期口服阿司匹林抗凝同时罹患输尿管结石的患者,使用输尿管硬镜联合钬激光碎石无需特殊术前准备及术后处理,安全有效。     

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of distal ureteral calculi

To date, the use of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been limited to renal calculi and ureteral calculi above the pelvic brim. Modifying the position of the patient on the support of the Dornier lithotripter HM3, we were able to localize and treat distal ureteral calculi. Until April 1986, 43 patients with stones in the lower ureter underwent contact-free lithotripsy. Treatment was successful in 39 patients (90%), 2 of these requiring 2 sessions. In 4 patients treatment failed and stone removal was accomplished using ureteroscopy or open surgery. No complications or adverse side effects were encountered in the whole series. ESWL is now the method of choice for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi in our department.     

Ureteroscopic treatment of ureteral lithiasis with pneumatic lithotripsy: analysis of 287 procedures in a public hospital

Ureteroscopes and different lithotripsy methods have greatly improved the urologists ability to treat ureteral stones, regardless of their location in the ureter. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotriptor in 287 patients with ureteral calculi. Ureteroscopic stone treatment was performed between October 1999 and May 2004. Of 221 patients with distal ureteral calculi, 209 (group 1), and 58 of 66 patients with upper ureteral calculi (group 2) were treated successfully by ureteroscopy alone. In group 1, seven migrated stones (to the upper urinary tract) were successfully treated by ESWL later. There were five-treatment failures due to ureteral perforation which consequently required open ureterolithotomy. In group 2, there were five patients with migrated stones; two of them were sent to a percutaneous nephrolithotomy center because of previously unsuccessful ESWL attempts. Three of these with migrated stones were treated by ESWL later. In three patients, we switched to open ureterolithotomy because of ureteral rupture that required surgical repair. Ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy is a safe and effective treatment modality for ureteral calculi.     

应用拦石网输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨应用拦石网输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析输尿管镜下拦石网配合钬激光碎石术治疗58例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料.男36例,女22例,平均47.2岁.结石横径为3～23 mm,纵径为3～25mm.结果 本组单次碎石成功率93.1%(54/58).2例结石上移入肾内,1例因输...     

输尿管镜气压弹道治疗输尿管结石260例临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月～2012年10月260例输尿管结石采用输尿管镜联合气压弹道碎石术治疗的临床疗效.结果 244例碎石成功或取出,成功率93.8％.其中上段结石成功率75.9％(41/54),中下段为98.5％(203/206).25例进镜困难,采用镜体旋转、变换角度,经扩张以及调整体位后入镜成功.13例结石上移入肾盂,置入双J管后行体外冲击波碎石术.3例因严重输尿管狭窄转开放手术.结论 输尿管镜联合气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石手术效果好,尤其是中下段结石,对于输尿管镜进镜困难,需要一定技术要求,必要时改开放手术.     

输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石:附205例报告

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析205例输尿管上段结石患者行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗的临床资料,其中男91例,女114例,结石位于单侧188例,双侧17例,炎性息肉引起输尿管腔明显狭窄者12例.结石长径0.8～1.4 cm.结果 192例一次性碎石成功,单次碎石成功率为93.7%(192/205).9例有较大结石碎片(4～6 mm)残留于肾或输尿管内,4例在碎石过程中结石冲入肾内,其中1例较大结石(1.4 cm)移位至肾盂后改行PCNL,其余3例留置双J管改行ESWL,均治愈.19例合并炎性息肉同期行激光烧灼.手术时间15~90min,平均30 min.住院时间2~9 d,平均3.5 d.198例患者在门诊获得随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均6个月,结石均排尽.结论 输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的一种比较理想的腔内碎石技术,其碎石成功率高,并发症发生率低,创伤小,患者术后恢复快,而且可同期处理结石合并炎性息肉和狭窄.