损伤控制骨科技术在严重多发伤合并骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科(damage control orthopedics,DCO)技术应用的可行性、适应证和疗效.方法 对1998-2008年应用DCO方法救治的31例严重多发伤合并骨折患者的临床资料作回顾性分析.结果18例严重多发伤伴骨盆骨折大出血,早期双侧髂内动脉结扎17例,早期骨盆外固定支架使用12例.11例严重多发伤伴开放性股骨骨折初期仅作清创和简单外固定,后期确定性内固定手术.2例脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫,早期经后路行简单椎板减压.ICU治疗时间为1～11 d,平均4.3 d.本组患者死亡1例,其余30例全部生存.结论DCO更符合外伤后患者的病理生理特点,早期针对性控制处理及后期的一体化治疗是提高严重多发伤生存率的关键.     

损伤控制骨科技术在严重多发伤合并骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科(damage control orthopedics,DCO)技术应用的可行性、适应证和疗效.方法 对1998-2008年应用DCO方法救治的31例严重多发伤合并骨折患者的临床资料作回顾性分析.结果18例严重多发伤伴骨盆骨折大出血,早期双侧髂内动脉结扎17例,早期骨盆外固定支架使用12例.11例严重多发伤伴开放性股骨骨折初期仅作清创和简单外固定,后期确定性内固定手术.2例脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫,早期经后路行简单椎板减压.ICU治疗时间为1～11 d,平均4.3 d.本组患者死亡1例,其余30例全部生存.结论DCO更符合外伤后患者的病理生理特点,早期针对性控制处理及后期的一体化治疗是提高严重多发伤生存率的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To probe the feasibility, indications and efficacy of damage control orthopedics (DCO) in treating severe multiple injuries combined with fractures. Methods A retrospective analysis was done on the clinical data of 31 patients with severe multiple injuries combined with fractures treated by DCO from 1998 to 2008. Results Of all patients, 18 patients were combined with pelvic fractures and hemorrhage. Bilateralis hypogastric artery ligation was performed early in 17 patients and nonage pelvis external fixation was performed in 12. Eleven multiple trauma patients combined with femoral fractures received primary debridement and temporal external fixation for further definitive internal fixation. Two patients with spinal fractures combined with spinal cord compression received primary simple decompression. All patients received resuscitation in ICU for average 4.3 days (1-11 days). There was one death due to hemorrhagic shock. Conclusions DCO well conforms to pathophysiological character of the wounded. Early DCO and later integrated treatment are key to enhancement of the survival rate of the multiple trauma patients.     

严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科应用41例

目的 探讨严重多发伤时损伤控制骨科（DCO）应用的可行性和疗效。方法对1995年1月-2005年12月应用DCO方法救治严重多发伤41例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果29例严重多发伤伴骨盆骨折大出血，均行髂内动脉断血术，其中双侧髂内动脉结扎21例，双侧髂内动脉栓塞术8例，早期骨盆外固定支架使用10例。10例严重多发伤伴开放性股骨骨折初期仅行清创和简单外固定。2例脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫行简单椎板减压。均在ICU复苏治疗后，再做确定性内固定手术。本组死亡率12％（5／41），死亡组损伤严重度评分（ISS）平均值41．4分，主要死于休克和合并伤。共发生并发症7例，合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）3例，右髂总动脉血栓形成1例，2例膈下脓肿，1例下肢深部感染，均痊愈。结论迅速准确的诊断和一体化治疗，是提高严重多发伤生存率的关键，合理应用DCO是安全有效的方法。     

距骨颈骨折的治疗分析

目的 研究距骨颈骨折的治疗. 方法 1988年10月-2004年6月,按改良Haw-kins法对66例距骨颈骨折患者分型:Ⅰ型14例,行石膏外固定;Ⅱ型34例,行手法复位石膏外固定、切开复位内固定或关节融合术;Ⅲ型16例,行切开复位内固定或关节融合术;Ⅳ型2例,行切开复位内固定或关节融合术.其中陈旧性骨折4例. 结果 平均随访6.28年,采用Hawkins评分进行评估,优(29%)19例(Ⅰ型13例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型1例);良(26%)17例(Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型4例);可(27%)18例(Ⅰ型11例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅳ型1例);差(18%)12例(Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅳ型1例).距骨缺血性坏死25例(38%),踝及距下关节炎分别为20例(30%)和26例(39%). 结论 距骨颈Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型骨折宜石膏外固定,Ⅲ型骨折应切开复位内固定,Ⅳ型和陈旧性骨折宜采用关节融合术.     

External fixation combined with limited internal fixation in the treatment of pilon tibia fractures

BACKGROUND/AIM: Intraarticular fractures of the tibial plafond (pilon fractures) belong to the group of most severe fractures. They are usually caused by high-energy trauma and frequently associated with a marked soft-tissue damage. Surgical treatment has replaced the traditional nonoperative treatment. The aim of this study was to present the results of the treatment of distal tibial intraarticular fracture by the use of internal fixation, as well as the combination of minimal internal fixation and external fixation. METHODS: The study included 47 patients with pilon tibia fractures who went through at the Clinic for Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Nis (1995-2004). Within the analayzed group there were 33 (70.2%) males and 14 (29.8%) females. The patients mean age was 45.8 years. In the first group, which consisted of 22 patients, open reduction and internal fixation of both the tibia and the fibula was performed in the two separate incisions. The second group consisted of 25 patients managed with external fixation by external fixator "Mitkovi?" with limited internal fixation. Besides external fixation, a minimal internal fixation was performed by the use of Kirschner wires and screws. The patients were followed-up inside a 24-months-period. Results. The obtained was a substantially high number of complications after open reduction and internal fixation in the group of patients. There was no difference in a long-term clinical outcome. Postoperative osteitis, as the most severe complication in the management of closed pilon tibia fractures, was not registered in the second group. CONCLUSION: Considering the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that external fixation by the "Mitkovi?" external fixator with the minimal internal fixation is a satisfactory method for the tratment of fractures of the tibial plafond causing less complications than internal fixation.     

多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折

目的：分析和观察多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折的疗效。方法：采用多功能外固定支架结合腓骨切开复位内固定进行外固定治疗。结果：17例病人经过平均13个月随访全部骨性愈合,平均愈合时间4个月,去除外固定支架时间平均5个月。1例病人针道深部慢性感染,窦道刮除后置管闭合冲洗痊愈。2例病人术后3处针道浅部感染,换药、抗炎愈合。所有病人踝关节、趾间关节功能良好,无畸形。结论：多功能外固定支架结合腓骨内固定治疗胫骨极远端近关节面部位骨折操作简单,效果佳,愈合快。     

Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted radial head fractures

Between November 1981 and November 1984, eight patients with comminuted radial head fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The recommended treatment for these fractures has been early motion, with or without radial head excision. According to the AO classification all were B3-1 or B3-2 fractures. All fractures were fixed through Kocher incisions using Kirschner wires and AO small fragment screws. All patients began motion 7 to 10 days following surgery. In a retrospective study, clinical results were reviewed in six patients with an average followup of 12 months (range, 4 to 40 months). Three patients had associated elbow dislocations, one requiring internal fixation of the coronoid process. Loss of range of motion averaged 3 degrees of flexion, 10 degrees of extension, 3 degrees of pronation, and 20 degrees of supination. Cybex testing demonstrated no significant difference in strength between injured and uninjured extremities. The only complication was a transient posterior interosseous nerve palsy. No patient had evidence of any radial shortening. Our findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation gives satisfactory elbow function and avoids complications of radial shortening, loss of motion, and wrist symptoms that may subsequently occur following radial head excision.     

Treatment results for open comminuted distal humerus intra-articuler fractures with Ilizarov circular external fixator

In open, intra-articular distal humerus fracture caused by gunshot injury, full functional recovery is difficult to obtain. Three basic treatment methods are available: minimal internal fixation, open reduction-internal fixation, and external fixation. In Gülhane Military Medical Academy Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 19 of 20 cases of gunshot injuries were treated with circular external fixator between the January 1995 and December 2000. Nine (45%) cases were type III-A, eight (40%) were type III-B, and three (15%] were type III-C. Eight (40%) cases were brought to the hospital 6 to 8 hours after the injury and 12 (60%) were in late stage. An amputation was done in one case. Mean follow-up period was 34.3 (14-55) months. Union was achieved in all 19 of the cases, and circular external fixator was taken out in a mean period of 4.6 (3-7) months. In the early treatment group, three (42.9%) were good, three (42.9%) were moderate, and one (14.2%) was unsatisfactory. In the late treatment group, five (41.7%) were good, four (33.3) were moderate, and three (25%) were unsatisfactory. Circular external fixator can be preferred as a treatment alternative in selected cases of distal humerus intra-articular open communited fractures because it protects the soft tissue connections and blood circulation of bone fractured, permits early elbow movements, and allows the patient to return to daily life very early.     

高能量Pilon骨折分期治疗两种不同固定方法疗效的比较

 目的 比较高能量Pilon骨折分期治疗中锁定加压钢板内固定与有限内固定结合外固定的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2009-01至2013-10治疗的56例高能量Pilon骨折患者的临床资料。早期采用跟骨牵引或支具、石膏外固定后,二期按手术固定方法不同分为两组:A组27例行切开复位锁定加压钢板内固定,B组29例行微创有限内固定结合外固定。比较术后两组患者骨折愈合的时间、踝关节功能恢复、并发症情况。结果 A组骨折愈合时间(4.9±0.6)个月,B组(5.2±0.7)个月,两组比较差异无统计学意义。A组踝关节功能恢复优良率(81.5%)与B组(75.9%)比较,差异无统计学意义。A组共发生并发症5例(18.5%),B组7例(24.1%),两组比较差异无统计学意义;但感染发生率比较,A组(14.8%)高于B组(0)(P＜0.05)。结论 在高能量Pilon骨折分期治疗中,上述两种治疗方法均能取得满意效果且疗效相当,但对伴有重度软组织伤者,微创有限内固定结合外固定较切开复位锁定加压钢板内固定治疗,感染的风险更低。     

Ⅰ期内固定与外固定支架治疗胫骨GustiloⅢA型开放性骨折的对照研究

目的 探讨GustiloⅢA型胫骨开放性骨折的治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 对2008年1月~2011年1月我院收治并获得随访资料的55例GustiloⅢA型胫骨开放性骨折进行回顾性分析,其中A组27例采用清创,Ⅰ期应用非扩髓带锁髓内钉或锁定接骨板内固定,伤口深部置管冲洗,创面用负压封闭引流(VSD)材料封闭,持续负压引流...     

开放性跟骨骨折的早期规范化治疗

目的 探讨开放性跟骨骨折的早期规范化治疗,以期降低骨髓炎、下肢截肢的发生率.方法 2005年10月-2006年10月收治开放性跟骨骨折16例17处,其男12例13处,女4例4处;平均年龄31岁.应用规范化治疗:伤后急诊手术清创,大量等渗盐水、过氧化氢、碘伏冲洗.根据全身情况及骨折类型分别进行Ⅰ期手法整复石膏托外固定和Ⅰ期多克氏针经皮固定.待软组织消肿后,经外侧切口行切开复位内固定.术后平均随访6个月,采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分评估并发症发生率.结果 本组患者未截肢;伤口浅表感染、深部感染及骨髓炎各1例;伤口延迟愈合及足底皮肤坏死各1例.结论 早期规范化治疗能够显著降低伤口感染率,从而预防骨髓炎的发生,并为Ⅱ期手术处理骨折提供良好的软组织条件.     

Small bowel injuries in penetrating abdominal trauma during war: ten-year follow-up findings

BACKGROUND: Injuries of the small intestine are common in penetrating abdominal trauma. This article presents 10-year follow-up results for 23 patients with penetrating small bowel injuries who were treated in Nova Gradiska City Hospital during the 1991-1992 war in Croatia. The early hospital mortality rate was 13% (three deaths), and good results were found for 16 (84%) of 19 patients after 10 years. METHODS: The hospital charts of 23 patients who sustained small bowel injuries during an 8-month period were reviewed. Of 20 patients who survived, 19 came for an examination and interview 10 years after injury. The following criteria were used: existence of an abdominal wall defect or hernia, bowel passage problems, and reoperations attributable to the small bowel injury. RESULTS: Early results revealed adhesive peritonitis and ileus for three patients demanding early reoperation (13%) and a hospital mortality rate of 13% (three deaths, mainly attributable to multiple injuries). Ten years after injury, 16 patients had no problems, whereas 3 reported occasional abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: Penetrating abdominal injuries in war demand urgent diagnostic procedures and, in almost all cases, urgent laparotomy. In cases with no evidence of abdominal penetration and cases involving multiple injuries, an aggressive approach reduces the risk of missing small bowel injuries. Use of established principles for surgical management of small bowel injuries yields good results and low incidences of late complications and difficulties.     

内外联合固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定结合骨盆外固定架在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中的应用及效果。方法对2003年12月~2013年12月获得随访的29例不稳定性骨盆骨折患者进行回顾性分析,男性18例,女性11例;年龄18~57岁,平均32.5岁。按Tile分型的不稳定性骨盆骨折,均采用切开复位内固定结合外固定架技术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折。结果随访6~18个月,29例均获得骨性愈合,恢复原来工作。术后功能评定按Majeed评分标准:优18例,良8例,可3例。结论切开复位内固定结合外固定架固定技术是治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的有效方法。     

Internal fixation of closed tibial fractures for the management of sports injuries.

From 1985 to 1988, 90 closed tibial fractures were prospectively studied to assess the morbidity of such injuries to sports people and how this can be influenced by treatment regimens. All fractures were sustained during rugby or football matches. After random selection, 45 fractures were openly reduced and internally fixed (group A), and 45 fractures were manipulated under general anaesthesia and a long-leg plaster applied (group B). For patients in group A, below-knee plasters were used for 3 to 4 weeks, with immediate weight-bearing when tolerated. A total of 44 (98%) tibiae united clinically and radiologically within 14-18 weeks. Within 4 months of surgery 28 (62%) patients had returned to work and were able to play again by the following season. By 6 months 17 (38%) patients had resumed normal activities. In group B, only 24 (53%) tibiae united in a mean time of 16 weeks (range 12-40 weeks). Six (13%) patients required bone grafting for non-union, and one patient subsequently developed osteomyelitis. Only ten (22%) patients were back to work and playing sport again within 6 months of initial injury. It is concluded that internal fixation of closed tibial fractures as a primary procedure following low velocity sports injuries can be safely performed. It leads to a faster return to normal activities with fewer complications than does conservative treatment in plaster using contemporary methods.     

系列组织重建及组合组织移植修复下肢严重交通伤26例

目的 探讨下肢严重交通伤的治疗方法。方法 下肢严重粉碎性骨折或骨缺损，主要血管神经损伤，大面积皮肤软组织缺损２６例，其中男１７例，女９例；年龄４．５－７１岁。采用显微外科手术，根据伤情及创区污染程度，选择带有骨，肌腱等组织组合皮瓣行Ⅰ期修复或采用分期系列组织重建方式治疗下支严重交通伤。     

An analysis of maxillofacial fractures: a 5-year survey of 157 patients

The purpose of this study was to review retrospectively the outcomes for 157 patients treated for maxillofacial fractures between 1994 and 1999 at one military hospital in Turkey. Significant data were collected according to age, gender, time of injury, type of facial injuries, cause of injury, treatment methods, and postinjury and postoperative complications. Fractures resulting from gunshot wounds were excluded in this study. Fractures were examined in two groups according to the type of fracture, i.e., isolated or combined. Methods of fixation with closed or open reduction were used to treat the fractures. Fixation was performed with miniplates, compression plates, microplates, reconstruction plates, and wires for open reduction, and stabilization was performed with arch bars for closed reduction. Complications were recorded in two groups, i.e., postinjury and postoperative complications. There were 151 male patients (96.18%) and 6 female patients (3.82%). The patients ranged in age from 15 to 62 years (mean, 22.8 years). In our study, it was determined that the most significant causes of maxillofacial fractures were traffic accidents (69 cases, 43.95%) and fighting (42 cases, 26.75%). Most fractures were in the mandible (161 fractures). It was observed that most of the mandibular fractures were in the body (49 fractures, 30.43%) and condylar (42 fractures, 26.09%) regions. Of the 223 maxillofacial fractures, 63.68% (142 fractures) were treated with closed reduction and 36.32% (81 fractures) were treated with open reduction. Postinjury complications included infections (local infection or osteomyelitis), nerve injuries (alveolaris inferior, facial, lingual, and infraorbital nerves), and a salivary gland fistula, and postoperative complications included infection, facial asymmetry, and malocclusion.     

四肢骨折、脱位伴主要血管损伤的临床观察

目的 对1989-2001年救治的69例四肢骨折，脱位伴主要血管损伤进行回顾分析。方法 69例中，男57例，女12例；年龄13-62岁，平均31.6岁，确诊和手术探查后，先分别用带锁髓内针，钢板螺钉和外固定支架固定骨折和脱位，再针对不同的情况选择血管直接修补术，血管端端吻合术和血管移植术等。结果 本组无死亡，肾功能衰竭2例，截肢7例；手术成功修复62例；43例获得平均3.1年的随访，4例骨不连。结论 四肢骨折，脱位伴主要血管损伤较单纯血管损伤并发休克率高，漏诊率高，救治原则是生命第一，肢体第二；既要有稳固的骨支架，又要修复好血管，这样才能获得良好的结果。     

有限内固定结合单侧多功能外固定架治疗胫腓骨严重开放粉碎性骨折

目的观察有限内固定结合单侧多功能外固定支架治疗胫腓骨严重开放粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法使用有限内固定(钢丝、螺丝钉、克氏针)结合单侧多功能外固定架固定胫骨,同时钢板、克氏针、钢丝固定腓骨治疗胫腓骨严重开放粉碎性骨折。结果本组42例随访6~24个月,平均12个月。伤口愈合情况:25例I期甲级愈合;15例皮肤发黑、坏死,经换药,皮瓣转移愈合;2例感染,经换药引流、分泌物培养、选用敏感抗生素、皮瓣转移及植皮后愈合,无一例骨髓炎。骨折愈合情况:40例于骨折术后13~32周愈合,平均18周;2例骨缺损致骨不连在伤口愈合后3个月行植骨+钢板内固定,术后3个月骨折愈合。另螺钉松动1例,松动伴钉道感染1例,经用酒精点滴钉孔痊愈,无血管、神经损伤。除1例踝关节僵直外,其余41例膝、踝关节功能正常。结论该手术操作简单,创伤小,复位好,固定可靠,是治疗胫腓骨严重开放粉碎性骨折的良好方法。     

External skeletal fixation of the tibial shaft fractures

AIM: To present the possibility of a succesfful use of external skelatal fixation in treating the open and closed tibial shaft fractures with Mitkovi?'s external fixator. METHODS: External fixation was used in 115 patients with 118 fresh tibial shaft fractures, 82 males (71.3%) and 33 females (28.7%), average age 43.92 years (16-84). Open tibial shaft fractures were present in 37 (31.36%). All the fractures were treated with Mitkovi?'s external fixator type M 20. RESULTS: The results of external fixation were excellent or good in 94.07% of the cases, and bad in 5.08%. Pin tract infection appeared in 7 (5.93%) patients. In only 3 cases an external fixator was removed and treatment continued with the functional braces. Nonunion occurred in 6 (5.08%) patients, of which 4 were with open fractures (2 Gustilo type IIIB, 1 Gustilo type IIIA, 1 Gustilo type II) and 2 with the segment fractures. Compartment syndrome was observed in 1 (0.85%) patient with closed fracture. Malunion was found in 2 (1.69%) patients. CONCLUSION: External fixation of tibial shaft fractures is a simple and effective method to enable the safe healing of fractures, early mobilization of the patients, early weight-bearing, as well as early rehabilitation. Fixation of tibial shaft fractures was unilateral with convergent pins orientation, and there was also a possibility of compression and distraction.     

胫骨Pilon骨折的外科治疗策略

目的 探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的外科治疗策略. 方法随访我院2005年5月-2008年3月治疗的47例Pilon骨折患者,其中男37例,女10例;年龄23～63岁,平均42.6岁.本组共47例51侧胫骨.致伤原因:交通伤34侧,坠落伤12侧,重物砸伤5侧.开放性骨折7侧,闭合性骨折44侧.根据Ruedi-Allgower分型标准:Ⅰ型6侧,Ⅱ型28侧,Ⅲ型17侧.软组织损伤根据Tscherne-Gotzen分度:开放性骨折1度2侧,2度3侧,3度2侧;闭合性损伤0度2侧,1度27侧,2度15侧.出于对内固定具体的选用,又将胫骨远端分为三柱:前外侧、前内侧及后侧柱.胫骨骨折采用Depuy的"T"形钢板18侧,AO三叶草钢板10侧,短"T"形钢板2侧,锁定钢板2侧,Link的前外侧解剖钢板4侧,Orthofix超踝关节外固定支架合并有限内固定15侧. 结果随访时间为12～44个月,平均23.2个月.踝关节功能按Mazur评分标准:优29侧,良13侧,可7例,差2侧,优良率为82%. 结论根据Ruedi-Allgower分型和软组织Tscherne-Gotzen分度选择手术时机和治疗方案,根据骨折累及胫骨远端三柱的情况选择合适的内固定,术后并发症少,可取得良好、满意的临床疗效.