Bladder diverticula and Menkes' syndrome.

Multiple unusual diverticula of the bladder were observed in 3 of 4 children with Menkes' syndrome. This abnormality of the bladder in children with the kiky hair syndrome has only recently been recognized. The diverticula are best visualized on cystographic studies. The clinical manifestation which led to roentgen evaluation of the urinary tract in the 3 children was urinary tract infection or urine retention. Though the etiology of these diverticula is unknown, evidence is presented to suggest that they are acquired.     

Calyceal diverticula in children: unusual features and complications.

Calyceal diverticulum is a relatively rare lesion that is usually asymptomatic but can assume clinical significance if drainage is impaired. Three patients are presented with unusual complications directly referable to a calyceal diverticulum. One child had a mobile calculus. In 2 others, intrarenal inflammatory masses developed in the area previously occupied by a calyceal diverticulum. One of these children had proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and the other had an infected diverticulum.     

Esophageal diverticula

The clinical and radiological features in four patients with symptomatic mid-esophageal diverticula are reported here. The common clinical symptoms were retrosternal chest pain and dysphagia. Radiologically, three patients had acute obstructions revealed by barium studies and one patient had an esophago-bronchial fistula at the tip of the diverticulum.     

Congenital ureteric diverticula in children and adults: classification, radiological and clinical features

To date, about 100 cases of a blind-ending branch of a bifid ureter have been reported. We present 13 clinically, radiologically and histologically evaluated cases of congenital ureteric diverticulum. We believe this anomaly is not as rare as hitherto believed and suggest the term congenital ureteric diverticulum for a blind-ending branch of a bifid ureter.     

Multiple ureteral diverticula

Only 30 cases of multiple ureteral diverticula have been reported previously. We present a new case of this benign condition and review concepts concerning its etiology. Usually discovered on retrograde pyelography, multiple ureteral diverticula are only inconsistently associated with a history of obstruction or infection. When present, however, these factors may play a role in precipitating mucosal herniation through preexisting weak areas in the ureteral wall.     

Multiple ureteral diverticula

Only 30 cases of multiple ureteral diverticula have been reported previously. We present a new case of this benign condition and review concepts concerning its etiology. Usually discovered on retrograde pyelography, multiple ureteral diverticula are only inconsistently associated with a history of obstruction or infection. When present, however, these factors may play a role in precipitating mucosal herniation through preexisting weak areas in the ureteral wall.     

Sacral arachnoid diverticula

Three cases of sacral arachnoid diverticula causing bony erosion are described. Two of these filled with contrast medium after the initial myelogram was completed, and were only apparent on delayed CT.     

Diagnosis of urethral diverticula in females

Female urethral diverticula are probably a more common cause of symptomatology than is generally suspected. Radiologic techniques may play a key role in their demonstration. Particularly in the patient with clinical findings referable to the urethral area, fluoroscopy of the urethra as part of cystography as well as the use of urethral catheters may be helpful in diagnosis.     

Unexpected anterior urethral diverticula

Most anterior urethral diverticula present in infancy with urinary obstruction or retention. When they present after infancy they do so with recurrent urinary tract infections or dribbling of urine. Three boys with late-presenting diverticula are described. Unless good oblique radiographs are specifically taken, with a fast flow, then the diagnostic arcuate filling defect of the proximal lip of the diverticulum can be missed. There may be few signs of obstruction. With diagnostic radiographs the urologist must be urged to repeat a negative cystoscopy. Diverticula must be differentiated from strictures or acquired diverticula following trauma.